scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical Parameters of Breast Milk, Starter Infant Formulas and Commercial Cow Milks in Serbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavica Sunarić ◽  
Tatjana Jovanović ◽  
Ana Spasić ◽  
Marko Denić ◽  
Gordana Kocić
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Infant Formulas

Summary Data on the physical properties of cow milk and infant formulas are important since they indicate the differences in physicochemical and rheological characteristics and compatibility with natural breast milk. This fact is important not only for quality control but also for the use of these commercial products as infant diet supplements or as complete breast milk substitutes. This study was undertaken to determine refractive index, surface tension, pH, electrical conductivity, viscosity and titratable acidity of the UHT cow milk, starter infant formulas and breast milk of Serbian mothers in order to compare commercial milk formulations with natural human milk. The paper also presents the measured data of some physical parameters of human milk about which there is little information in the literature. It has been also demonstrated how these parameters were changed by freezing and prolonged storage of breast milk. In this study, 8 commercial cow milks, 6 starter infant formulas and 15 different samples of colostrum, transition and mature breast milk were included. The titratable acidity, pH, electrical conductivity, refractive index, viscosity and surface tension were measured by using standardized techniques. It has been found that infant formulas available on the Serbian market differ in physicochemical parameters compared to breast milk. Regarding these parameters, none of the analyzed formulas fully corresponded to breast milk. It has been also shown that measurement of physical parameters is simple and inexpensive way to monitor the milk shelf-life which is important for human milk banks.

scholarly journals Infant Formulas: A Long Story

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. e61-e70
Author(s):  
Mário Cícero Falcão ◽  
Patrícia Zamberlan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe ideal feeding for infants is the breast milk because it has a balanced nutritional composition, which includes all essential nutrients, in addition to many bioactive factors that contribute to the growth and development of the child, as well as to the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract. Among them are immunological factors, antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory components, digestive enzymes, various types of hormones, and growth factors. If human milk is not available, there is an indication of infant formulas that should follow the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (WHO). In a century of history, infant formulas have gone from a simple combination of cow milk (evaporated or condensed) and water to highly sophisticated products, elaborated by very refined technological processes to produce lactose-free, antiregurgitation, based on soy protein, hydrolyzed protein in various grades, and only amino acids formulas. The major milestones in the modification of infant formulas were the incorporation of nutrients/ingredients such as: iron, nucleotides, alpha lactalbumin, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, oligosaccharides similar to human milk, lactoferrin, and milk fat globule membrane. Many of these ingredients have shown benefits on the immunological system. Despite the technological advances, breast milk remains irreplaceable, being the gold standard for infant feeding.

Properties of KSCN-rich Molten NaSCN-KSCN Mixtures

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 540-544
Author(s):  
Yasuhiko Iwadata ◽  
Junichi Mochinaga ◽  
Kazuo Igarashi ◽  
Koji Tajiri ◽  
Tadashi Asahina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Molten State

AbstractFor molten (Na, K)SCN mixtures with more than 50 mol% KSCN the molar volume Vm,electrical conductivity, χ, refractive index n, surface tension γ and heat capacity CP were measured in dependence of composition and temperature, γ exhibited the minimum at ca. 70 mol% KSCN and Cp was 148 JK-1 mol-1 in the range of 413 to 471 K. The electronic polarizabilities of the ions in the molten state were estimated by the semiclassical Clausius-Mossotti equation

Manganese Absorption from Human Milk, Cow Milk, and Infant Formulas

Milk Proteins ◽  
1989 ◽  
pp. 97-99
Author(s):  
L. Davidsson ◽  
Å. Cederblad ◽  
B. Lönnerdal ◽  
B. Sandström
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas

scholarly journals Comparison of the Bifidogenic Effects of Goat and Cow Milk-Based Infant Formulas to Human Breast Milk in an in vitro Gut Model for 3-Month-Old Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Gallier ◽  
Pieter Van den Abbeele ◽  
Colin Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome

Human milk contains prebiotic components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which stimulate the growth of specific members of the infant gut microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria). Plant-based or synthetic oligosaccharides are often added to infant formulas to simulate the bifidogenic effect of HMOs. Cow milk, the most common source of protein in infant formula, and goat milk, used increasingly in the manufacture of infant formula, contain naturally-occurring prebiotics. This study compared the upper gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent colonic fermentation of human milk vs. goat and cow milk-based infant formulas (goat IF and cow IF, respectively), without additional oligosaccharides using an in vitro model for 3-month-old infants based on the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). First, a dialysis approach using 3.5 kDa membranes was demonstrated to simulate small intestinal absorption of carbohydrates in conditions similar to those in vivo. During the in vitro digestion experiment, oligosaccharides were detected in human milk and goat IF but barely detected in the cow IF. Further, all three milk matrices decreased colonic pH by boosting acetate, lactate, and propionate production, which related to increased abundances of acetate/lactate-producing Bifidobacteriaceae for human milk (+25.7%) and especially goat IF (33.8%) and cow IF (37.7%). Only cow IF stimulated butyrate production which correlated with an increase in Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae. Finally, Enterobacteriaceae and Acidaminococcaceae also increased with all three milk matrices, while production of proteolytic metabolites (branched-chain fatty acids) was only detected for the cow IF. Overall, goat and cow milk-based formulas without added oligosaccharides impacted gut microbial activity and composition similarly to human milk. This suggests that even without supplementation of formula with oligosaccharides, whole goat milk, whole cow milk and cow milk ingredients already supply compounds in formulas that exert beneficial bifidogenic effects. Further clinical research is warranted to elucidate the effect of whole goat milk-based formulas on the infant gut microbiome.

