scholarly journals Optimizing sowing time for boosting productivity and nutritional quality of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) genotypes under Mediterranean climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Paolo CASINI ◽  
Gherardo BIANCOFIORE
Keyword(s):  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
The Third ◽  
Grain Crop

<p class="MDPI17abstract">Currently, there is increasing interest in the cultivation of alternative grain crops, such as amaranth (<em>Amaranthus cruentus </em>L.)<em> </em>in Italy. However, few information exist for the most optimal sowing date (SD) of amaranth especially under rainfed conditions. A field-trial was conducted in Tuscany during 2018 to evaluate SD effects on amaranth genotypes (‘Kharkov’ and two new breeding lines coded ‘A-61’ and ‘A67’). The three SD were March 27 (first), April 20 (second), June 4 (third). Only the first and second SD coincided with increasing photoperiod. Cumulative Growing Degree Days (GDD) for ripening were 2282, 1990 and 1480 for the first, second and third SD, respectively. Compared to the first two SD, ground-cover was 20 % less  from panicle formation in the third SD, therefore potentially less competitive towards weeds. A-67 was more “palatable” to the incidence of sugar beet flea beetle (<em>Chaenoctema tibialis</em> Illinger) from the earliest stages of growth. In contrast, ‘Kharkov’, was significantly less attacked by the insect over all three SD.</p><p class="MDPI12title">‘Kharkov’, demonstrated greater flexibility with stable yields of 1.3 t ha<sup>-1</sup> for the first and second SD. In contrast, significant yield reductions (1.5 to 1.2 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, from the first to second SD, respectively) were evident for both lines of amaranth in response to SD delay. Adverse effects of the third SD, included significant decline in yield, protein content and 1000 seed mass. In conclusion, amaranth,  March-April SD may be recommended for obtaining optimal grain yield of amaranth along with making it successful as a viable alternative grain crop under  under agro-ecological conditions of Central Italy.</p>

scholarly journals Seed yield of two new quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) breeding lines as affected by sowing date in Central Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo CASINI
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Sowing Period ◽  
Phenological Phases

<p>Research on the introduction of quinoa in Italy is currently lacking. The present research was aimed at identifying the correct sowing period. Field experiment was consucted in Cesa, Tuscany, in 2017. Two new breeding lines coded as DISPAA-Q42 and DISPAA-Q47-CB were utilized. Three sowing dates (SD) were implemented: February 23; March 17 and April 27. Results showed that the most successful SD was February 23. A significant decrease in both seed yield and a delay in phenological phases, relating to plant maturation and flowering was associated with the sequential delay in SD in both lines. Results also showed a significant effect of lines on yield, true-leaf stage development, flower development and maturity. Only DISPAA-Q42 was considered suitable for cultivation in the Tuscan environment. DISPAA-Q47-CB was the more susceptible line, due to the sequential delay in SD and delayed plant maturation. No effect between lines was evident for protein and saponin content. The present study clearly shows the potential for the successful cultivation of quinoa in Central Italy, and highlights the necessity of taking into consideration both breeding lines and SD in order to accomplish this goal.</p>

Reliability of production of quick to medium maturity maize in areas of variable rainfall in north-east Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Birch ◽  
K. Stephen ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
A. Doherty ◽  
G. L. Hammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
North East ◽  
Grain Crop

Maize may assume a more significant role in grain crop production systems in north-east Australia if the probability of producing low yields associated with given amounts of available water can be reduced. Growing hybrids with very early maturity provides a possible way to achieve this. Simulation studies of dryland maize production in areas of highly variable rainfall in north-east Australia were undertaken using long-term weather data input to the APSIM model configured for quick to medium maturity maize. The studies focussed on sowing time options, population density, cultivars, and water availability at sowing. Simulation outputs included predicted mean and median yield, measures of yield variability, and the probability of producing low to very low yield (<2 t/ha). The study showed that optimum sowing date varied with location, and that low populations gave more reliable production, despite some potential yield losses in favourable years. The results of the simulation study provide estimates of yield and thus economic viability of maize production that are interpreted in terms of seasonal variability. They indicate that maize is a viable dryland cropping option provided that cultivar, sowing time and starting water conditions are optimised. Non-optimal conditions of water supply at sowing should be avoided, as greater variability in yield and reduced viability are predicted.

