scholarly journals PO-140 Physiological and Molecular Adaptations to Concurrent Training in Combination with High Protein Availability

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baubak Shamim ◽  
Brooke Devlin ◽  
Ryan Timmins ◽  
Connor Lee Dow ◽  
Vernon Coffey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Concurrent Training

Objective Attenuated muscle strength, hypertrophy and power adaptations with combined resistance and endurance (‘concurrent’) training may result from blunted cell signalling. Protein intake potentiates anabolic signalling pathways to facilitate adaptation. We hypothesized that 12 wk concurrent training with a high protein diet would elicit similar adaptations to a) strength, hypertrophy and power compared to resistance training alone, and b) aerobic capacity compared to endurance training. Methods Thirty-two recreationally active males (age 25±5y; BMI 24±3kg•m-2; mean±SD) performed 12 wk of either resistance (RES; n=10) or endurance (END; n=10) training (3x•w-1), or concurrent training (CET; n=12; 6x•w-1) with a high-protein (2g•kg-1•d-1) diet. Strength (1RM), aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and anaerobic power (Wingate) were assessed PRE and POST. Vastus lateralis biopsies (immunoblotting) and thickness (ultrasound) were assessed PRE, after week 4 (WK4) and 8 (WK8), and POST. Changes were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Results Muscle thickness increased PRE to POST by 18% in CET, 14% in RES and 10% in END (P<0.001) and was greater in CET and RES compared to END (P<0.05). Leg press 1RM increased PRE to POST by 24% in CET and 33% in RES (P<0.01) but was not different between CET and RES. VO2peak (L•min-1) increased PRE to POST by 7% in CET and 12% in END (P<0.05) but was not different between CET and END. Wingate peak power (N•kg-1) increased PRE to POST by 10% in RES (P<0.01) and was greater compared to CET and END (P<0.05). Total mTORC1 increased PRE to POST in CET (P<0.001) and was greater in CET compared to RES and END (P<0.01) and RES compared to END (P<0.05). Conclusions Despite a high protein intake, concurrent training selectively attenuates developments to anaerobic power compared to resistance training. High protein availability may be effective for curtailing interferences to strength and hypertrophy with concurrent training.

scholarly journals Resistance Training does not Induce Uniform Adaptations to Quadriceps Muscles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald T. Mangine ◽  
Michael J. Redd ◽  
Adam M. Gonzalez ◽  
Jeremy R. Townsend ◽  
Adam J Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Resistance Training Program

AbstractResistance training may differentially affect morphological adaptations along the length of uni-articular and bi-articular muscles. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in muscle morphology along the length of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) in response to resistance training. Following a 2-wk preparatory phase, 15 resistance-trained men (24.0 ± 3.0 y, 90.0 ± 13.8 kg, 174.9 ± 20.7 cm) completed pre-training (PRE) assessments of muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), cross-sectional area (CSA), and echo-intensity in the RF and VL at 30, 50, and 70% of each muscle’s length; fascicle length (FL) was estimated from respective measurements of MT and PA within each muscle and region. Participants then began a high intensity, low volume (4 × 3 − 5 repetitions, 3min rest) lower-body resistance training program, and repeated all PRE-assessments after 8 weeks (2 d · wk−1) of training (POST). Although three-way (muscle [RF, VL] × region [30, 50, 70%] × time [PRE, POST]) repeated measures analysis of variance did not reveal significant interactions for any assessment of morphology, significant simple (muscle × time) effects were observed for CSA (p = 0.002) and FL (p = 0.016). Specifically, average CSA changes favored the VL (2.96 ± 0.69 cm2, pp < 0.001) over the RF (0.59 ± 0.20 cm2, p = 0.011), while significant decreases in average FL were noted for the RF (–1.03 ± 0.30 cm, p = 0.004) but not the VL (–0.05 ± 0.36 cm, p = 0.901). No other significant differences were observed. The findings of this study demonstrate the occurrence of non-homogenous adaptations in RF and VL muscle size and architecture following 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance training in resistance-trained men. However, training does not appear to influence region-specific adaptations in either muscle.

scholarly journals A Longitudinal Prospective Study: The Effect of Annual Seasonal Transition and Coaching Influence on Aerobic Capacity and Body Composition in Division I Female Soccer Players

