Izprana tla v Sloveniji: pedološke lastnosti, prostorska razporeditev in klasifikacija

Eluvial-illuvial processes plays key role in pedogenesis, especially in the development of leached soils. As reported in Slovenian soil map 1 : 25.000 leached soils cover 2,3 % of Slovenian territory. They occur on different parent materials, mostly on flat relief preserved from erosion and colluvial processes. The aim of our study is the evaluation of their morpohological, physical and chemical properties, spatial distribution and dependency on soil forming factors, especially on parent material. Pedological properties are demonstrated according to analytical and descriptive data of 49 leached soils from the pedological base of Soil Information System of Slovenia. Obvious leaching processes are clearly recognized in almost all profiles of leached soils. Eluvial horizon in comparison to illuvial horizon has lower pH value, which is in average 4,4 and 4,6 for E and Bt horizon respectively, brighter color, lower base saturation (in average for 16,6 %) and lower CEC (in average for 5,5 mmol<sub>c</sub> 100 g <sup>-1</sup> soil). On average ratio of clay content between illuvial and eluvial horizon is 1,63. In the 75 % of all studied leached soils this ratio is above 1,38. After evaluation, according to WRB classification, an argic horizon is identified only in 40 soil profiles, while other 9 profiles do not match criteria of sufficient textural differentiation or there is not enough data to classify them. Detailed overview of the WRB criteria for argic horizons (cation exchange capacity of clay fraction and base saturation in argic horizons) reveals that Luvisols and Alisols are the most widespread groups in Slovenia among leached soil. Against expectations based on different references, we do not determined Acrisols within Soil Map Database.

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Red soils of different origins from southwest Nigeria: Characteristics, classification, and management considerations

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s96-069 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 295-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

T. A. Okusami ◽

R. H. Rust ◽

A. O. Alao

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Clay Fraction ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Cropping System ◽

Clay Content ◽

Parent Material ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Biotite Gneiss ◽

Variable Charge

Representative profiles of the Owena, Egbeda, Alagba, and Balogun series were studied. The Owena soil is formed in amphibolite whereas Egbeda and Balogun soils are formed in biotite gneiss derived parent materials. The Alagba soil is formed in sandstone parent rock. The main objectives were to characterize the soils and their clay fraction, and to classify and interpret soil properties for agricultural land use. Most soils exhibit 2.5 YR hues in subsurface horizons. A pedon formed in biotite gneiss has the highest dithionite Fe content and Fed/clay ratio. The relationships between clay content and Fed values vary according to parent material origin and, therefore, would have to be interpreted differently for soil weathering processes. Clay coatings were noticeable in some soil horizons of all pedons studied. Soils are generally medium to slightly acid with sandstone-derived soils being the most acid. The clay mineral suite in all soils is dominated by kaolinite with traces of 2:1 and 2:2 clay minerals, goethite, hematite, anatase, maghemite, and rutile. In addition, some soils contain trace amounts of gibbsite. Kandic horizons have been identified in all soils. The low charge properties of the soils reflect the intensely weathered clay mineral suite. The base status is probably influenced by the cropping system and therefore may tend to unnecessarily differentiate highly weathered soils at the order level. The Egbeda and Balogun series were classified as Rhodic Kandiudults, clayey-skeletal, oxidic and Rhodic Kandiudalfs, clayey-skeletal, oxidic, respectively. Others, Owena, and Alagba series, were classified as Typic Kanhaplohumults, clayey, oxidic and Rhodic Kanhaplustults, fine loamy or clayey, oxidic, respectively. In the FAO-Unesco legend, all soils become Rhodic Ferralsols. In addition, the Owena (with its nitic properties) is further classified as niti-rhodic Ferralsol. The two classification systems are at variance for highly weathered (variable charge property) soils and this difference will definitely influence management decisions depending on which system is used at any particular time. Soil attributes favorable for agricultural use include thick sola and favorable structures. Chemical properties suggest minimal fixation of phosphorus. Key words: Dithionite Fe, kandic, oxidic, variable charge, ferralic, exchangeable Al

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Characterization and Classification of Major Mango-growing Soils in Arid Part of Ananthapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Agropedology ◽

