scholarly journals The provenance of Neo-Babylionian legal documents from ‘Kish’ outside the Ashmolean Museum Collection

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 11-34
Author(s):  
Stanisław Chmielowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Museum Collection ◽  
Field Museum ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
The 19Th Century

The majority of currently known Neo-Babylonian legal and administrative documents from Kish come from excavations held on this site by the joint expedition of Oxford – Field Museum (Chicago) between 1923–1933. They are now housed in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. However, ca. 40 Neo-Babylonian ‘Kish’ tablets, i.e., written in Ḫursagkalamma or Kiš, are present in other collections. How did they end up in these museums assuming that most of them was acquired in the last quarter of the 19th century, 30–50 years before the expedition mentioned above? I suppose that they were not found in Kish, even though their Ausstellungsort indicates quite the opposite. They instead come from nearby Babylon or Borsippa cities. The analysis conducted in the article seems to confirm this assumption, and for most cases, the provided attribution should be considered. Additionally, tablets under discussion are testimonies of the vivid economic life of entrepreneurial Babylonians in the first millennium BC.

The 1884–1890 letters of the brethren of New Athos Monastery, named after Simon the Canaanean, to Archimandrite Leonid (worldly Lev Kavelin)

2021 ◽  
pp. 275-294
Author(s):  
Marina S. Krutova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Prominent Scientist ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Library ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Trinity

The Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library contains letters of Hegumen Ieron (worldly Ivan Nosov-Vasil’yev), Schemamonk Innokentiy (worldly last name — Sibiryakov) and Iosif the monk, the brethren of New Athos Monastery, named after Simon the Canaanean, to Archimandrite Leonid (worldly Lev Kavelin), Rector of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, a prominent scientist, a prominent scholar of the Russian Orthodox Church, one of the most enlightened priests of the 19th century. In 1885, the book “Abkhazia and New Athos Monastery, Named after Simon the Canaanean, in It” by Archimandrite Leonid was a real event. The published letters were written by the brethren of the monastery, people of different cultural levels; but they are all imbued with a sense of gratitude to the author, who wrote a book about their holy monastery, which they love and care about the improvement of. Hegumen Ieron’s letters contain numerous details about the opening of Pitsunda Monastery as a skete of New Athos Monastery, about the restoration of the ancient Pitsunda temple, about its beautification and the forthcoming consecration. Schemamonk Innokentiy’s letters provide detailed information about the history of the Monastery, as well as some cartographic data needed by Archimandrite Leonid for his book. Monk Iosif ’s letter contains details of the economic life of the monastery.

Soldaten und Garnisonen. Das Militär und sein ziviles Umfeld

2021 ◽  
pp. 295-329
Author(s):  
Willibald Rosner
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Citizen Soldiers ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Constitutional Monarchy

Soldiers and Garrisons. The Military and its Civilian Environment. This chapter outlines a regional military history of Lower Austria in the 19th century. In the context of history of the k. k. and later k. u. k. Army, peacetime relations between the land and the military are presented in two particular areas. The chapter’s first section focuses on the land’s recruitment and its transformation from a system based on forced conscription by a late-absolutist system to a constitutional monarchy employing citizen soldiers. In a second section, the phenomenon of the garrison illustrates the interdependence of the military and its civilian environment in public, social and economic life. In both sections, the question of the militarization of society is also explored. The surprisingly high incidence of individuals unfit for service and the significantly lower number of actual conscripts demand as much consideration as the economic importance of a garrison for the towns of Lower Austria in last third of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Three Sabers with Wooden Hilts of the 17th – Mid 19th Centuries from the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-158
Author(s):  
L. A. Bobrov ◽  
Daniyar Ismailov
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Museum Collection ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Metal Tip ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Written Sources

