Discussion of "xia" in Chinese from Semantics Perspective: Suggestions for Vietnamese Learners

Chinese is a broad and profound language, especially in terms of vocabulary, in which a word can have different meanings. Therefore, it is inevitable to cause a considerable obstacle to learners. "下" (xia) is a very specific example mentioned above. This article semantically touches on the similarities between Chinese and Vietnamese in terms of meaning and differences between the Chinese "下" and the Vietnamese "dưới" by reviewing and applying a contrasting method. As a result, a number of relevant guidance will be given for both teachers and learners via the findings. The study concludes with some appropriate teaching strategies to enhance teachers’ teaching ability.

VERBALIZATION OF THE ESSENCE OF UKRAINIAN IDENTITY (BASED ON THE MAGAZINE «AB IMPERIO»)

Purpose. The purpose of the research is to find out the essence of verbalization of Ukrainian identity based on articles of the international journal «Ab imperio». The aim is to consider the following tasks: to find out the inconsistency of certain publications of the weekly with historical facts, to declare the appearance of Ukrainian printed monuments as a phenomenon of national identity and to show the need to publicize knowledge about the Ukrainian heritage of the Hetman and Cossack era.Methods. The article uses: a) the method of contextual analysis, which reproduces the information on the Ukrainian issue on the basis of the analyzed journal; b) a contrasting method, as there are two mutually incompatible views, one of which reproduces the Ukrainian vision of the problem, the other – the Russian, which is covered by the journal's publications; c) interdisciplinary method, as the analysis of linguistic aspects includes data from history, ethnology, literature, which allows a comprehensive consideration of the research material.Results. The study makes it possible to understand that the Russian-centric position on the national Ukrainian identity distorts the essence of the Ukrainian mentality. It is proved that: 1) external factors, in particular, Ukrainian clothes, patriot's house, predominance of national dishes, characteristic mustaches and stories about people's life were only an additional element for the formation of national identity, not the main factor determining the formation of the Ukrainian nation; 2) It is logically reasoned that the designed communicative code of Ukrainians (Russian position) does not exist. It is proved that the Ukrainian language was not constructed lately. Numerous written memoirs in particular the chronicle «The Tale of Bygone Years» testify that it had existed since ancient times; 3) It is explained that the literary and written tradition of Rus’is not a Russian tradition, but a Rus' one (ie, Ukrainian); 4) The change of Ukrainian identity is not related to evangelical sects; 5) There is no need to call the Polish minority (in Lviv) a «subculture»; 6) The term «correct Ukraine» is inappropriate because it threatens the integrity of the Ukrainian state. The article refutes the thesis that Ukraine received its own identity only after the tragic events of 2014.Conclusions. Therefore, if such statements from «Ab Imperio» still shape public opinion, and Ukrainian scholars do not respond to such posts, it will lead to the understanding of the modern Ukraine on a global scale again as a subcolonial territory that cannot cope without Russia. There is need to introduce into the linguistic and mental space facts about Ukrainian traditions, national symbols, indomitable spirit and heroic heritage of the Cossack and Hetman state.Key words: language, linguistic and mental features, Rus'-Ukraine, Russia, national revival, construction of national mythology. Мета: з’ясувати суть вербалізації української ідентичності за статтями міжнародного журналу «Ab іmperio». Поставлена мета передбачає розгляд таких завдань: з’ясувати невідповідність певних публікацій тижневика історичним фактам, задекларувати вихід українських друкованих пам’яток як явища національної ідентичності та показати необхідність омовлення в різних засобах масової інформації знань про українську спадщину гетьманської та козацької доби.Методи. У статті використано: а) метод контекстуального аналізу, за допомогою якого відтворено інформацію щодо українського питання на основі аналізованого журналу; б) контрастивний метод, оскільки є два навзаєм несумісні погляди, один з яких відтворює українське бачення проблеми, інший – російське, яке висвітлюють публікації журналу; в) міждисциплінарний метод, бо до аналізу мовознавчих аспектів долучено дані історії, етнології, літератури, що дає змогу комплексно розглянути матеріал дослідження.Результати. Проведений аналіз дає змогу зрозуміти, що російськоцентрична позиція щодо національної української ідентичності спотворює сутність української ментальності. Доведено: 1) зовнішні чинники, зокрема, одяг українців, хата патріота, переважання національних страв, характерні вуса та розповіді про народне життя були лише додатковим елементом для тво-рення національної ідентичності, а не основним чинником, який визначив формування української нації; 2) про сконструйо-ваний комунікативний код українців (російська позиція) немає ніякої підстави говорити, оскільки українська мова існувала з прадавніх часів, що засвідчують численні писемні пам’ятки, наприклад, найвідоміша – літопис «Повість временних літ»; 3) літературно-писемна традиція Руси – це не російська традиція, а руська (тобто українська); 4) зміна української ідентичності не пов’язана з євангельськими сектами; 5) немає потреби польську меншину (у Львові) називати «субкультурою»; 6) термін «правильна Україна» є недоречним, бо ставить під загрозу цілісність Української держави. У статті спростовано тезу, що Україна отримала власну ідентичність після трагічних подій 2014 року.Висновки. Вербалізація суті української ідентичності крізь призму матеріалів «Ab іmperio» часто спричиняє розуміння сучасної України у світовому вимірі як підколоніальної території, яка не дає собі ради без Росії. Потрібно впроваджувати в мовно-ментальний простір факти про українські традиції, національну символіку, незламний дух та героїчну спадщину козацької та гетьманської держави.Ключові слова: мова, мовно-ментальні риси, Русь-Україна, Росія, національне відродження, конструювання національної мітологі.

