Revealing Hidden Diversity in Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa:  Reef-Associated Decapods as a Proxy of Biodiversity Estimation (Mengungkap Keanekaragaman Tersembunyi di Pulau Menjangan Besar, Karimunjawa: Estimasi Biodiversitas Menggunakan Dekapoda..)

Kepulauan Indonesiamemiliki sejumlahArea Perlindungan Laut dan Taman Nasional yang merupakan tempat tinggal bagi organisme laut dengan tingkat keanekaragaman yang tinggi. Karimunjawa sebagai salah satu Taman Nasional, dikenal mempunyai keanekaragaman terumbu karang yang tinggi dan merupakan salah satu kawasan yang digunakan sebagai area studi keanekaragaman laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi keanekaragaman organisme pada habitat terumbu karang yang terdapat di kawasan pesisir Karimunjawa. Metode sampling semi-kuantitatif digunakan untuk mengestimasi keanekaragaman terumbu karang, dengan menggunakan anggota kelompok dekapoda sebagai perwakilan. Enam belas terumbu karang mati (dead coral head) dari anggota Pocillopora, di koleksi dengan ukuran yang sama pada kedalaman 10 meter di kawasan Pulau Menjangan Besar, Karimunjawa. Seluruh dekapoda yang dikumpulkan, diidentifikasi sampai tingkat famili dan menunjukkan terdapat 11 famili dari total 203 individu. Nilai statistik dari kekayaan spesies (Chao1 and ACE) menunjukkan hanya 11 famili dekapoda yang dapat ditemukan di kawasan tersebut. Hasil kurva rarefaksi menunjukkan nilai yang mencapai titik kesetimbangan setelah karang mati ke-empat belas, yang mengindikasikan bahwa penambahan koleksi sampel tidak akan mengubah estimasi keanekaragaman yang ditemukan. Index keanekaragaman Shanon-Wiener juga menunjukkan nilai keanekaragaman yang rendah dengan nilai 1.9. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pemahaman bagi keseluruhan keanekaragaman terumbu karang yang terdapat pada suatu kawasan dan sebagai dasar pengetahuan untuk tujuan pengamatan ekosistem terumbu karang bagi perlindungan dan konservasi. Kata kunci: keanekaragaman, terumbu karang, dekapoda, Indonesia, Karimunjawa. The Indonesian archipelago, with its higher number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and National Parks, is a home to a high diversity of marine organisms. Karimunjawa is an Indonesian National Park that is well known for its diverse coral reefs and therefore is an important place to study marine biodiversity. In the present study, the biodiversity of reef organisms was estimated in the coastal marine habitat of Karimunjawa. A semi-quantitative sampling method was used to estimate reef biodiversity using decapod group as a representative. Sixteen similar sized dead coral heads of Pocillopora were sampled from 10 m depth at Menjangan Besar Island, Karimunjawa. All decapods were sorted and identified to the family level, yielding 11 families from total 203-collected individuals. Species richness statistics (Chao1 and ACE) suggest that only 11 families of decapods can be found in this area. Rarefaction curves approached an asymptote after sampling fourteen heads, indicated that sample addition will not alter the estimate diversity found in this location with Shanon-Wiener diversity index of 1.9 indicated low diversity. Our findings may provide a basic understanding of the overall biodiversity of a reef area and a basic knowledge in monitoring coral reefs ecosystems for protection and conservation. Keywords: biodiversity, coral reefs, decapod, Indonesia, Karimunjawa

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COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ECHINODERMS (ASTEROIDEA, OPHIUROIDEA, ECHINOIDEA AND HOLOTHUROIDEA) IN THE MARINE NATIONAL PARK EAST SULAWESI WAKATOBI

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.29244/jitkt.v8i1.13898 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 357-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eddy Yusron

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Community Structure ◽

National Parks ◽

National Park ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Dead Coral ◽

Evenness Index ◽

Different Types ◽

High Level ◽

Richness Index

A study on Echinoderms community structure in marine national parks of Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi was conducted in six locations, i.e., Waha Beach, Coastal Sombo, Beach Houses, Beach Kapota, Banakawa beach, and Umala beach in October 2013. All of the six parks were located the Wakatobi territorial waters with coordinates of 5°06'25" S and 123°124'10 E. The results showed of 18 species of echinoderms representing six different types of Asteroidea, two types of Ophiuroidea, six types of Echinoidea, and four types of Holothuroidea. Group of starfish or Asteroidea was the most prominent on seagrass area. Based on the six transects sites, it turned out that the group of starfish (Asteridea) occupied a relatively high level of species richness. From the quantitative analysis values, we obtained diversity index (H) of 1.105 in Sombu, the highest evenness index (J) of 0.989 was found in Umala, and the highest species richness index values (D) of 0.132 was obtained in kapota. It seemed that all echinoderm groups were generally like seagrass microhabitat (12 types). While, sand and dead coral habitats were only occupied by 8 (eight) echinoderm groups. Keywords: echinoderms, diversity, Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi