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Troy M. Purdom ◽  
Kyle S. Levers ◽  
Chase S. McPherson ◽  
Jacob Giles ◽  
Lindsey Brown
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Concurrent Training ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Significant Difference

This study assessed how seasonal transitions and coaching influence affect aerobic capacity (AC) and body composition across the annual training cycle (ATC). Eleven division 1 female soccer players were tested after five predesignated time blocks (B1–B5): post-season 2016 (B1), nine-week transition (B2), spring season (B3), pre-season (B4), and post-season 2017 (B5). Height, weight, and body composition (fat-free mass (FFM)) were measured prior to a standardized 5 min treadmill running and dynamic movement warm up before a maximal AC test. Statistical analysis included a 4 × 5 repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (dependent variable × time) with the Fishers Least Significant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test when relevant; data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, effect size (ES), and percent change (%). The statistical analysis revealed that the ATC had a significant main effect on AC and FFM (F3,4 2.81, p = 0.001; η2 = 0.22). There were significant increases in AC across the transition period (B1–B2) with reduced training volume (∆ + 12.9%, p = 0.001; ES = 0.50) while AC and FFM peaked after the spring season with directed concurrent training paired with adequate rest B1–B3 (∆ + 16.4%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.81). AC decreased across the pre-season with indirect training (B3–B4) (∆ − 7.0%, p = 0.02; ES = 0.50) and remained suppressed without change (p > 0.05) across the competitive season (B4–B5). Rest, concurrent training, and directed training positively affected AC, while indirect training and high training loads with little rest negatively affected AC.

scholarly journals The Effects of Resistance Training With or Without Peanut Protein Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle and Strength Adaptations in Older Individuals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Lamb ◽  
Johnathon H. Moore ◽  
Morgan A. Smith ◽  
Christopher G. Vann ◽  
Shelby C. Osburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Positive Effects

Abstract Several studies suggest resistance training (RT) with protein supplementation has positive effects on strength and muscle mass in older individuals. However, to date, no study has examined the effects of RT with a high-protein, defatted peanut powder (PP) supplement on these markers. Herein, 39 older, untrained individuals (n=17 female, n=22 male; age=58.6±8.0 years; body mass index =28.7±5.8) completed a 6-week (n=22) or 10-week (n=17) RT program, where full-body training was implemented twice weekly (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration NCT04015479; registered July 11, 2019). Participants in each program were randomly assigned to consume either a PP supplement once per day (35 g protein, 315 kcal; n=20) or no supplement (CTL; n=19). Right leg vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies were obtained prior to and 24 hours following the first training bout in all participants to assess the change in myofibrillar protein synthetic rates (MyoPS) as measured via the deuterium-oxide (D2O) tracer method. Pre- and Post-intervention testing in all participants was conducted using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), VL ultrasound imaging, a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scan at the mid-thigh, and right leg isokinetic dynamometer assessments. Integrated MyoPS rates over a 24-hour period were not significantly different (p<0.05) between supplement groups following the first training bout. Regarding chronic changes, there were no significant supplement-by-time interactions in DXA-derived fat mass, lean soft tissue mass or percent body fat between supplementation groups. There was, however, a significant increase in VL thickness in PP versus CTL participants when the 6- and 10-week cohorts were pooled (interaction p=0.041). There was also a significant increase in knee flexion torque in the 10-week PP group versus the CTL group (interaction p=0.032). In conclusion, a high-protein, defatted peanut powder supplement in combination with RT positively affects select markers of muscle hypertrophy and strength in an untrained, older adult population.

scholarly journals Effect of resistance training exercise combined with high protein diet on body weight and muscle mass in underweight adolescent males

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 041-052
Author(s):  
Wittawas Sajjapong ◽  
◽  
Preeya Leelahagul ◽  
Sitha Pongphibool ◽  
Narupon Thongsuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
High Protein Intake ◽  
Training Exercise ◽  
Resistance Training Exercise