10.47114/j.agroped.2020.dec5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

Author(s):

R. Srinivasan ◽

◽

R. Vasundhara ◽

M. Lalitha ◽

B. Kalaiselvi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Content ◽

Granite Gneiss ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Parent Material ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

High Base ◽

Physical And Chemical

Four typical pedons representing major mango growing soils, developed from granite gneiss parent material were studied for their morphological, physical and chemical properties. The soils were moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in depth, loamy sand to sandy clay loam in texture, sub-angular blocky in structure, reddish brown to dark red in colour, slightly acidic to moderately alkaline in reaction, non-saline, very low to high in organic carbon content (0.09 to 1.29%), low AWC (3.36 to 7.80%), low to medium in cation exchange capacity (2.90 to 19.36 cmol (p+) kg-1) and high base saturation (78 to 98%). The soils also had high amounts of coarse fragments in P1 and P2 and high clay content in P4 and P2. Among the exchangeable cations, calcium was found to be high in most of the soils, followed by magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Based on the soil characteristics, the mango growing soils were classified as Typic Haplargids and Typic Paleargids in subgroup level. Varying soil and site characters i.e., poor rainfall, shallow soil depths, excess gravel contents, low AWC, poor nutrient status and severe soil erosion are limiting the growth and development of mango plantation. Developing site-specific soils based suitable management practices can improve the productivity of mango crops.

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Characteristics and genesis of two strongly weathered soils in Samar, Philippines

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr06103 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 153 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ian A. Navarrete ◽

Victor B. Asio ◽

Reinhold Jahn ◽

Kiyoshi Tsutsuki

Keyword(s):

Clay Fraction ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Clay Content ◽

Parent Material ◽

Parent Rock ◽

Soil Taxonomy ◽

Reference Base ◽

Weathered Soils ◽

World Reference Base

Very limited data have been published on the nature of strongly weathered soils in geologically young humid tropical islands. The study evaluated the characteristics and formation of 2 strongly weathered soils in the island of Samar, Philippines, one developed from slate (Bagacay soil) and the other from ultrabasic rock (Salcedo soil). Results revealed that the soils have generally similar morphological characteristics, particularly in terms of colour (2.5 YR-10 R), solum thickness (>5.0 m), and structure (granular to subangular blocky), although the Salcedo soil has much higher clay content than the Bagacay soil. Both soils have similar chemical properties (e.g. acidic, low exchangeable bases) except that the Salcedo soil has lower CEC values but higher exchangeable Na content, resulting in a higher base saturation. They also have high dithionite-extractable Fe contents and very low oxalate/dithionite ratios and are dominated by halloysite, kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite, hematite, and quartz in the clay fraction. Apparently as a result of its more weatherable ultrabasic parent rock and more stable geomorphic surface, the Salcedo soil shows more advanced weathering and soil development than the Bagacay soil. Salcedo soil is classified as Haplic Ferralsol (Dystric, Clayic, Rhodic) in the World Reference Base or very fine, sesquic, isohyperthermic, Rhodic Hapludox in the Soil Taxonomy. Bagacay soil is a Haplic Acrisol (Alumic, Hyperdystric, Clayic, Rhodic) or fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Paleudult. The Salcedo soil has very high Ni and Cr contents inherited from its ultrabasic parent material. The study reveals that on the geologically young humid tropical island of Samar, the characteristics and genesis of strongly weathered soils are greatly affected by the geochemical characteristic of the parent rock material.

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Effect of termite activity on soil under different land management strategies

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p143 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 143

Author(s):

Liane Barreto Alves Pinheiro ◽

Rodrigo Camara ◽

Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽

Eduardo Lima ◽

Maria Elizabeth Fernandes Correia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Termite Mounds ◽