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Diversitas Echinodermata di Pantai Meras Kecamatan Bunaken Sulawesi Utara (Diversity of Echinoderms on the Meras Beach, Bunaken District, North Sulawesi)

JURNAL BIOS LOGOS ◽

10.35799/jbl.3.1.2013.3465 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Billy R Rompis ◽

Marnix LD Langoy ◽

Deidy Y Katili ◽

Adelfia Papu

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Food Webs ◽

Diversity Index ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Sea Grass ◽

Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽

Line Transects ◽

Total Species

Abstrak Echinodermata berperan penting pada ekosistem terumbu karang sebagai bagian dari jejaring makanan. Mereka dapat bersifat herbivora, karnivora, dan/atau omnivora. Kerusakan terumbu karang di Pantai Meras akhir-akhir ini dapat mengancam Echinodermata. Informasi tentang diversitas Echinodermata di Pantai Meras masih sedikit. Oleh karena itu, penelitian tentang diversitas Echinodermata perlu dilakukan di Pantai Meras, Kecamatan Bunaken, Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan sampel pada tiap lokasi dilakukan pada saat surut terendah dengan menarik 3 garis transek (masing-masing 100 meter) secara vertikal dari garis pantai ke arah laut. Petak kuadrat (1 x 1 meter) diletakkan dengan jarak antar kuadrat yaitu 10 meter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Echinodermata hidup pada habitat padang lamun, pasir dan terumbu karang baik yang hidup maupun mati. Total species yang ditemukan yaitu 8 spesies yang termasuk anggota dari 3 kelas. Kelas Asteroidea (bintang laut) sebanyak 3 spesies, Echinoidea sebanyak 4 spesies dan Kelas Holothuroidea sebanyak 1 spesies. Diversitas Echinodermata di Pantai Meras adalah antara rendah hingga sedang dengan nilai indeks diversitas Shannon-Wiener (H’) berkisar antara 0,48 – 1,31. Kata kunci: Diversitas Echinodermata, Pantai Meras, Sulawesi Utara Abstract Echinoderms have important role in coral reef ecosystems as part of the food webs. They may be herbivores, carnivores, and/or omnivores. Coral reefs destruction in Meras Beach lately can threaten Echinoderms. There was little information about Echinoderms diversity of Meras Beach. Therefore, research on Echinoderms diversity needs to be done on the Meras Beach, Bunaken District, North Sulawesi. Sampling was carried out at each location at the lowest tide. There were 3 line transects (each 100 meters) located vertically from the shoreline towards the sea. The square plots (1 x 1 meter) placed distance between plots was 10 meters. The results showed that Echinoderms occupied different habitat i.e. sea grass, sand, live and/or coral reefs. Total species found 8 species belong to members of the 3 classes. Asteroidea Class (starfish), Echinoidea Class and Holothuroidea were respectively 3 species, 4 species and 1 species. Echinoderms diversity on the Meras Beach were low to moderate with Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H ') was 0.48 to 1.31. Keywords: Echinodermata diversity, Meras Beach, North Sulawesi Rompis dkk., Distribusi Echinodermata …. 27PENDAHULUAN

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Kondisi Sumberdaya Ikan & Terumbu Karang di Pulau Maratua, Kabupaten Berau, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

Jurnal Ilmiah Satya Minabahari ◽

10.53676/jism.v2i1.19 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 34-45

Author(s):

Hendrawan Syafrie

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Field Survey ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Coral Cover ◽

Good Condition ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Dead Coral ◽

Edge Zone ◽

Stony Coral

This research aims to obtain describe about the condition of coral reefs and fish around maratua island. Parameter measured to support this research are the percentages of coral cover, abundance of coral fishes, and composition the types of coral fihes. The data field survey was conducted in maratua waters on July 2014. Research sites consisting of 20 station surrounding this island. Result shows that average of coral reefs in reef edge zone in good condition with a coral covered (life coral) 61 % and hard coral composition is 55 % dan soft coral 6 %. The coral reefs covered (stony coral) about 62% in depth 3-6 meters consisting of : 36 % Acropora and 26% non acropora ; and 5% others fauna ; and dead coral abour 22 %. Fish who associated with coral inhabiting waters surrounding maratua island consist of ornamental fish and reef fish consumption, which many found are Pomacentridae, Labridae, Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, and Nemipteridae. Result based on field observtion was found about 33 species with diversity index (H’) average 1.57 (relatively small), Uniformity index (E) average 0.3 (depressed community), and donination Index (C) average 0.42 (low).