Effects of different sowing times on leaf scald and yield components of spring barley under dryland conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamit Kavak
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
And Control

The effect of sowing date on severity of scald and yield components of barley was studied over 2 years, using 15-day intervals between sowing dates under dryland conditions in Turkey. Disease severity was greatest at the first sowing time, and it decreased linearly at subsequent sowing times in both years. Disease did not develop on flag and second leaves for the third sowing date, and was not observed on any leaf after the fourth and fifth dates of sowing in 2000 and 2001, respectively. After the third sowing date, a decrease in total grain yield and yield components, number of ears per plant, grains per head, and plant height was observed in both infected and control plots. Yield was also reduced by scald and resulted in total grain yield reductions of 10.1% and 6.0% for the first and second sowing dates in 2000, and 16.2%, 9.2%, and 3.0% on the first 3 sowing dates in 2001, respectively. At the first 2 sowing dates only ears per plant was decreased by scald, with respective reductions of 8.3% and 4.4% in 2000, and 14.3% and 8.5% in 2001, when compared with the control plots.

Iron Deficiency Chlorosis and Seed Yield in Dry Edible Beans Grown on High-pH Calcareous Soils

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 444f-445
Author(s):  
J.W. Gonzales ◽  
D.P. Coyne ◽  
W.W. Stroup
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Iron Deficiency Chlorosis ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
High Ph ◽  
The Third ◽  
Content Index

Iron deficiency chlorosis (FeDC) can cause significant seed yield reduction in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown on high-pH calcareous soils. To determine the effects of FeDC on seed yield, and the effect of Fe-spray as a correction factor for FeDC, 22 breeding lines/cultivars were planted on high-pH (8.0), calcareous (3.2–3.5 calcium carbonate equivalent), and low-Fe (1.8–4.2 ppm DTPA) sandy clay loam Tripp soils at Mitchell and Scottsbluff in western Nebraska. A split-plot design was used with Fe treatments as main plots and breeding lines/cultivars as subplots. Three foliar sprays of Fe-EDDHA (2.4 kg·ha–1) were applied at V4, R5, and R7 dry bean growth stages, during 1996 and 1997. Leaf chlorosis was measured simultaneously by using a Minolta Chroma-meter (CIE L* a* b* color space system), a Minolta Chlorophyll-meter (chlorophyll content index), and by visual ratings (1 = normal green to 5 = severe chlorosis). In 1996 no significant Fe-spray × line interaction (P = 0.776) and Fe-spray effect (P = 0.884) on seed yield was observed. Breeding lines showed significant differences in seed yield (P = 0.0001) with WM2-96-5 being the highest-yielding line (4047 kg·ha–1). In 1997 a significant Fe spray × line interaction (P = 0.029) was observed. The cultivar Chase without Fe spray (3375 kg·ha–1), and lines WM2-96-5 (3281 kg·ha–1), WM2-96-8 (3171 kg·ha–1) with Fe spray were the highest yielding entries under those treatments. Differences in visual ratings after the third Fe spray in 1997 were significant (P = 0.004) for Fe spray × line interaction. In 1996 visual ratings were different only for breeding lines. Chlorophyll content index showed a significant Fe spray × line interaction after the second Fe spray (P = 0.022) and after the third Fe spray (P = 0.0003) in 1997.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF FORMATION OF THE SQUARE OF BEETS PLANTS OF BEETS DEPENDING ON VARIETY SPECIAL FEATURES AND TERMS OF SEEDING UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Inna Palamarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Part ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sowing Period