Eucalyptus Plantation ◽

Exchangeable Acidity ◽

Calcium And Magnesium ◽

Surrounding Soil

Mound-building termites are important agents of soil bioperturbation, but these species have not been extensively studied thus far. The present study aimed to evaluate the soil particle-size and the chemical attributes of termite mounds and the surrounding soil under different land use strategies. A one-hectare plot was defined for an unmanaged degraded pasture, planted pasture, and for a eucalyptus Corymbia citriodora plantation. In each plot, the top, center, and base sections of five Cornitermes cumulans mounds, and the surrounding soil at the depths of 0-5; 5-10; 10-20 cm, were sampled in the Pinheiral, Rio de Janeiro state. In the three areas, the center of the mounds contained higher clay content, organic carbon, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium, total bases, and cation exchangeable capacity, when compared to the top, base, and the surrounding soils. However, the center had lower values of exchangeable acidity and potassium, of the three areas. In the eucalyptus plantation, the values of pH, total bases, calcium, and magnesium were lower, whereas aluminum, exchangeable acidity, sodium, and cation exchange capacity were higher both in the mounds and in the surrounding soil, in relation to the pastures. There were no differences among the three areas in terms of organic carbon, potassium, phosphorous, and total bases, in the mounds and adjacent soil. Thus, the termite activity altered the clay content and most of the soil chemical properties in all of the studied areas, but only for the center of the mounds. However, the effect of these organisms was different in the eucalyptus plantation in relation to the pasture areas.

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Pedogenesis on volcanic rocks in protected landscape areas in Central and North Bohemia

Soil and Water Research ◽

10.17221/23/2014-swr ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 153-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Žigová ◽

M. Šťastný

Keyword(s):

Soil Cover ◽

Developmental Process ◽

Volcanic Rocks ◽

Clay Fraction ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Parent Material ◽

Soil Profiles ◽

Pedogenic Process ◽

Geological Conditions ◽

Swelling Clay Minerals

The development of soil cover on volcanic rocks in Central and North Bohemia was analyzed. The study was performed in the protected landscape areas on basalt, andesite, and dolerite. Parent material was characterized on the basis of thin-section study. Petrography of the parent material makes it possible to document the differences in the texture, character, and amount of rock-forming minerals. All the studied sequences exhibit the same configuration of soil profiles but various thicknesses. The soil profiles were evaluated on the basis of particle size distribution, chemical properties, soil organic matter parameters, and mineral composition of clay fraction. The major specific pedogenic process in soils developed on volcanic rocks is weathering of parent material and development of the Bw horizon with the formation of mainly smectite from the group of swelling clay minerals. The results revealed differences in the formation of the Bw horizon which is significantly affected by the petrography of the parent material and local geological conditions. According to the type of volcanic rocks, the intensity of the developmental process of the Bw horizon is as follows: andesite (Týřovické skály) > dolerite (Záhrabská) > basalt (Březina).

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Soil diversity and properties in mountainous subtropical areas, in Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, Mexico

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s04-070 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 61-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

N. E. García Calderón ◽

A. Ibáñez Huerta ◽

G. Alvarez Arteaga ◽

P. V. Krasilnikov ◽

A. Hernández Jiménez

Keyword(s):

Mass Movement ◽

Clay Fraction ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Parent Material ◽

Soil Types ◽

Soil Diversity ◽

Parent Materials ◽

Soil Groups ◽

And Chemical Properties

Agroforestry is a new practice of sustainable soil use in the mountainous Sierra Sur de Oaxaca area of Mexico. Coffee is also a common cash crop grown in the region. The objective of this study was to investigate the pedodiversity in the area. Soil development is very complex, and is influenced by slope parameters and parent materials. Several soil groups are found in the area investigated: Alisols, Umbrisols, and Cambisols. Morphology, chemical properties, and mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of these soils were studied. The soils vary in the extent of weathering, morphology, and chemical properties, which are important to farming in the area. Most of the soils have heterogeneous parent material. The distribution of major soil types of the area is related to mass movement along the slopes, both past and present. The studied soils represent a chronosequence from unleached and unweathered Cambisols to Alisols, characterized by strong clay illuviation and dominance of kaolinite and gibbsite in clay fraction. A mosaic of landslides and gullies of various ages, formed by catastrophic events such as earthquakes and hurricanes, form the pedodiversity of the area studied. Key words: Landslides, chronosequence, pedodiversity, Cambisols, Umbrisols, Alisols