Introduction: Many underweight males take commercial protein supplements to increase their body weight and build muscle. Nonetheless, commercial protein supplements may cause adverse effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance training exercise combined with a high protein diet on body weight and muscle mass in underweight adolescent males. Methods: A repeated measures design study was conducted on nine males aged 12-15 years with low body weight. Energy and protein requirements were calculated, and energy and protein consumptions were measured for each meal during the high protein diet without exercise (HP) period and the high protein diet with resistance exercise (HPE) period. Subjects engaged in three resistance training sessions each week during HP-E period, for eight weeks. Dietary intake, body composition, blood biochemistry, physical fitness, and self-esteem were assessed. Results: In HP-E period, resistance training exercise combined with a high protein intake (2.14 g/kg/d) increased body weight and lean tissue mass (LTM) by 0.5 kg and 0.5 kg, respectively. Resistance training during HP-E period increased arm, leg, and trunk muscle strength by 20.2%, 7.2%, and 14.5%, respectively, more than high protein diet alone during HP period. High protein intake in HP-E period did not affect blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels (11.0 mg/dL and 0.70 mg/dL, respectively). Conclusion: Eight weeks of resistance training combined with a high protein diet increased body weight and LTM without adverse effects. In particular, resistance exercise predominantly increased muscle strength. Kidney function was not affected by high protein consumption throughout this study.

scholarly journals Enhanced skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis, yet attenuated mTORC1 and ribosome biogenesis-related signalling, following short-term concurrent versus single-mode resistance training

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson J. Fyfe ◽  
David J. Bishop ◽  
Jonathan D. Bartlett ◽  
Erik D. Hanson ◽  
Mitchell J. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Concurrent Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Continuous Training

1.AbstractCombining endurance training with resistance training (RT) may attenuate skeletal muscle hypertrophic adaptation versus RT alone; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated changes in markers of ribosome biogenesis, a process linked with skeletal muscle hypertrophy, following concurrent training versus RT alone. Twenty-three males underwent eight weeks of RT, either performed alone (RT group, n = 8), or combined with either high-intensity interval training (HIT+RT group, n = 8), or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT+RT group, n = 7). Muscle samples (vastus lateralis) were obtained before training, and immediately before, 1 h and 3 h after the final training session. Training-induced changes in basal expression of the 45S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor (45S pre-rRNA), and 5.8S and 28S mature rRNAs, were greater with concurrent training versus RT. However, during the final training session, RT further increased both mTORC1 (p70S6K1 and rps6 phosphorylation) and 45S pre-rRNA transcription-related signalling (TIF-1A and UBF phosphorylation) versus concurrent training. These data suggest that when performed in a training-accustomed state, RT induces further increases mTORC1 and ribosome biogenesis related signalling in human skeletal muscle versus concurrent training; however, changes in ribosome biogenesis markers were more favourable following a period of short-term concurrent training versus RT performed alone.

scholarly journals An 8-week resistance training protocol is effective in adapting quadriceps but not patellar tendon shear modulus measured by Supersonic Shearwave Imaging

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mannarino ◽  
T. T. Matta ◽  
F. O. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Patellar Tendon ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Training Protocol

ABSTRACTHabitual loading and resistance training (RT) can determine changes in muscle and tendon morphology but also in its mechanical properties. Conventional ultrasound (US) evaluation of these mechanical properties present limitations that can now be overcome with the advent of Supersonic Shearwave Imaging (SSI). The objective of this study was to analyze the Vastus Lateralis (VL) and patellar tendon (PT) mechanical properties adaptations to an 8-week RT protocol using SSI. We submitted 15 untrained health young men to an 8-week RT directed knee extensor mechanism. VL and PT shear modulus (μ) was assessed pre and post intervention with SSI. VL muscle thickness (VL MT) and knee extension torque (KT) was also measure pre and post intervention to ensure the RT efficiency. Significant increases were observed in VL MT and KT (pre= 2.40 ± 0.40 cm and post= 2.63 ± 0.35 cm, p = 0.0111, and pre= 294.66 ± 73.98 Nm and post= 338.93 ± 76.39 Nm, p = 0.005, respectively). The 8-week RT was also effective in promoting VL μ adaptations (pre= 4.87 ± 1.38 kPa and post= 9.08.12 ± 1.86 kPa, p = 0.0105), but not in significantly affecting PT μ (pre= 78.85 ± 7.37 kPa and post= 66.41 ± 7.25 kPa, p = 0.1287). The present study showed that an 8-week resistance training protocol was effective in adapting VL μ but not PT μ. Further investigation should be conducted with special attention to longer interventions, to possible PT differential individual responsiviness and to the muscle-tendon resting state tension environment.

