scholarly journals Thoracic Radiography Characteristics of Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis and Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: A Study of Indonesian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalia Sri Sulistijawati ◽  
Aziza Ghanie Icksan ◽  
Dina Bisara Lolong ◽  
Fariz Nurwidya
Keyword(s):  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevalence ◽  
Significant Lesion

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a burden globally, including Indonesia. The primary objective of this study is to reveal the chest radiography characteristic of drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in the Indonesian national tuberculosis prevalence survey 2013–2014. The secondary objective is to explore the correlation and incidence rate of chest radiography lesion of DS-TB and MDR-TB cases. Methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective analytical studies with national and regional coverage. Samples were selected by stratified multi-stage clustering sampling technique in a population aged ≥15 years old. The diagnosis of TB was based on culture and GeneXpert tests. Results: There were 147 DS-TB and 11 MDR-TB patients that were analyzed in this study. The nodule is the only type of lesions that distinguish MDR-TB and DS-TB. In multivariate analysis of DS-TB, there were 3 significant chest radiography lesions, i.e infiltrate, cavity and consolidation with odd-ratio (OR) of 14, 13, and 3, respectively. In MDR-TB, the only significant lesion is a nodule, with OR of 19. Conclusion: Nodule is the only type of lesions that distinguish MDR-TB and DS-TB. Infiltrate, cavity and consolidation were the types of chest radiography lesions on DS-TB, meanwhile, a nodule was the only significant lesion for MDR-TB.

scholarly journals Challenges for Conducting the Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey and Widening the Scope for Ending TB from Low-Income Countries by 2035

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
Gokul Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevalence

The Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey Conducted In 2018-2019 Has Given The New Estimation Of TB Prevalence (117,000) In Nepal. Out Of The Estimated Burden, About 32,000 People Were Diagnosed And Registered In The National Tuberculosis Programme For Treatment In 2019. More Than Half Of The Projected Tuberculosis Cases Are Still Missing In The Country, Which Is A Major Challenge For Achieving The END TB Targets By 2035. The Study Aims To Identify The Challenges Of Carrying Out The National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey (NTPS) And Recommend Possible Ways To Mitigate The Encounters In The Future Study. All Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey Reports Were Obtained From The World Health Organization As Grey Literature And Analyzed The Methods That They Used To Carry Out The Survey, Challenges They Faced While Conducting The Surveys, And Programme Implications After The Surveys. The Studies Used A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Random Sampling Method To Select The Clusters Using The Proportional Population To Size (PPS) Method To Select Primary And Secondary Sampling Units. Multiple Challenges Existed To Conduct The Survey In The Country. The Logistical And Transportation Of Sputum, Equipment, And Human Resources In Different Geographical Terrain, The Low Positive Rate In Culture Method And Less Priority Given For Health-Seeking Behavior And TB Risk Factors In The Survey. There Are Several Challenges For Conducting A Nationwide Survey. However, They Can Be Resolved By Developing Alternatives And Communicating The Plan In Advance. The Survey Always Provides The Ground To Improve And Expand The Scope Of Strategies And Interventions, Which Leads To Achieving The Desired Goals In The Programme.

scholarly journals Association between household solid fuel use and tuberculosis: cross-sectional data from the Mongolian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munkhjargal Dorjravdan ◽  
Katsuyasu Kouda ◽  
Tsolmon Boldoo ◽  
Naranzul Dambaa ◽  
Tugsdelger Sovd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Previous History ◽  
World Health ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevalence