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COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ECHINODERMS (ASTEROIDEA, OPHIUROIDEA, ECHINOIDEA AND HOLOTHUROIDEA) IN THE MARINE NATIONAL PARK EAST SULAWESI WAKATOBI

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.28930/jitkt.v8i1.13898 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eddy Yusron

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Community Structure ◽

National Parks ◽

National Park ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Dead Coral ◽

Evenness Index ◽

Different Types ◽

High Level ◽

Richness Index

A study on Echinoderms community structure in marine national parks of Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi was conducted in six locations, i.e., Waha Beach, Coastal Sombo, Beach Houses, Beach Kapota, Banakawa beach, and Umala beach in October 2013. All of the six parks were located the Wakatobi territorial waters with coordinates of 5°06'25" S and 123°124'10 E. The results showed of 18 species of echinoderms representing six different types of Asteroidea, two types of Ophiuroidea, six types of Echinoidea, and four types of Holothuroidea. Group of starfish or Asteroidea was the most prominent on seagrass area. Based on the six transects sites, it turned out that the group of starfish (Asteridea) occupied a relatively high level of species richness. From the quantitative analysis values, we obtained diversity index (H) of 1.105 in Sombu, the highest evenness index (J) of 0.989 was found in Umala, and the highest species richness index values (D) of 0.132 was obtained in kapota. It seemed that all echinoderm groups were generally like seagrass microhabitat (12 types). While, sand and dead coral habitats were only occupied by 8 (eight) echinoderm groups. Keywords: echinoderms, diversity, Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi

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Effects of Plastic Debris on the Biofilm Bacterial Communities in Lake Water

Water ◽

10.3390/w13111465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1465

Author(s):

Chao Shen ◽

Liuyan Huang ◽

Guangwu Xie ◽

Yulai Wang ◽

Zongkai Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Bacterial Community Structure ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Plastic Substrate ◽

Simpson Index ◽

Plastic Debris ◽

Plastic Substrates ◽

Wiener Diversity Index

Increasing discharge of plastic debris into aquatic ecosystems and the worsening ecological risks have received growing attention. Once released, plastic debris could serve as a new substrate for microbes in waters. The complex relationship between plastics and biofilms has aroused great interest. To confirm the hypothesis that the presence of plastic in water affects the composition of biofilm in natural state, in situ biofilm culture experiments were conducted in a lake for 40 days. The diversity of biofilm attached on natural (cobble stones (CS) and wood) and plastic substrates (Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)) were compared, and the community structure and composition were also analyzed. Results from high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA showed that the diversity and species richness of biofilm bacterial communities on natural substrate (observed species of 1353~1945, Simpson index of 0.977~0.989 and Shannon–Wiener diversity index of 7.42~8.60) were much higher than those on plastic substrates (observed species of 900~1146, Simpson index of 0.914~0.975 and Shannon–Wiener diversity index of 5.47~6.99). The NMDS analyses were used to confirm the taxonomic significance between different samples, and Anosim (p = 0.001, R = 0.892) and Adonis (p = 0.001, R = 808, F = 11.19) demonstrated that this classification was statistically rigorous. Different dominant bacterial communities were found on plastic and natural substrates. Alphaproteobacterial, Betaproteobacteria and Synechococcophycideae dominated on the plastic substrate, while Gammaproteobacteria, Phycisphaerae and Planctomycetia played the main role on the natural substrates. The bacterial community structure of the two substrates also showed significant difference which is consistent with previous studies using other polymer types. Our results shed light on the fact that plastic debris can serve as a new habitat for biofilm colonization, unlike natural substrates, pathogens and plastic-degrading microorganisms selectively attached to plastic substrates, which affected the bacterial community structure and composition in aquatic environment. This study provided a new insight into understanding the potential impacts of plastics serving as a new habitat for microbial communities in freshwater environments. Future research should focus on the potential impacts of plastic-attached biofilms in various aquatic environments and the whole life cycle of plastics (i.e., from plastic fragments to microplastics) and also microbial flock characteristics using microbial plastics in the natural environment should also be addressed.