Muscle strength and hypertrophy occur independently of protein supplementation during short-term resistance training in untrained men

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 797-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carleigh H. Boone ◽  
Jeffrey R. Stout ◽  
Kyle S. Beyer ◽  
David H. Fukuda ◽  
Jay R. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Morphology ◽  
Leg Extension

Short-term resistance training has consistently demonstrated gains in muscular strength, but not hypertrophy. Post-resistance training protein ingestion is posited to augment the acute anabolic stimulus, thus potentially accelerating changes in muscle size and strength. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of resistance training with protein supplementation on strength and muscle morphology changes in untrained men. Participants (mean ± SD; N = 18; age, 22.0 ± 2.5 years; body mass index, 25.1 ± 5.4 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned to a resistance training + protein group (n = 9; whey (17 g) + colostrum (3 g) + leucine (2 g)) or a resistance training + placebo group (n = 9). One-repetition maximum (1RM) strength in the leg press (LP) and leg extension (LE) exercises, maximal isometric knee extensor strength (MVIC), and muscle morphology (thickness (MT), cross-sectional area (CSA), pennation angle) of the dominant rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed before and after training. Participants performed LP and LE exercises (3 × 8–10; at 80% 1RM) 3 days/week for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Four weeks of resistance training resulted in significant increases in LP (p < 0.001), LE (p < 0.001), MVIC (p < 0.001), RF MT (p < 0.001), RF CSA (p < 0.001), VL MT (p < 0.001), and VL CSA (p < 0.001). No between-group differences were observed. Although nutrition can significantly affect training adaptations, these results suggest that short-term resistance training augments muscle strength and size in previously untrained men with no additive benefit from postexercise protein supplementation.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of combining microcurrent with resistance training in trained males

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2641-2653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Naclerio ◽  
Marcos Seijo ◽  
Bettina Karsten ◽  
George Brooker ◽  
Leandro Carbone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Pennation Angle ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Post Exercise

Abstract Introduction Microcurrent has been used to promote tissue healing after injury or to hasten muscle remodeling post exercise post exercise. Purpose To compare the effects of resistance training in combination with either, microcurrent or sham treatment, on-body composition and muscular architecture. Additionally, changes in performance and perceived delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were determined. Methods Eighteen males (25.7 ± 7.6 years) completed an 8-week resistance training program involving 3 workouts per week (24 total sessions) wearing a microcurrent (MIC, n = 9) or a sham (SH, n = 9) device for 3-h post-workout or in the morning during non-training days. Measurements were conducted at pre and post intervention. Results Compared to baseline, both groups increased (p < 0.05) muscle thickness of the elbow flexors (MIC + 2.9 ± 1.4 mm; SH + 3.0 ± 2.4 mm), triceps brachialis (MIC + 4.3 ± 2.8 mm; SH + 2.7 ± 2.6 mm), vastus medialis (MIC + 1.5 ± 1.5 mm; SH + 0.9 ± 0.8 mm) and vastus lateralis (MIC + 6.8 ± 8.0 mm; SH + 3.2 ± 1.8 mm). Although both groups increased (p < 0.01) the pennation angle of vastus lateralis (MIC + 2.90° ± 0.95°; SH + 1.90° ± 1.35°, p < 0.01), the change measured in MIC was higher (p = 0.045) than that observed in SH. Furthermore, only MIC enlarged (p < 0.01) the pennation angle of brachialis (MIC + 1.93 ± 1.51). Both groups improved (p < 0.05) bench press strength and power but only MIC enhanced (p < 0.01) vertical jump height. At post intervention, only MIC decreased (p < 0.05) DOMS at 12-h, 24-h, and 48-h after performing an exercise-induced muscle soreness protocol. Conclusion A 3-h daily use of microcurrent maximized muscular architectural changes and attenuated DOMS with no added significant benefits on body composition and performance.

scholarly journals High-Protein Energy-Restriction: Effects on Body Composition, Contractile Properties, Mood, and Sleep in Active Young College Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Roth ◽  
Lukas Rettenmaier ◽  
Michael Behringer
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
High Protein Intake