MODEL OF THE SYSTEM OF QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE SECONDARY EDUCATION MASTERS IN PHYSICAL CULTURE

Introduction. Under modern conditions, the issue of quality assurance for professional training of future specialists, which will guarantee their competitive-ness on the labor market, is rather topical. The aim of the article is to develop a model of a sys-tem of quality assurance for professional training of future secondary education master in physical culture. Methods of research: analysis of references and doc-uments; method of systematic analysis; method of com-parison and contrasting; method of functional and struc-tural analysis. Results. Within the research, we view a model as im-aginary or materially-realized analogue – a target peda-gogical program that recreates the object of analysis and is able to provide its replacement so that there is a possi-bility to obtain new information about this object. It has been revealed that modeling is a method of sci-entific research; a basis for elaboration of a new theory; a mechanism of defining perspectives of object cognition development. Structural blocks (target, theoretical and methodologi-cal, content, procedural, criterion and evaluation) of a model of a system of quality assurance for professional training of future secondary education master in physical culture and their content have been characterized. Scientific novelty. The model of the system of quality assurance for professional training of future secondary education master in physical culture has been theoretical-ly substantiated and elaborated; author’s interpretation of the notion of “quality assurance for professional training of future secondary education master in physical culture” has been formulated. Conclusions. Based o the scientific references and personal experience in teaching, the system of quality assurance for professional training of future secondary education master in physical culture has been elaborated.

A Meta-Analysis of Interpersonal and Organizational Workplace Deviance Research

Workplace deviance research has expanded rapidly over the past decade. Despite the expansive body of research available, we have an incomplete understanding of the measurement, magnitude, and direction of relationships within workplace deviance’s nomological network. We draw from 235 empirical samples of data (k = 235, N = 66,990) to conduct random-effects meta-analyses of interpersonal (k = 156, N = 42,239) and organizational (k = 206, N = 60,008) workplace deviance research so we can build the solid foundation necessary to advance the conversation in this literature. We use an exploratory meta-analytic approach and the horizontal contrasting method of theory elaboration to provide a nuanced understanding of the relationship between interpersonal and organizational deviance (ρ = .67, k = 110, N = 30,426) as well as determine the magnitude and generalizability (i.e., external validity) of relationships within their nomological networks. We find some evidence of differences (i.e., heterogeneity) in the measurement and magnitude of relationships across contexts. Overall, we conduct a state-of-the-art meta-analysis that leverages contemporary meta-analytic techniques and the extensive body of empirical workplace deviance research available to improve our understanding of the measurement of workplace deviance and relationships within its nomological network. Our study instigates new debates about the completeness of our understanding of workplace deviance and provides the empirical building blocks necessary for this literature to reach its unrealized potential.

LATIN BORROWINGS DENOTING AN INHABITED PLACE IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN: HISTORICAL ASPECT

The article deals with Latin borrowings denoting an inhabited place and the ways they enter the West Germanic languages, namely English and German. The notion of an inhabited place reflects the realia, which is connected with the compact living of a group of individuals on a certain territory. The research is based on the principles of anthropocentrism, lexical semantics, etymology and historical linguistics. The paper argues that etymological aspect is one of the most important in understanding the development and evolution of the lexeme. The paper aims at singling out and classifying Latin borrowings with the seme ‘inhabited place’ in the West Germanic Languages. Etymological analysis used in the research helped to characterize borrowed appellatives. Contrasting method singled out common and divergent features in the development of Latin borrowings in English and German. It is stated that English and German are prominent for the enriching their vocabulary due to borrowings from Latin. A great deal of Latin elements entered the languages at different historical stages. Several groups of Latin borrowings were singled out in the research according to their evolution in the analyzed languages and the period they were borrowed. These groups combined borrowings with the following features: Common Germanic lexemes which show both the modification of form and meaning saving the seme ‘inhabited place’ in one of the languages at present; early Latin borrowings which lose the meaning of an inhabited place in both languages; words which demonstrate the different evolution of their semantic structure and develop the meaning of an inhabited place in one of the languages; borrowings which save the seme ‘inhabited place’ with certain modifications of meaning in both English and German; lexemes which have the seme at the time of borrowing but lose it later in one of the languages; appellatives which enter German directly and English via French; English appellatives that do not have correspondences in German and enter the language via Old and Middle French.

Changing Use of Seventh Chords: A Replication of Mauch et al. (2015)

Mauch, MacCallum, Levy, and Leroi (2015) carried out a large-scale study of changes in American popular music between 1960 and 2010. Using signal processing methods, they found evidence suggesting a decreasing use of the dominant seventh chord and increasing use of the minor-minor seventh chord. While signal analysis methods have improved substantially in recent years, the accuracy of signal-based analysis remains imperfect. Using a contrasting method and independent musical sample, this paper reports converging evidence replicating these findings.

The advent of genome-wide association studies for bacteria

Significant advances in sequencing technologies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed substantial insight into the genetic architecture of human phenotypes. In recent years, the application of this approach in bacteria has begun to reveal the genetic basis of bacterial host preference, antibiotic resistance, and virulence. Here, we consider relevant differences between bacterial and human genome dynamics, apply GWAS to a global sample of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomes to highlight the impacts of linkage disequilibrium, population stratification, and natural selection, and finally compare the traditional GWAS against phyC, a contrasting method of mapping genotype to phenotype based upon evolutionary convergence. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of both methods, and make suggestions for factors to be considered in future bacterial GWAS.

Application of the Contrasting Method in Lecturing the Steam Power Cycle

Steam power cycle occupies very important position in thermal power plant. Steam power cycle for thermal power professional and engaged in the related personnel of thermal power generation is very important. In this paper expatiation is made on using the contrasting method to teach the content of the steam power cycle, which broke the traditional step-by-step sequence teaching method. Using this method, which has been proved by practice, has attained comparatively good effect.