The results of studies on the dynamics of the formation of the area of leaves of plants of beetroot canteen depending on varietal characteristics and sowing time in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Right-Bank Ukraine are presented. The dependence of the growth and development of beetroot plants on varietal characteristics and sowing dates, as well as on weather conditions that were in the studied time, was revealed. The largest number of leaves in the phase of intensive root formation was formed by plants with a sowing period of I decade of May: 13.3 pcs. / plant – Bordo Kharkivskiy, 13.1 pcs. / plant – Opolskiy. The greatest mass of the root crop in the phase of intensive root formation was planted at a sowing period of the third decade of April: the Bordo Kharkivskiy – 72.4 g, the variety Opolskiy – 43.5 g. The same pattern was observed when taking into account the mass of the aerial part of beetroot. In the Bordo Kharkivskiy variety, it varied from 92.4 g to 87.5 g depending on the sowing time, in the Opolskiy variety from 33.7 g to 31.7 g, that is, the beet plants of the Bordo Kharkivskiy cultivar formed a significantly larger mass of the aerial part in comparison with the Opolskiy variety. Plants were sown with the largest leaf area at a sowing period of the 3rd decade of April: in the Bordo Kharkivskiy – 1.2 – 4.0 thousand m2 / ha, in the Opolskiy variety – 1.0 – 2.3 thousand m2 / ha. According to the results of the crop accounting, it was found that it depended on the variety and sowing period of beetroot. On average, over the years of research, the highest yield was observed with a sowing period of the third decade of April: 63.1 t / ha for the Bordo Kharkivskiy variety, 55.9 t / ha for the Opolskiy variety.

scholarly journals Amaranth irrigation frequency in northeast Patagonia, Argentina

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-258
Author(s):  
Maria Fany Zubillaga ◽  
Roberto Simon Martínez ◽  
Ricardo Camina ◽  
Gustavo Adolfo Orioli ◽  
Mauricio Failla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Negro River ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Plant Stand

Introduction. The production potential of grain amaranth has recently been demonstrated in northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. This crop under irrigation and in a temperate semi-arid climate showed an adequate development of the plants in their different phenological stages with high economic performance. Objectives. This study explored the response of Amaranthus cruentus cv Mexicano to different irrigation frequencies in the lower valley of Río Negro river, Patagonia, Argentina. Method. The experimental design was of three blocks with randomized treatments (subplots), each one corresponding to a different irrigation frequency. The first six irrigations were performed every 7 days for all the treatments, to ensure the establishment of the crop. Then the following treatments were applied: irrigation every 7 days (FI), every 14 days (FII), and every 21 days (FIII). The following biometric variables and their components were measured: height of plant, number of leaves, biomass and economic yield. Results. The results suggest that the optimum irrigation frequency was FII (14 days), resulting in an adequate plant stand at panicle initiation and allows a proper development of plant with optimal biological and economical yields and the highest efficiency of water use (4.02 kg·m-3). Conclusions. The contributions of this study demonstrated the production potential of A. cruentus crop in the lower valley of the Río Negro river under irrigation, representing the southernmost study on irrigation frequency made for this grain crop in the world. A management of irrigation water of 7 days for the establishment of the crop and then with a frequency of 14 days showed the highest yield and the best water use efficiency.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VARIETY OF HERBAGE MIXTURESVERSUSCONSTITUENTS AND SOWING TIME IN THE ARID STEPPE ZONE OF KAZAKHSTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
А.I. Kurbanbayev ◽  
◽  
А.A. Baitelenova ◽  
A.B. Abdirova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Barnyard Millet ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Arid Steppe ◽  
Control Variant

The article describes the nutritional quality and chemical composition of a variety of herbage mixtures versus on the sowing time and constituents in the arid steppe zone of Kazakhstan. The biennium average data for the study years are given. The second and third decades of May were chosen as the sowing date. Three types of herbage mixtures were investigated in two sowing periods: 1. barley, peas, Sudan grass, hybrid of sorghum-Sudan grass, rapeseed; 2. barley, peas, Sudanese grass, hybrid of sorghum-Sudan grass, barnyard millet; 3. barley, peas, hybrid sorghum-Sudan grass, African millet. In the course of the sowing period, the content of crude protein in the herbage mixtures in the third decade of May was as high as in nitrogen-free extracts (NFE). Depending on the components of the herbage mixtures, the highest indicator of crude protein in the mixture of African millet was 2.87% and 2.74%. NFE in the herbage mixture of cockspur was higher by 0.07-0.16% than in the control variant (herbage mixture with rapeseed). Periods of emergence and germination of grain varieties in the composition of herbage mixtures coincided with the July precipitation, expressed by good leaf coverage, high content of crude protein, carotene, NFE compared to the control variant. The optimum sowing life, in terms of nutritional quality, chemical composition of herbage mixtures with African millet and barnyard millet in the dry steppe zone of Kazakhstan, was the third decade of May.