Background: It is often advised to ensure a high-protein intake during energy-restricted diets. However, it is unclear whether a high-protein intake is able to maintain muscle mass and contractility in the absence of resistance training.Materials and Methods: After 1 week of body mass maintenance (45 kcal/kg), 28 male college students not performing resistance training were randomized to either the energy-restricted (ER, 30 kcal/kg, n = 14) or the eucaloric control group (CG, 45 kcal/kg, n = 14) for 6 weeks. Both groups had their protein intake matched at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass and continued their habitual training throughout the study. Body composition was assessed weekly using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Contractile properties of the m. rectus femoris were examined with Tensiomyography and MyotonPRO at weeks 1, 3, and 5 along with sleep (PSQI) and mood (POMS).Results: The ER group revealed greater reductions in body mass (Δ −3.22 kg vs. Δ 1.90 kg, p &lt; 0.001, partial η2 = 0.360), lean body mass (Δ −1.49 kg vs. Δ 0.68 kg, p &lt; 0.001, partial η2 = 0.152), body cell mass (Δ −0.85 kg vs. Δ 0.59 kg, p &lt; 0.001, partial η2 = 0.181), intracellular water (Δ −0.58 l vs. Δ 0.55 l, p &lt; 0.001, partial η2 = 0.445) and body fat percentage (Δ −1.74% vs. Δ 1.22%, p &lt; 0.001, partial η2 = 433) compared to the CG. Contractile properties, sleep onset, sleep duration as well as depression, fatigue and hostility did not change (p &gt; 0.05). The PSQI score (Δ −1.43 vs. Δ −0.64, p = 0.006, partial η2 = 0.176) and vigor (Δ −2.79 vs. Δ −4.71, p = 0.040, partial η2 = 0.116) decreased significantly in the ER group and the CG, respectively.Discussion: The present data show that a high-protein intake alone was not able to prevent lean mass loss associated with a 6-week moderate energy restriction in college students. Notably, it is unknown whether protein intake at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass prevented larger decreases in lean body mass. Muscle contractility was not negatively altered by this form of energy restriction. Sleep quality improved in both groups. Whether these advantages are due to the high-protein intake cannot be clarified and warrants further study. Although vigor was negatively affected in both groups, other mood parameters did not change.

scholarly journals Effects of phosphatidic acid supplementation on muscle thickness and strength in resistance-trained men

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Gonzalez ◽  
Katie M. Sell ◽  
Jamie J. Ghigiarelli ◽  
Christopher F. Kelly ◽  
Edward W. Shone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Resistance Training Program

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphatidic acid (PA) supplementation on muscle thickness and strength following an 8 week supervised resistance-training program. Fifteen resistance trained men (22.8 ± 3.5 years; 80.6 ± 8.7 kg; 178.1 ± 5.6 cm; 14.6% ± 8.8% body fat) were randomly assigned to a group that either consumed 750 mg of PA or a placebo (PL). Testing was carried out before (PRE) and after (POST) training/supplementation for muscle thickness and strength. Muscle thickness of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps brachii (BB), and triceps brachii (TB) muscles were measured via ultrasonography, along with 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of squat, deadlift, and bench press. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), using PRE values as the covariate, did not reveal any group differences for measures of muscle thickness in the RF (PA: 3.6% ± 5.2%; PL: 3.2% ± 4.2%, p = 0.97), VL (PA: 23.4% ± 18.1%, PL: 12.5% ± 15.4%, p = 0.37), BB (PA: 3.7% ± 6.4%, PL: 9.6% ± 12.4%, p = 0.86), or TB (PA: 15.1% ± 17.9%, PL: 10.7% ± 19.3%, p = 0.79). Likewise, no group differences were observed in changes in squat (PA: 8.4% ± 4.1%, PL: 8.1% ± 4.2%, p = 0.79), deadlift (PA: 10.1% ± 10.1%, PL: 8.9% ± 9.5%, p = 0.66), or bench press (PA: 5.7% ± 5.5%, PL: 5.1% ± 3.0%, p = 0.76) exercises. Collectively, however, all participants experienced significant (p < 0.05) improvements in each measure of muscle thickness and strength. Results of this study suggest that PA supplementation, in combination with a 3 days·week−1 resistance-training program for 8 weeks, did not have a differential effect compared with PL on changes in muscle thickness or 1RM strength.

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