scholarly journals АНГЛІЙСЬКЕ ВЛАСНЕ ІМ’Я JACK І ПОХІДНІ ВІД НЬОГО ЕПОНІМИ: ГНІЗДОВЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
MARIA OSTAPENKO
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Living Nature ◽  
Semantic Evolution ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The English name Jack is one of the most common names in English-speaking countries, which has become a derivate for a large number of derived eponyms. The lack of a comprehensive study of this word family determines the relevance of our research. The article is made within the framework of comparative-historical linguistics, lexical semantics, and onomastics. The article aims to explore the structure of the derivative-semantic word family with a stem anthroponym eng. Jack. As a result, the structural types of secondary word family constituents and the main directions of semantic evolution of the creative lexeme and its common nouns derivatives, including phraseological units, were identified. All derived eponyms of the name Jack were divided into the following micro-families: representatives of living nature (males, plants, animals), inanimate objects (mechanisms – any things that have replaced human labor or with which something can be done) and an intermediate link of lexemes denoting the image of a man.

scholarly journals Humans store about 1.5 megabytes of information during language acquisition

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Mollica ◽  
Steven T. Piantadosi
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
English Speaking

We introduce theory-neutral estimates of the amount of information learners possess about how language works. We provide estimates at several levels of linguistic analysis: phonemes, wordforms, lexical semantics, word frequency and syntax. Our best guess is that the average English-speaking adult has learned 12.5 million bits of information, the majority of which is lexical semantics. Interestingly, very little of this information is syntactic, even in our upper bound analyses. Generally, our results suggest that learners possess remarkable inferential mechanisms capable of extracting, on average, nearly 2000 bits of information about how language works each day for 18 years.

Linguistic Interviewing as a Method for Determining the Degree of Representativeness of Antonymous Pairs in the English Language

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Оксана Литвин
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
East European ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Selection Of

In this article, the degree of representativeness of the examples (pairs of lexical units) which illustrate antonymous relations in the English language has been determined, utilizing the method of linguistic interviewing. The article presents the procedure and the results of the psycholinguistic experiment conducted. The peculiarities of the method of linguistic interviewing as a type of psycholinguistic experiment have been defined. A selection of antonymous pairs provided by leading linguists in the area of lexical semantics as illustrative examples in thirteen English-language linguistic works (monographs, textbooks and linguistic encyclopaedias) serves as the material for the experiment. All of the 101 respondents are scholars in the field of linguistics (Candidates and Doctors of Philological Sciences, as well as postgraduate students from the higher educational establishments of Ukraine), and are native speakers of Ukrainian, English being their first foreign language. In the experiment, the respondents were to identify which pairs of lexical items given in the list illustrate the relation of antonymy. Analyzing the results of linguistic interviewing, we were able to determine the pairs of antonyms with the highest and the lowest degrees of representativeness. The research demonstrated that gradable and complementary antonyms, mainly adjectives, have the highest degree of representativeness. In addition, we identified certain correlations with the results of linguistic interviewing conducted earlier, the respondents being linguistics scholars, including university and college professors, who are native speakers of English from five English-speaking countries. References Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J. and Austin, G. A. (1986). A Study of Thinking. NewBrunswick; New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Cruse, D. A. (1987). Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kotys, O. (2014). Psykholinhvistychnyi esperyment yak metod doslidzhennia pryrodnoiyikatehorii [Psycholinguistic experiment as a method of investigating a natural category].East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 1(1), 114–121. Levytskyi, V. V. and Sternin, I. A. (1989). Eskperimentalnyie Metody v Semasiologii[Experimental Methods in Semasiology]. Voronezh: Voronezh University Publishers. Lytvyn, O. L. (2014). Leksychne napovnennia katehorii antonimii (za danymyanhlomovnykh linhvistychnykh prats) [Lexical content of the category of antonymy(based on a selection of English-language linguistic works)]. Nova Filolohiya, 64, 49–54. Lytvyn, O. L. (2015). Doslidzhennia antonimichnykh vindoshen u psykholinhvistychnomueksperymenti [A study of antonymic relations as evidenced in a psycholinguisticexperiment]. Naukovyi Visnyk Skhidnoievropeiskoho Natsionalnoho Universytetu imeniLesi Ukrainky: Filolohichni Nauky: Movoznavstvo, 4(305), 71–75. Rosch, E. H. (1973). Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 4(3), 328–350. Rosch, E. H. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 192–233.