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) and indoor air pollution (IAP) are equally critical public health issues in the developing world. Mongolia is experiencing the double burden of TB and IAP due to solid fuel combustion. However, no study has assessed the relationship between household solid fuel use and TB in Mongolia. The present study aimed to assess the association between household solid fuel use and TB based on data from the Mongolian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey (MNTP Survey). Method The MNTP Survey was a nationally representative population-based cross-sectional survey targeting households in Mongolia from 2014 to 2015, with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of TB. The survey adopted a multistage cluster sampling design in accordance with the World Health Organization prevalence survey guidelines. Clusters with at least 500 residents were selected by random sampling. A sample size of 98 clusters with 54,100 participants was estimated to be required for the survey, and 41,450 participants were included in the final analysis of the present study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on environmental and individual factors related to TB. Physical examination, chest X-ray, and sputum examinations were also performed to diagnose TB. Results The use of solid fuels for heating (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–2.1), male gender (aOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.6–3.2), divorced or widowed (aOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.7–3.8), daily smoker (aOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.5), contact with an active TB case (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2–2.3), being underweight (aOR: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.4–5.7), and previous history of TB (aOR: 4.3; 95% CI: 3.0–6.1) were significantly associated with bacteriologically confirmed TB after adjusting for confounding variables. Conclusion The use of solid fuels for heating was significantly associated with active TB in Mongolian adults. Increased public awareness is needed on the use of household solid fuels, a source of IAP.

scholarly journals Peer reviewed abstract submitted to the College of Health Sciences, Osun State University Annual Scientific Conference, June 15-19, 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151
Author(s):  
C.A. Akinleye ◽  
A. Onabule ◽  
A.O. Oyekale ◽  
M.O. Akindele ◽  
O.J. Babalola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
Clinical Predictors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Total Respondent ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
Level Of Significance

Introduction: MDR-TB poses a significant challenge to global management of TB. Laboratories in many countries among which include Nigeria are unable to evaluate drug resistance, and clinical predictors of MDR-TB might help target suspected patients.Method: The study was a cross sectional study design. Multistage sampling technique was employed in the selection of 403 tuberculosis patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Level of significance was set at P<0.05.Results: Fifty three 53 (13.2%) of the total respondent had MDR-TB compare to national prevalence of 8% which is steeper among males 36(67.9%) (p>0.05). Education and Occupation shows a significant association with MDR-TB, (÷2=24.640, p = 0.007) and (÷2=14.416, p=0.006) respectively, smoking (r=0.074, p<0.05) and alcohol consumption (r=0.083, p>0.05) show no significant association with occurrence MDR-TB.Conclusion: Previous TB treatment and Adherence with treatment regimen were found to be the major risk factor for MDR-TB. Targeted educational intervention for patients and their contacts may minimize the non-adherence with prescribed TB treatment and lessen MDR-TB magnitude. Key words: TB Patients, MDR-TB, tuberculosis, risk factors.

scholarly journals Risk factors of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in central Nepal: A pilot study

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
S B Marahatta ◽  
J Kaewkungwal ◽  
P Ramasoota ◽  
P Singhasivanon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
History Of

Introduction Tuberculosis is the most widespread infectious disease in Nepal and poses a serious threat to the health and development of the country. Incidences of drug resistant tuberculosis in Nepal are increasing and this tuberculosisis a major threat to successfully controlling tuberculosis . Objective The general objective of the study was to assess the risk factors of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis among the patients attending the National Tuberculosis Centre, Bhaktpur Nepal. Methods An observational study/ case-control study with a Atotal number of 55 multi-drug resistant tuberculosis cases and 55 controls. The study was conducted among the patient attending in the National Tuberculosis Centre , Bhaktpur Nepal for six months, between May–October 2010. sImulti-drug resistant tuberculosis wasThe collected data was analysed in SPSS 11.5 version. The association between categorical variables were analysed by chi-square tests, OR and their 95% CI were measured. Results The total number of patients used for the study was 110, of which among them 55 were cases and 55 were controls . Our study revealed that there were significant associations between history of prior TB MDR-TB OR =2.799 (95 % CI 1.159 to 6.667) (p=0.020); smoking habit OR =2.350 and (95%CI 1.071 to 5.159) (p=0.032); social stigma social stigma OR 2.655 (95%CI r 1.071 to 5.159) (p=0.013); knowledge on MDR-TB OR =9.643 (95% CI 3.339 to 27.846) (p < 0.001)and knowledge on DOTS Plus OR=16.714 (95% CI is ranging from 4.656 to 60.008) (p< 0.001). However, there was no association found between alcohol drinking habits and ventilation in the room. Conclusion Our study revealed that there were significant associations between history of prior tuberculosis, smoking habit social stigma social stigma, knowledge on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and knowledge on DOTS Plus with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis However there was no association between alcohol drinking habit and ventilation in room with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v8i4.6238 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2010;8(4):392-7