Purpose. The article provides a detailed description of three sabers with wooden hilts stored in the funds of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan (PMO 3025-1.2, PMO 6265, PMO UK 8227), Astana. Results. Based on the structural analysis of the items and their design, we identified that Saber 1 from the NMRC (PMO 3025-1.2) is one of the varieties of Persian Shamshirs. The blade with the shank, garda and a wooden sheath with hoop could have been made by Iranian or, less likely, Central Asian armorers in the 18th – middle of the 19th centuries. The wooden hilt with rivets, leather-covered scabbard and a metal tip were added while the saber was in the museum collection. A distinctive feature of Saber 2 of NMRC (PMO 6265), which originates from the territory of Southern Kazakhstan, is a relatively small bending of an acute-angled blade, an authentic wooden hilt and a leather case covering the hilt. The last two elements are not typical for products of Persian craftsmen but are quite often found on the weapons of the Uzbek and Kazakh soldiers of the New Age. According to the construction and design we conclude that Saber 2 could have been made by Central Asian, or, less likely, Iranian armorers in the 18th – mid 19th centuries (in the latter case, the hilt and the cover might have been made by Uzbek or Kazakh masters). Saber 3 (ПМО УК 8227) combines the classic “shamshirs” blade and a pommel with a wooden hilt and a relatively rare version of the guard. Based on the design features, the saber is dated to the end of the 18th – mid 19th centuries. The fastening system of its “cheeks” indicates that the wooden hilt might have been made and added in the 19th century. Conclusion. The weapons of the series under review vividly illustrate the data from written sources on the prevalence of sabers with long blades imported from Iran and Central Asia among Kazakh soldiers during the 18th – 19th centuries.

Deutsche Siedler im Tiflis des 19. Jahrhunderts

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Nino Tschogoschwili
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

AbstractThe article sheds a new light on the history of German settlers in Tiflis of the 19th century. The main focus lies on emphasizing the important role these settlers played in cultural and economic life of the city. The records the emigrants left behind, depict in vivid tints the circumstances of their existence. Most of the Germans in Tiflis were craftsmen and merchants, others earned their life, for instance, as teacher, scientist, pastor, painter, musician or as enterpriser and man of business. Short biographies of some of the most outstanding characters round off the article.

scholarly journals The Guzmán’s of Mendoza - acclaimed classical musicians

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
William M. Guzman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
African Descent ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Family ◽  
Classical Musicians ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the 19th century in Chile and for three generations, the Guzmán’s were acclaimed classical musicians. The literature indicates that their patriarch Fernando Guzmán and his son Francisco arrived in Chile from Mendoza, Argentina in about 1822. There is little or no information regarding their heritage, origins and the correct composition of their large family. There are many errors and assumptions in the literature as to the number and paternity of several of them; it is intended to correct the misinformation and provide documentary evidence of the family origins, heritage and composition. The research makes use of the Mendoza Baptisms, Marriages and Deaths Parish Books from the 18th and 19th centuries, legal documents, and published material. It is confirmed that Fernando Guzmán was born into slavery, one of five children of Maria Juana, an African slave owned by the Santo Domingo Convent of Mendoza. Fernando married Juana Agustina, also a slave of African descent, owned by the Molina Sotomayor family. Fernando and Juana Agustina had 13 children, several of whom were also born into slavery. The Guzmán’s were a family of classical musicians par excellence. To celebrate their life and work, this research identifies and reports how the family was composed and how it evolved.

scholarly journals Mariia Vernadska on the role and rights of women in the society of the second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (54) ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Kseniia Lopukh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The role of women in the modern socio-economic life of Ukrainian society is still underestimated. Gender issues are perceived superficially or ignored, and sometimes remain taboo despite the significant number of national and foreign research and publications, information sources and materials. Blindness to issues of the equal rights and opportunities for women and men is deeply rooted in the stereotypes and traditional views on the role and place of women in the society. The purpose of the article is to analyze the scientific and journalistic activity of Mariia Vernadska. She was the first woman who researched political and economic problems in the Russian Empire. She actively interested in the economic issues and processes in the country and analyzed them, and published a number of articles in the journal «Ekonomicheskiy ukazatel», edited by Ivan Vernadsky who was a notable economist and statistician in the first half of the 19th century. The distinguishing feature of her articles was the comprehensible writing language to present and explain the complex economic laws and principles of the genesis of the market economy. Mariia Vernadska used this method to explain the benefits of division of labor, technological progress, free trade, cost sharing and cooperation, road quality, etc. She also criticized the regulation of commodity prices and persisted in the abolition of serfdom explaining its economic inefficiency and backwardness. Mariia Vernadska espoused the ideas of classical political economy, mainly the principle of individual freedom. This basic principle was used by her for interpretation of the women’s labor, the role of women in the society, the women’s rights to pick and choose the activities. She paid special attention to the necessity and the value of the women’s work as a basis for the equality between men and women. She emphasized that it could be achieved due to the education and fighting prejudices against the shame of women's working.