Review of: Aramaic Studies. Leiden: Brill, 2016. Vol. 14. 264 p. ISSN: 1477-8351

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-256
Author(s):  
Николай Шаблевский
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Previous Issue ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Second Temple Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comprehensive Study

В предшествующем выпуске журнала «Библия и христианская древность» была опубликована рецензия на «Aramaic Studies» за 2015 г. Настоящий труд является своеобразным продолжением изучения журнала, посвящённого всестороннему исследованию арамейских языков. Как отмечает С. В. Лёзов, письменная традиция арамейских языков, в том числе и его современных бесписьменных идиом, носители которых постепенно по разным причинам переходят в вечность (а вместе с ними исчезают и диалекты арамейских языков), сопоставима по временным рамкам разве что с китайским и греческим. Несмотря на безусловную значимость арамейских языков, в том числе и для исторического языкознания, а также и для изучения Библии, литературы Второго Храма, таргумов, Талмуда и тому подобного, «история арамейского языка до сих пор остаётся неисследованной... “мы отвечаем за арамейский язык перед небытием”», поэтому отрадно видеть, что специальный журнал посвящён столь важной области семитских языков. The previous issue of The Bible and Christian Antiquity published a review of Aramaic Studies for 2015. The present work is a continuation of the journal's study of a comprehensive study of the Aramaic languages. As S. V. Lyozov points out, the written tradition of the Aramaic languages, including its modern unwritten idioms, whose speakers are gradually passing into eternity for various reasons (and with them the dialects of the Aramaic languages are disappearing), is comparable in time frame only to Chinese and Greek. Despite the undoubted importance of the Aramaic languages, including for historical linguistics, as well as for the study of the Bible, Second Temple literature, the Targums, the Talmud and the like, "the history of the Aramaic language is still unexplored... "we are responsible for the Aramaic language before nothingness", so it is encouraging to see a special journal devoted to such an important area of Semitic languages.

scholarly journals LATIN BORROWINGS DENOTING AN INHABITED PLACE IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN: HISTORICAL ASPECT

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Oksana Kodubovska
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
The West ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Middle French ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Contrasting Method ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Development And Evolution

The article deals with Latin borrowings denoting an inhabited place and the ways they enter the West Germanic languages, namely English and German. The notion of an inhabited place reflects the realia, which is connected with the compact living of a group of individuals on a certain territory. The research is based on the principles of anthropocentrism, lexical semantics, etymology and historical linguistics. The paper argues that etymological aspect is one of the most important in understanding the development and evolution of the lexeme. The paper aims at singling out and classifying Latin borrowings with the seme ‘inhabited place’ in the West Germanic Languages. Etymological analysis used in the research helped to characterize borrowed appellatives. Contrasting method singled out common and divergent features in the development of Latin borrowings in English and German. It is stated that English and German are prominent for the enriching their vocabulary due to borrowings from Latin. A great deal of Latin elements entered the languages at different historical stages. Several groups of Latin borrowings were singled out in the research according to their evolution in the analyzed languages and the period they were borrowed. These groups combined borrowings with the following features: Common Germanic lexemes which show both the modification of form and meaning saving the seme ‘inhabited place’ in one of the languages at present; early Latin borrowings which lose the meaning of an inhabited place in both languages; words which demonstrate the different evolution of their semantic structure and develop the meaning of an inhabited place in one of the languages; borrowings which save the seme ‘inhabited place’ with certain modifications of meaning in both English and German; lexemes which have the seme at the time of borrowing but lose it later in one of the languages; appellatives which enter German directly and English via French; English appellatives that do not have correspondences in German and enter the language via Old and Middle French.

Chaucer among the Victorians

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-201
Author(s):  
Richard Utz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Geoffrey Chaucer ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Manuscript Studies ◽  
English Poetry ◽  
Strong Interest ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Subject

The nineteenth and early twentieth century saw a growing fascination with Geoffrey Chaucer and his texts. English Victorians as well as their contemporaries in other English-speaking countries imagined Chaucer as a predecessor to their own preferred aesthetics, ideologies, and mentalities. During the first half of the nineteenth century, antiquarians and gentlemen scholars discover the writer as part of the general enthusiasm about England’s medieval past. They lay the groundwork for the professional medievalists of the final third of the century, when Chaucer’s texts become the subject of manuscript studies, historical linguistics, and literary studies. This interest among the educated classes is accompanied by a strong interest among the general Victorian public. These readers encounter Chaucer via adaptations, translations, bowdlerized anthologies, children’s versions, and ‘Penny Dreadfuls’. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Chaucer is generally acknowledged as the father of English poetry and the source of immense nationalist pride.

scholarly journals RECEPTIONS OF ECLESIAST IN THE WORKS OF R. KIPLING AND I. SHOW

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
O. ORLOV
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Spiritual Meaning ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Natural Element ◽  
Strong Position ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Artistic Styles