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Effects of Ecological Restoration Using Non-Native Mangrove Kandelia obovata to Replace Invasive Spartina alterniflora on Intertidal Macrobenthos Community in Maoyan Island (Zhejiang, China)

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse9080788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

Qiuxuan Wang ◽

Carlos Duarte ◽

Li Song ◽

George Christakos ◽

Susana Agusti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Ecological Restoration ◽

Spartina Alterniflora ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Invasion History ◽

Kandelia Obovata ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Spatial Differences ◽

Average Biomass

Spartina alterniflora has extensively invaded the coastline of China, including in Maoyan Island of Zhejiang Province. Ecological restoration has been conducted using non-native mangrove Kandelia obovata to replace S. alterniflora in an attempt to restore the impacted intertidal zones. To illustrate the ecological effectiveness of the restoration projects, macrobenthos communities were studied among different habitats within the restored areas, including one non-restored S. alterniflora marsh (SA) and three differently-aged restored K. obovata stands planted in 2003, 2009, and 2011 respectively (KF14, KF8, and KF6). Besides, one unvegetated mudflat (MF) adjacent to the non-restored S. alterniflora marsh and one K. obovata forest transplanted in 2006 (RKF) at a previously barren mudflat without invasion history of S. alterniflora were set as reference sites. A total of 69 species of macrobenthos were collected from Maoyan Island, and the species richness was dominated by gastropoda (23 species), polychaeta (18 species), and malacostraca (16 species). There was no significant difference between the six sites in terms of the abundance of macrobenthos, with the average values of abundance peaking in KF6 (734.7 ind m−2) and being lowest in RKF (341.3 ind m−2). The six sites had significant differences in terms of the biomass of macrobenthos. The KF8 site contained the highest average biomass (168.3 g m−2), whereas the MF site had the lowest (54.3 g m−2). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou’s evenness index of the macrobenthos did not exhibit significant differences among the six sites. However, the results of permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed significant spatial differences in the macrobenthos community structure between the sites. Since KF14 shared a similar macrobenthos community structure with RKF, while representing a strikingly different structure from SA, we infer that ecological restoration using K. obovata can restore the macrobenthos community to resemble to a normally planted K. obovata forest about 15 years after restoration.

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Effects of a 5-year trawling ban on the local benthic community in a wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsu193 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 962-972 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Magda J. N. Bergman ◽

Selma M. Ubels ◽

Gerard C. A. Duineveld ◽

Erik W. G. Meesters

Keyword(s):

Coastal Zone ◽

Benthic Community ◽

Large Scale ◽

Wind Farm ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Benthic Assemblages ◽

The North ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Short Period ◽

Reference Areas

Abstract As part of a large impact study in a wind farm (OWEZ) in the Dutch coastal zone, the effects of exclusion of bottom trawling on the benthic community were studied by comparison with nearby reference areas which were regularly fished. In addition to a standard boxcorer for common macrofauna, a Triple-D dredge was used to collect longer-lived, more sparsely distributed infauna and epifauna. Multivariate analysis did not reveal any difference between the assemblages in and outside OWEZ with respect to abundance, biomass, and production after a 5-year closure. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index pointed to a significantly higher diversity in OWEZ compared with some of the reference areas. A minority of the bivalve species assumed to be sensitive to trawling showed higher abundances (Spisula solida) or larger sizes (Tellina fabula, Ensis directus) in OWEZ than in some of the reference areas. In general, samples collected with the Triple-D showed more differences between areas than boxcore samples. No evidence was also found that the species composition in OWEZ relative to the reference areas had changed in the period between 1 (2007) and 5 (2011) years after closure. The change observed in all areas between 2007 and 2011 was mainly due to relatively small variations in species abundances. In conclusion, 5 years after the closure of OWEZ to fisheries, only subtle changes were measured in the local benthic community, i.e. a higher species diversity and an increased abundance and lengths of some bivalves. Depleted adult stocks, faunal patchiness, and a limited time for recovery (5 years) might explain that a significant recovery could not be found. The current study shows that designation of large-scale marine protected areas as planned for the North Sea will not automatically imply that restoration of benthic assemblages can be expected within a relatively short period of years.

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Sampling a biodiversity hotspot: the orchid-bee fauna (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of Tarapoto, northeastern Peru, the richest and most diverse site of the Neotropics

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.20412 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 74 (3 suppl 1) ◽

pp. s33-s44 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A Nemésio ◽

C Rasmussen

Keyword(s):

Diversity Index ◽

Species Group ◽

Biodiversity Hotspot ◽

Single Site ◽

Additional Species ◽

Orchid Bees ◽

Orchid Bee ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

First Time

The orchid-bee fauna of the region of Tarapoto, northeastern Peru, was surveyed using seventeen different scents as baits to attract orchid-bee males. Six hundred and fifty-nine males belonging to 41 species were actively collected with insect nets during 120 hours in late July and early August, 2012. Euglossa dressleriMoure, 1968, Euglossa laurensiBembé, 2008, and Euglossa maculilabrisMoure, 1968, three species belonging to the Euglossa cybelia species-group, are here reported for Peru for the first time. Previous sporadic and unpublished samplings in the area recorded eleven additional species. With 53 species, the region of Tarapoto can be considered the richest single site in the Neotropics for orchid bees. Diversity, estimated with the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′ = 3.02), was also the highest ever recorded for orchid bees.