scholarly journals Households experiencing catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in Uganda: magnitude and cost drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winters Muttamba ◽  
Racheal Tumwebaze ◽  
Levicatus Mugenyi ◽  
Charles Batte ◽  
Rogers Sekibira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cost Drivers ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Free Health Care ◽  
Mdr Tb

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) patients in Uganda incur large costs related to the illness, and while seeking and receiving health care. Such costs create access and adherence barriers which affect health outcomes and increase transmission of disease. The study ascertained the proportion of Ugandan TB affected households incurring catastrophic costs and the main cost drivers. Methods A cross-sectional survey with retrospective data collection and projections was conducted in 2017. A total of 1178 drug resistant (DR) TB (44) and drug sensitive (DS) TB patients (1134), 2 weeks into intensive or continuation phase of treatment were consecutively enrolled across 67 randomly selected TB treatment facilities. Results Of the 1178 respondents, 62.7% were male, 44.7% were aged 15–34 years and 55.5% were HIV positive. For each TB episode, patients on average incurred costs of USD 396 for a DS-TB episode and USD 3722 for a Multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) episode. Up to 48.5% of households borrowed, used savings or sold assets to defray these costs. More than half (53.1%) of TB affected households experienced TB-related costs above 20% of their annual household expenditure, with the main cost drivers being non-medical expenditure such as travel, nutritional supplements and food. Conclusion Despite free health care in public health facilities, over half of Ugandan TB affected households experience catastrophic costs. Roll out of social protection interventions like TB assistance programs, insurance schemes, and enforcement of legislation related to social protection through multi-sectoral action plans with central NTP involvement would palliate these costs.

scholarly journals The first national tuberculosis prevalence survey of Lao PDR (2010–2011)

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1146-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin Law ◽  
Phannasinh Sylavanh ◽  
Soth Bounmala ◽  
Fulgence Nzabintwali ◽  
Phimpha Paboriboune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevalence

scholarly journals Challenges in the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis by GeneXpert MTB/Rif in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
S.K. Shrestha ◽  
N.P. Shah ◽  
K.K. Jha ◽  
R.P. Pant ◽  
L.R. Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
National Tuberculosis ◽  
Technical Manpower ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Participants

Introduction: GeneXpert MTB/Rif assay is an automated, cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test that can accurately detect both tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance. Since its introduction, there has been a steady uptake of this technology by the National Tuberculosis Program of Nepal. Nevertheless, a large number of drug-resistant TB cases remains undiagnosed. This study aims to examine the challenges in diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis by the GeneXpert MTB/Rif assay in Nepal and explore the possible solutions. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study consisting of two parts – a quantitative part assessing the individual details and a qualitative part assessing the challenges on the diagnosis of drug-resistant TB by GeneXpert MTB/Rif assay. Data were collected from the GeneXpert operators, clinicians and program managers from 16 centers across the country and analyzed by IBM SPSS for Windows v23 and QDA Miner 4 Lite. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the sociodemographic and other characteristics of the study participants using mean, standard deviation and proportions as appropriate. Results: A total of 48 technical manpower participated in the study. The mean age was 39.95 years and a majority of them (77.3%) were male. The major challenges identified were inadequate training, frequent power failure, difficulty in maintaining appropriate steady temperature, module failure which is often not replaced in time, issues with calibration and timely availability of cartridges as well as appropriate ways to store the new cartridges and safe disposal of the used cartridges. Conclusion: A number of challenges limit the optimal utilization of GeneXpert MTB/Rif assay warranting action.