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O papel da litologia nos atributos fisicos, químicos e mineralógicos dos Solos Perférricos do Brasil / The role of lithology in the physical, chemical and mineralogical attributes of Brazilian Perferric Soils

Caderno de Geografia ◽

10.5752/p.2318-2962.2019v29n57p510-525 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (57) ◽

pp. 510-525

Author(s):

Henrique Amorim Machado ◽

Cristiane Valéria Oliveira ◽

Fabio Soares Oliveira ◽

Guilherme Resende Corrêa

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Soil Classification ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Parent Material ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Soil Geomorphology ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Number Of Particles

No Brasil, a ocorrência de solos que possuem teores de Fe2O3 acima de 360 g kg-1, enquadrados como perférricos no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, ainda é pouco conhecida, restringindo os perfis coletados e classificados a dez diferentes materiais de origem. Para este trabalho foram selecionados 33 perfis de solos perférricos descritos em levantamentos da EMBRAPA, teses, dissertações e artigos publicados em periódicos. De modo geral, estes solos possuem grande quantidade de partículas agrupadas nas frações finas, com mais de 50% dos perfis enquadrados como argilosos ou franco-siltosos. Estes solos são ácidos, com valor médio de pH em H2O de 5,37, com uma média de balanço de cargas próximo à zero e com uma CTC altamente dependente da matéria orgânica. A distrofia é uma característica comum, sendo o resultado tanto de um intenso intemperismo ou mesmo de solos que se originam de rochas já muito pobres em bases solúveis. Em relação à química da argila obtida pelo ataque sulfúrico, os solos são pobres em sílica e moderadamente pobres em alumínio. Os solos perférricos, independente do seu material de origem, tendem a uma homogeneização física e química de seus atributos. O controle litológico se expressa principalmente nos solos desenvolvidos de itabiritos, jaspilitos e couraças ferruginosas. Nestas rochas, ainda que a pedogênese seja incipiente, os solos já são perférricos. Nos demais litotipos, como basalto, gabro e tufitos, o caráter perférrico está associado à atuação do intemperismo ao longo do tempo, onde ocorre a lixiviação das bases e sílica e enriquecimento relativo em ferro.Palavras–chave: gênese de solos, classificação de solos, pedogeomorfologia. AbstractIn Brazil, the occurrence of soils with Fe2O3 levels above 360 g kg-1, classified as perferric in the Brazilian Soil Classification System, is still little known, restricting the profiles collected and classified to ten different parent materials. For this study, 33 profiles of the perferric soils described in EMBRAPA surveys, theses, dissertations and articles published in reviews were selected. In general, these soils have a large number of particles grouped in the fine fractions, with more than 50% of the profiles framed as clay or silt-loam. These soils are acidic, with an average pH value in H2O of 5.37, with an average balance of loads near zero and with a CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) highly dependent on organic matter. The dystrophy is a common characteristic, being the result of either an intense weathering or even of soils that originate from already poor rocks in soluble bases.Regarding the chemistry of the clay obtained by the sulfuric attack, the soils are deficient in silica and moderately poor in aluminium. Perferric soils, independent of their parent material, tend to physical and chemical homogenization of their attributes. The lithological control is expressed mainly in developed soils of itabirite, jaspilites and ferruginous duricrusts. In these rocks, although the pedogenesis is incipient, the soils are already perferric. In the other lithotypes, such as basalt, gabbro and tuffs, the perferric character is associated with the weathering action over time, where leaching of the bases and silica and relative enrichment in iron occurs.Keywords: soil genesis, soil classification, soil-geomorphology.