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Distance Effects on Diversity and Abundance of the Flower Visitors of Ocimum kilimandscharicum in the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

International Journal of Biodiversity ◽

10.1155/2018/7635631 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hellen K. Mandela ◽

Mugatsia H. Tsingalia ◽

Mary Gikungu ◽

Wilbur M. Lwande

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Land Use Changes ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Forest Edge ◽

Flower Visitors ◽

Kakamega Forest ◽

Species Invasions ◽

Wiener Diversity Index

Pollination is an important ecosystem service in the maintenance of biodiversity and most importantly in food production. Pollination is on the decline due to habitat loss, exotic species invasions, pollution, overharvesting, and land use changes. This study analyzed the abundance and diversity of flower visitors’ of Ocimum kilimandscharicum in Kakamega forest with increasing distance from the forest edge. Data were collected through direct observation and sweep netting. Six study sites were identified along two transects each 2.5 km long and labeled A to F. Distance in metres from the forest edge to each site was A=221, B=72, C=83, D=198, E=113, and F=50. Sampling was done from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm, three days in a week for five months consecutively. Diversity indices of different flower visitors were calculated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare differences between sites and a two-sample t-test was used to identify mean significant differences in species diversity between the closest and the furthest sites. A total of 645 individuals belonging to 35 species were captured from 4 families. The highest diversity was at site F (H’= 2.38) which was closest to the forest edge and the lowest diversity was from site A (H’=1.44) which was furthest from the forest edge. Distance from the forest edge significantly influenced species diversity (F(3, 20)=14.67, p=0.024). Distance from the forest edge also significantly influenced species abundance between the furthest sites A, D, and E and the nearest sites F, B, and C to the forest edge (t=4.177; p=0.0312) and species richness (t=3.2893; p=0.0187). This study clearly demonstrates that Ocimum kilimandscharicum flower visitors play essential roles in pollination and their higher number of visits translates into higher numbers of seeds set. Many of these pollinators are associated with the forest and hence the need to conserve the Kakamega forest as a source pool for pollinators.

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Next Generation Sequencing-Based Molecular Marker Development: A Case Study in Betula Alnoides

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23112963 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 2963 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jing Tan ◽

Jun-Jie Guo ◽

Ming-Yu Yin ◽

Huan Wang ◽

Wen-Pan Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Molecular Marker ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Southern China ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Next Generation ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Nucleotide Repeats ◽

Betula Alnoides ◽

Generation Sequencing

Betula alnoides is a fast-growing valuable indigenous tree species with multiple uses in the tropical and warm subtropical regions in South-East Asia and southern China. It has been proved to be tetraploid in most parts of its distribution in China. In the present study, next generation sequencing (NGS) technology was applied to develop numerous SSR markers for B. alnoides, and 64,376 contig sequences of 106,452 clean reads containing 164,357 candidate SSR loci were obtained. Among the derived SSR repeats, mono-nucleotide was the main type (77.05%), followed by di- (10.18%), tetra- (6.12%), tri- (3.56%), penta- (2.14%) and hexa-nucleotide (0.95%). The short nucleotide sequence repeats accounted for 90.79%. Among the 291 repeat motifs, AG/CT (46.33%) and AT/AT (44.15%) were the most common di-nucleotide repeats, while AAT/ATT (48.98%) was the most common tri-nucleotide repeats. A total of 2549 primer sets were designed from the identified putative SSR regions of which 900 were randomly selected for evaluation of amplification successfulness and detection of polymorphism if amplified successfully. Three hundred and ten polymorphic markers were obtained through testing with 24 individuals from B. alnoides natural forest in Jingxi County, Guangxi, China. The number of alleles (NA) of each marker ranged from 2 to 19 with a mean of 5.14. The observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosities varied from 0.04 to 1.00 and 0.04 to 0.92 with their means being 0.64 and 0.57, respectively. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (I) ranged from 0.10 to 2.68 with a mean of 1.12. Cross-species transferability was further examined for 96 pairs of SSR primers randomly selected, and it was found that 48.96–84.38% of the primer pairs could successfully amplify each of six related Betula species. The obtained SSR markers can be used to study population genetics and molecular marker assisted breeding, particularly genome-wide association study of these species in the future.

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