Calcium dialysability as an estimation of bioavailability in human milk, cow milk and infant formulas

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Roig ◽  
A. Alegrı́a ◽  
R. Barberá ◽  
R. Farré ◽  
M.J. Lagarda
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas

Human milk and infant formula modulate intestinal microbiota and immune system of human microbiota-associated mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Qing gang Xie ◽  
Lina Zhao ◽  
Jialu Shi ◽  
Evivie Etareri Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Human Microbiota

Many infants on exclusive breastfeeding regimen are often fed inadequate amounts, and this creates an imbalance between the overall effects of breast milk and commercial infant formulas. We comparatively analyzed...

scholarly journals Excessive Leucine-mTORC1-Signalling of Cow Milk-Based Infant Formula: The Missing Link to Understand Early Childhood Obesity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodo C. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Great Chance ◽  
Induce Insulin Resistance

Increased protein supply by feeding cow-milk-based infant formula in comparison to lower protein content of human milk is a well-recognized major risk factor of childhood obesity. However, there is yet no conclusive biochemical concept explaining the mechanisms of formula-induced childhood obesity. It is the intention of this article to provide the biochemical link between leucine-mediated signalling of mammalian milk proteins and adipogenesis as well as early adipogenic programming. Leucine has been identified as the predominant signal transducer of mammalian milk, which stimulates the nutrient-sensitive kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Leucine thus functions as a maternal-neonatal relay for mTORC1-dependent neonatalβ-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. The mTORC1 target S6K1 plays a pivotal role in stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into adipocytes and to induce insulin resistance. It is of most critical concern that infant formulas provide higher amounts of leucine in comparison to human milk. Exaggerated leucine-mediated mTORC1-S6K1 signalling induced by infant formulas may thus explain increased adipogenesis and generation of lifelong elevated adipocyte numbers. Attenuation of mTORC1 signalling of infant formula by leucine restriction to physiologic lower levels of human milk offers a great chance for the prevention of childhood obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Relationship between Fatty Acids Composition/Antioxidant Potential of Breast Milk and Maternal Diet: Comparison with Infant Formulas

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Codini ◽  
Carmela Tringaniello ◽  
Lina Cossignani ◽  
Antonio Boccuto ◽  
Alessandra Mirarchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Human Breast

The fatty acid composition of human breast milk is relevant for the energy, immunity and eicosanoid production in infants. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of foods are essential for human health. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal diet and fatty acids composition as well as the antioxidant potential of breast milk from donors to human milk bank of Perugia’s hospital, Italy. Results were compared with infant formulas. We observed increased levels of total fatty acids and, in particular, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in milk from mothers fed on a vegetable and fruit-rich diet compared with a Mediterranean diet. In the same milk, a reduced antioxidant potential was found. All infant formulas resulted in richer total fatty acid content than human breast milk. Only some formulas were qualitatively similar to breast milk. Of note, the antioxidant potential of the formulas was higher or lower than the human milk with the exception of one sample. The antioxidant potential of four formulas was very high. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants has been shown to have a teratogenic effect and to increase the formation of metastases in adult. There are no data on the effects of excess antioxidants in the infants, but the possibility that they can be harmful cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals Lipids for infant formulas

OCL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. D305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Delplanque ◽  
Qin Du ◽  
Jean-Charles Martin ◽  
Philippe Guesnet
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Dairy Fat

Recommendations for infant formulas (IF) had been established on the basis of human breast milk composition, still considered as “the gold standard”. Historically, till the 20th century, cow milk-based formulas have been used to feed infants when breast feeding was not possible. Later, infant formulas based on cow’s milk proteins but only vegetable oils blends as lipid source became the usual rule in most countries. However, considering “the gold standard”, a lot of changes occurred since the sixties that considerably modified lipid composition of human breast milk which is correlated to the diet of the mothers, who increased their consumption of n-6PUFA to replace saturated fat considered as proatherogenic. This introduced an imbalance in the ratio of linoleic/alpha-linolenic acids (18:2n-6/18:3n-3), limiting the bioconversion to long-chain-n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Compared to pure vegetable blends and following the usual recommendations for IF, linoleic (LA 15% of total fatty acids), alpha-linolenic acids (ALA 1.5%) and LA/ALA ratio (10), the use of dairy fat blend was beneficial in terms of brain DHA accretion in young rats and a further increase of brain DHA was obtained by using pure dairy fat (LA 2%, ALA 0.8%, LA/ALA 2.3). Cow’s milk presents naturally some similarities (lipid quality, cholesterol, globule structure…) with human breast milk and cannot be compared to pure vegetable blends. Utilization of dairy fat in infant formula should be reconsidered, as well as the absolute amount of polyunsaturated LA and ALA: at least a reduction of LA for IF as well as for lactating women to improve breast milk quality.

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