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Chemical properties of long-term irrigated Fluvisols of the Beli Drim river valley in the Klina region (Serbia)

Zemljiste i biljka ◽

10.5937/zembilj2101013t ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 13-26

Author(s):

Miodrag Tolimir ◽

Branka Kresović ◽

Borivoj Pejić ◽

Katarina Gajić ◽

Angelina Tapanarova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cation Exchange ◽

Cation Exchange Capacity ◽

Humus Content ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Base Cations ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Base Saturation ◽

Basic Cations ◽

Hydrolytic Acidity

The impact of long-term (> 100 yr) irrigation on soil chemical properties was studied on eight plots in the Beli Drim river valley in Kosovo and Metohija near Klina, Serbia. For these studies, soil samples from shallow profiles were collected from only one or two depth zones of the Ah horizon; and from moderately deep and deep profiles, from two to three depth zones for the purpose of comparing irrigated field and non-irrigated meadow lands. Water from the Beli Drim River and surface gravity systems (irrigation furrows or border strip irrigation) were used for irrigation. Chemical variables included determination of pH-H2O, content of CaCO3, content of humus, hydrolytic acidity, sum of basic cations, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. On irrigated soils, the results of chemical analysis showed on average a small increase in pH-H2O (0.07 pH units), as well as a significant decrease in humus content (2.00-4.75%), sum of basic cations (4.98-12.98%) and cation exchange capacity (12.8%) compared to the non-irrigated land of the study area. Long-term irrigation had no effect on hydrolytic acidity and base saturation in the Ah horizon of the investigated lands. Namely, the mentioned variations in the chemical properties of the investigated soils show that slight processes of reduction in the humus content and reduction of the content of base cations occured. Data on the chemical properties of the investigated soils indicate that the destructive processes of reduction in the humus content and leaching of base cations must be controlled in order to achieve a stable sustainable system of high productivity and prevent their further deterioration.

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Characterization and Classification of Soils of Valsad taluka, Valsad District, Gujarat

Agropedology ◽

10.47114/j.agroped.2019.dec2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

Author(s):

D. Vasu ◽

◽

K. Humadevi ◽

G. Neha ◽

P. Tiwary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Crop Production ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Content ◽

Parent Material ◽

Critical Limit ◽

Deep Well ◽

Management Measures

Five representative pedons (P1 Umarsadi; P2 Segvi; P3 Chikla; P4 Bagal; and P5 Faldhara) from different landforms of Valsad taluka in the coastal region of Valsad district, Gujarat were studied for their morphological, physical, and chemical properties. The soils were deep to very deep, well to imperfectly drained, slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8 to 9.7), non-saline tosaline (0.1 to 4.4 dS m-1), low to high in organic carbon (2.4 to 12.3 g kg-1) and CaCO3 (0.2 to 19.5%), and medium to high in CEC [21.8 to 69.9 (p+) kg-1]. Soil texture varied from sandy clay loam to clay with clay content ranging from 21.2 to 53.5 %. Bulk density was lower in P5 (1.28-1.33 Mg m-3) than the other pedons (1.21-1.48 Mg m-3). Saturated hydraulic conductivity (sHC) was less than the critical limit of 1.0 cm hr-1 in P3, and generally low due to high (>15) exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and exchangeable magnesium percentage (EMP). Pedon P1 was classified as Sodic Haplusterts and P4 as Typic Haplusterts. The pedon P2 with an argillic horizon(<35 cm thickness) in the deeper layerswas classified as Inceptic Haplustalfs. The pedon P3 with lithological discontinuity was classified as Typic Ustifluvents and P5 as Vertic Haplustalfs. The pedons P1, P3 and P4 were developed in the basaltic alluvial parent material, and their subsurface properties were influenced by the paleosols. The pedons P1, P2, and P5 under perennial crops such as mango and eucalyptus have higher organic carbon and lower bulk density. Management measures are required to reduce subsoil sodicity, and sustain crop production in the heavy textured soils.

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Pronamide Phytotoxicity in Ten Wisconsin Soils

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500055600 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 429-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T. E. Dutt ◽

R. G. Harvey

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Clay Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Mg Content ◽

The Relationship ◽

And Chemical Properties

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-(N-1, 1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] phytotoxicity was compared in 10 Wisconsin soils and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties appraised. Twelve soil properties were measured and correlated with pronamide I50(50% fresh weight inhibition) values using oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Portal’) as the indicator plant in bioassays conducted under greenhouse conditions. Organic matter was the soil variable most inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity. Cation exchange capacity, field moisture capacity, and Mg content were also inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity, but probably reflect changes in soil organic matter levels. Clay content did not significantly affect pronamide phytotoxicity.

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