The article examines the biblical image from Ecclesiastes «Bread upon the Waters», used by R. Kipling and I. Shaw as a title to their works. For the Ukrainian reader, this biblicalism does not evoke strong allusions or associations, which is explained by its spread only in English-speaking countries. This article attempts to analyze the works of English-language writers in view of the functioning of the biblical motif of «letting your bread on the water», the ambiguity of which was used differently, but in both cases the author’s dialogue with the reader gained spiritual meaning. R. Kipling as a master of narrative uses a system of narrators: the narrator-witness and the narrator-participant. Both, according to the classification of W. Schmid, did not acquire «omniscience and ubiquity», so the biblical truth is interpreted in a straight forward manner. Only the author’s strong position – the title of the work and the final phrases of the work, clarify the meaning of the images of water and bread. A comparison of the principle of the author’s vision of R. Kipling and I. Shaw leads to the conclusion of different artistic systems of the authors. For Kipling, the dialogue of the narrators is important, for I. Shaw – the hero’s self-absorption. In I. Shaw’s novel, biblicalism is also stated in the title of the work, but its hidden meaning is divided between the characters depending on their charitable deeds. Teacher Allen Strand’s Confession Diary is an author’s credo, as the call for mercy, for selfless help in spite of circumstances and results, is consistent with the title of the work. Comparison of two works of different writing times, artistic styles and genres prove the ambiguity and complexity of the biblical image, which combined the natural element and the measure of human labor – water and bread.

The Idea of Femininity in Cinematic Rites of Passage in Bollywood Cinema

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-92
Author(s):  
Amrita Satapathy
Keyword(s):  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
New Age ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Corporate Executive ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Comprehensive Study ◽  
Feminine Roles

Most movies pre-2000 focused on feminine stereotypes conceived within the confined ambit of societal constructs. It is only with the millennium that scriptwriters became bolder in their conception of femininity. Directors and women actors have begun experimenting with unconventional feminine roles which are definitively plausible. The portrayals of new-age peripatetic women like Deepika Padukone's single and successful architect Piku Banerjee, living with her septuagenarian father or Paravathy's urbane, sophisticated, English speaking, corporate executive, the widowed Jaya Shashidharan, prove that fixities have given way to flexibilities in portrayal and form. This chapter seeks to undertake a comprehensive study of the idea of femininity in cinematic rites of passage through an in-depth analysis of Shoojit Sircar's Piku (2015) and Tanuja Chandra's Qarib Qarib Singlle (2017), and show how itinerant women protagonists are negotiating identities by challenging alterity.

Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-186
Author(s):  
Niall Bond
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
The Social ◽  
Romantic Era ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Semantic Evolution

Ferdinand Tönnies's oeuvre Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, published in 1887, has been seminal for the social and human sciences in general, and is no less interesting for intellectual historians and theoreticians of concept formation in particular. Tönnies subscribed to the belief that terms could be rendered less ambiguous, defining the words Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft more narrowly than their contemporary usage. In so doing, he sought to reconcile a heterogeneous agenda initially consisting in offering a diagnosis of vast historical developments and later consisting in providing heuristic tools to analyze individual relationships. This article examines the origins of the concepts and their politicized transformation prior to and subsequent to the publication of his work. As such, it takes on the transformation of Gemeinschaft during the romantic era and its revival by Germany's nationalist right wing and contrasts it with its appropriation by left-leaning communitarian movements in the English-speaking world. The polysemy of the terms in the German language accounts for their semantic evolution, for amalgamations of meanings within Tönnies's conceptual system, and for conundrums in translating the work into English or French. Although the terms were erroneously supposed to have been immediately applicable as ideal types, their adaptation, inter alia by Max Weber or by Talcott Parsons in the form of pattern variables, has been important in the reception of Tönnies's work in the social sciences.

ACQUIRING LINGUISTIC CUES TO IDENTIFY AGENT

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. Rounds ◽  
Ruth Kanagy
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Processing Strategy ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Order Case ◽  
English Speaking

This study investigates children's changing sensitivity to processing cues for identifying agent (word order, case marking, and animacy) as a function of proficiency in a second language. English-speaking learners of Japanese need to appropriately adjust cue strengths in moving from a rigid SVO language to one in which SOV word order is a good general processing strategy, but case marking must ultimately be relied on if it conflicts with this order. English-speaking children in grades K–7 in an immersion school were asked to identify the agent for a set of audiotaped sentences in English and Japanese. The children in this study learned to use SOV word order, lexical semantics, and canonical case marking, but they do not provide evidence of appropriately exploiting noncanonical case marking. We suggest that these results might be accounted for by the context in which input is processed in immersion school classrooms.

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