The Snake and the Mongoose

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan McGovern
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Indian Religion

This book turns the commonly accepted model of the origins of the early Indian religions on its head. Since the beginning of modern Indology in the 19th century, the relationship between the major early Indian religions of Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism has been based on an assumed dichotomy between two metahistorical identities: “the Brahmans” and the newer “non-Brahmanical” śramaṇa movements. Textbook and scholarly accounts typically purport an “opposition” between these two groups by citing the 2nd century BCE Sanskrit grammarian Patañjali, often stating erroneously that he compared their animosity for one another to that of the snake and the mongoose. This book seeks to de-center the Hindu Brahman from our understanding of Indian religion by “taming the snake and the mongoose”—that is, abandoning the anachronistic distinction between “Brahmanical” and “non-Brahmanical” and letting the earliest articulations of identity in Indian religion speak for themselves on their own terms. It accomplishes this goal through a comparative reading of texts preserved by the three major groups that emerged from the social, political, cultural, and religious foment of the late first millennium BCE: the Buddhists and Jains as they represented themselves in their earliest sūtras, and the Vedic Brahmans as they represented themselves in their Dharma Sūtras. The picture that emerges is not of a fundamental dichotomy between Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical, but rather of many different groups who all saw themselves as Brahmanical, and out of whose contestation with one another the distinction between Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical the snake and the mongoose emerged.

P. R. Brahmananda. Money, Income, Prices in 19th Century India. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House, 2001. 744 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 1800.00.

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazal Husain
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Money Income ◽  
Present Book ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Money, income, and prices are important macroeconomic variables that play a crucial roles in an economy. The trends in money supply, movements in prices, changes in nominal and real income, as well as their interrelationships affect the economic life and well-being of a nation. The compilation of data on these magnitudes over long periods of time along with the supporting analysis is what constitutes monetary history. The present book by P. R. Brahmananda has carried out such an exercise for India. In presenting the monetary history of India, the author has kept the pioneering work of Milton Friedman and Anna Shwartz as a model for his work, and has comprehensively treated the 19th century events and experiences of the then Indian Subcontinent in the monetary and related areas. In the process, more than 200 time series of different variables have been brought together. The book not only contains a narrative account including the summary of the various viewpoints before the currency committees, and a detailed chronology of the period, but also examines the pros and cons of the various controversies of that period. Moreover, it subjects the empirical evidence to econometric testing of several important hypotheses of the modern-day monetary theory.

Grinding the Gears of Production and Consumption: Representational versus Nonrepresentational Advertising for Automobiles in the Mid-1920s

Prospects ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 197-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Chr. Brøgger
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Small Town ◽  
American Association ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Advertising Agencies ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Government Leadership ◽  
Cultural Contradictions ◽  
The 19Th Century

In 1926, President Coolidge delivered an address to the American Association of Advertising Agencies in which he acknowledged and praised the role played by advertising in the economic life of the nation. His speech was fraught with cultural contradictions: one moment he affirmed the traditional values of industry and thrift, and the next moment, almost in the same breath, he heralded the idea of increased spending and consumption. The address reflected the small-town ideology of a government leadership trying to remain convinced that modern-day advertising posed no threat to the 19th-century work ethic. The ideological dividedness of Coolidge's speech brings to mind a man happily sawing away at the branch on which he is sitting. Advertising is “not an economic waste”:[R]ightfully applied, it is the method by which the desire is created for better things. When that once exists, new ambition is developed for the creation and use of wealth.

scholarly journals Genealogy in the 19th Century: Obligation and Means, Versus Experience and Emotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 167-184
Author(s):  
Agnė Railaitė-Bardė
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
High Status ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Genealogical Trees ◽  
Family Case ◽  
The 19Th Century

Genealogy and genealogical self-awareness were very important elements of the frame of a noble society’s fortress in the 19th century. The analysis of some genealogical trees, schemes, etc. and the diary-memoir of a noble woman Gabrielė Giunterytė-Puzinienė showed several genealogical aspects treasured by nobles. Family members who were high-ranking soldiers, patrons, or belonged to the clergy were treated very respectfully. Having a wide net of family ties and high-status relatives were a remarkable tool for showing ones family’s origin and position in the society. Wealth played an important role as well. Various official and legal documents, individual contemplations, memories and memoirs of other persons or armorials created by Szymon Okolski and Bartosh Paprocki served as remarkable sources for keeping the genealogical memory of families alive. Genealogical trees, schemes etc. could be treated as more reliable sources for genealogical self-awareness because of the elimination of the subjective viewpoint, as we can face it in the abovementioned diary. Nevertheless, the Giedraitis Family case negated this statement. G. Giunterytė-Puzinienė’s diary-memoir is an extraordinary source for exploring genealogical identity. Genealogy is a vivid and detailed story in this book. One can smell, hear, and touch it. Collective holidays, events, and various forms of recreation became tools for strengthening the genealogical self-awareness and family memory.

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