scholarly journals Response of Late Sowing on the Yield and Yield Contributing Character of Different Varieties of Mustard and Rapeseed in Coastal Area of Barguna

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-448
Author(s):  
MA Razzaque ◽  
MR Talukder ◽  
Shaleh Uddin ◽  
SI Khan ◽  
Altab Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Rabi Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Testing Site ◽  
Late Sowing ◽  
Plot Design

An experiment was carried at Multi Location Testing site Barguna to determine suitable variety of mustard (Brassica species) for the late sowing condition for the coastal area of Bangladesh during rabi season of 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. Four varieties of mustard such as Daulat, Rai-5, Improved tory-7, and Ishurdi local with four sowing dates viz.15 Nov, 23 Nov, 30 Nov. and 7 Dec. were used for the experiment. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with sowing date in the main plot and varieties in the sub plot. The results revealed that the variety Daulat (1035 kg/ha) and Ishurdi local (1014 kg/ha) produced identically superior yield irrespective of sowing time. 15 November (1164 kg/ha) and 23 November (1002 kg/ha) recorded identically superior yield irrespect of variety. Daulat and Ishurdi local variety sowing could be delayed up to 30 November to obtain a profitable yield of (872 kg/ha) and (940 kg/ha) respectively which was still economically profitable. Key words: Mustard and rapes, Late sowing , variety, Yield, coastal area. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(4), 441-448., 2007

Evaluation of soybean breeding lines by examining their responses to sowing date and row spacing

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Rose
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Standard Cultivar ◽  
Late Sowing

Seven genotypes, including 5 in the final stages of cultivar selection, were evaluated for their phenological development, yield, seed size, oil concentration and protein concentration in response to changes in sowing date and row spacing over 3 seasons, 1982-83, 1983-84and 1984-85. Genotype x sowing date interactions were detected for both phenological development and yield, particularly with the cultivar Sxy 59. This genotype was most affected by temperature during the pre-flowering phase of early November sowings. It was lower yielding in November sowings but was the highest yielding genotype in January sowings. Its adaptation to January sowings was unexpected because this genotype also showed high photoperiod sensitivity and flowered and matured rapidly in the late sowings. With early sowing, yield of the other cultivars was equivalent, or superior to (P=0.05), that obtained with the recommended early December sowing date, depending on the season. Late sowings caused yield reductions of about 34%. Increases in yield with narrow rows (50 v. 100 cm) were significant (P = 0.05) in 1 season and averaged 5% overall. Genotypexrow spacing interactions were only detected in 1 season, but no genotype was superior to the standard cultivar, Forrest, in adaptation to narrow rows. Thus this study revealed genotype responses which would affect adoption of newly released cultivars. It was concluded that this type of study is valuable in the final stages of a selection program and that these studies should include both early and late sowing dates and be conducted over several seasons.

When is fall feeding by flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola (Brassica napus L.) a problem?

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Juliana J. Soroka ◽  
Larry F. Grenkow
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Late Season ◽  
The Third ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Seed Yields

Soroka, J. J. and L. F. Grenkow. 2012. When is fall feeding by flea beetles ( Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola ( Brassica napus L.) a problem? Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 97–107. Two cultivars of Brassica napus canola were seeded in mid-May and early June in three field experiments in each of 3 yr near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to determine the effects of late-season flea beetle feeding on seed yields. In the first experiment, canola was sprayed with insecticide late in the summer to eliminate naturally-infesting flea beetles. In the second, 1×1×1.5 m screen cages were placed over early- and late-seeded canola at flowering and infested with flea beetles as canola matured. In the third investigation, sleeve cages were placed over individual plants and infested with 100 flea beetles. Flea beetles had no detrimental effects on early-seeded canola in any experiment, but did affect seed yields of late-seeded plots in some trials. Over two cultivars in 1 year, late-seeded plants in cube cages infested with about 350 flea beetles per plant when lower pods were turning from translucent to green in colour reduced yield by 241 kg ha−1 over control yields. Seed weights in these late-seeded plots were decreased from 2.68 g per 1000 seeds in uninfested cages to 2.44 g per 1000 seeds in infested cages. Populations of 100 flea beetles per plant in sleeve cages had no effect on harvest parameters in any seeding date or year.

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