scholarly journals Identification of rpoB, gyrA and embB Gene Mutations in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates from Retreatment Tuberculosis Patients in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Dhruba Kumar Khadka ◽  
Rajendra Prasad Pant ◽  
Bikash Lamichhane ◽  
Sharat Chandra Verma ◽  
R. P. Bichha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Rpob Gene ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Embb Gene

Introduction: Tuberculosis remains one of the major public health problems in Nepal and increasing trend of multi drug resistant and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR /XDR TB) is a big challenge. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment of MDR/XDR TB is crucial. Identification and comparison of MDR TB using rapid molecular techniques (for rpob, gyrA, rrs and embB gene mutations) with reference to drug susceptibility test (DST) were the main objectives of this study.Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out in National TB Centre (NTC). Gene Xpert, proportion method and Line Probe Assay (LPA) were used for first and second line drugs susceptibility testing (FLD-DST and SLD-DST). A total of 29 mucopurulent sputum samples were freshly collected from retreatment TB patients (Female 41.4%, Male 58.6%) with median age of 40 years attending to the four MDR TB treatment centres of eastern and central Nepal (via private courier and directly to National TB Reference Laboratory (NRL) at NTC from April 2013 to October 2017.Results: Among 29 sputum samples (Female 41.4%; all smear+ve, Male 58.6%; 16 smear+ve and 1 smear-ve), Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay detected 100% M. tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance (rpoB gene resistant) of which, 100% were culture positive by conventional Lowenstein–Jensen (LJ) method. FLDDST was performed on all culture positives of which, 96.6% showed MDR TB and 3.4% showed mono resistance to isonizid only. SLD-DST on 29 MDRTB strains by LPA showed 100%, 58.6%, 44.8% wild type for rrs, gyrA and emb B genes respectively. Mutation for gyrA and emb B genes was 41.4% and 51.2% respectively, rrs genes none. Twelve (Female 6, Male 6) MDR TB strains were identified  as pre-XDR-TB. Chi square (χ2) for trend was used to analyze Gene Xpert, smear, FLD-DST and LPA results.Conclusion: From this study, 29(100%) MDRTB were detected from retreatment TB cases by Gene Xpert and FLDDST. Almost 41.4% MDR TB strains were detected as pre-XDR TB by LPA, which were found to be higher in 15-60 years group of females and males. Samples from retreatment TB patients need to be tested by rapid molecular techniques with reference to culture and DST.SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2017, Page: 39-50

scholarly journals Availability, price and affordability of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Europe: a TBNET survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1081-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunar Günther ◽  
Gabriela B. Gomez ◽  
Christoph Lange ◽  
Stephan Rupert ◽  
Frank van Leth
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Domestic Products ◽  
Major Impediment

Data on availability and cost of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs in relation to affordability at national level are scarce.We performed a cross-sectional study on availability and cost of anti-TB drugs at major TB-reference centres in 37 European countries. Costs of standardised treatment regimens used for pan-sensitive TB, multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, pre-extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB, and XDR-TB were compared using a purchasing power analysis. Affordability was evaluated in relation to monthly national gross domestic products per capita (GDP).At least one second-line injectable and either moxifloxacin or levofloxacin were available in all countries. Linezolid and clofazimine were available in 79% and 46% of the countries, respectively. Drug cost for XDR-TB was three-times more expensive than those for MDR-TB. The average price of treatment for pan-sensitive TB represented a maximum of 8.5% of the monthly GDP across countries, while for standard MDR-TB treatment this was <30% in only six countries and more than 100% in four countries. Treatment of XDR-TB represented more than 100% of a month's GDP in all countries where the regimen was available.High cost and limited availability of drugs for treatment of drug-resistant TB, particularly beyond resistance to first-line drugs, are a major impediment to successful TB control in Europe.

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