scholarly journals Testicular Microlithiasis: Case Report and Literature Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Goran Savić ◽  
Vladimir Vasić ◽  
Milan Petrović ◽  
Jovan Petrović ◽  
Dragoslav Bašić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Klinefelter Syndrome ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Testicular Microlithiasis ◽  
Normal Prostate ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Large Numbers

Summary Testicular microlithiasis is a condition characterized by the ultrasonographic findings with multiple microliths, with the prevalence of 0.6% to 9%. This is a condition of unknown etiology; however, in many cases it may be associated with cryptorchidism, Klinefelter syndrome, Down syndrome, varicocele, testicular torsion and male pseudohermaphroditism. Many retrospective studies point to the association between testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer. We report a case of a 50-year-old patient who presented to the urologist because of dysuric symptoms. Ultrasonographic examination of both testicles revealed microcalcifications in large numbers, i.e. “the phenomenon of the starry sky”. More than 20 microcalcifications were present on the cross section of both testicles. Standard laboratory blood tests were normal. Prostate-specific antigen was 1.22 ng/ml. If risk factors for developing cancer are present, some authors recommend a biopsy of the testicles. However, based on the literature review, currently, there is no a strictly defined protocol.

scholarly journals Solitary Lung Metastasis From Primary Prostate Cancer With Normal Prostate Specific Antigen Level: a Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Maru ◽  
Asako Okabe ◽  
Haruaki Hino ◽  
Takahiro Utsumi ◽  
Hiroshi Matsui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Lung Metastasis ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen Level ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Antigen Level ◽  
Normal Prostate ◽  
Term Survival

Abstract Background: Pulmonary involvement from prostate cancer is a well-known condition, but solitary lung metastasis is rare, with its associated clinical characteristics not yet fully elucidated.Case presentation: A 77-year-old man, with a history of radical prostatectomy for primary prostatic carcinoma 14 years prior, presented to our institution with a low-grade fever. Upon consultation, biochemical recurrence was suspected due to a gradual increase in prostate-specific antigen level. Salvage radiation therapy was considered but not performed since there was no recurrent macroscopic tumor. Computed tomography showed a solitary nodule with spiculation located on the upper lobe of the left lung while positron emission tomography suggested malignancy without metastasis. Based on these findings, primary lung cancer was suspected and thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. Pathological diagnosis of the tumor was a solitary lung metastasis of prostate cancer. The postoperative recovery was uneventful. Conclusion: We report a case with normal prostate-specific antigen level, along with a literature review. According to previous case reports, there are some pitfalls leading misdiagnosis as a primary lung tumor. However, we consider that surgical resection is associated with increased diagnostic accuracy and long-term survival.

scholarly journals Solitary Lung Metastasis of Prostate Cancer with a Long Disease-Free Interval and Normal Prostate-Specific Antigen Level

2021 ◽  
pp. 284-289
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yoshitake ◽  
Shoji Oura ◽  
Tomoyuki Yamaguchi ◽  
Shinichiro Makimoto
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Lung Metastasis ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Middle Lobe ◽  
Primary Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Wide Resection ◽  
Normal Prostate ◽  
Solid Nodule

An 83-year-old man with core needle biopsy-proven Gleason score 5 prostate cancer had received radiotherapy including 18 Gy brachytherapy to the prostate cancer, leading to no locoregional and distant recurrence for more than 5 years with the normalization of elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level before the radiotherapy. Due to the enlargement of coexisting ground glass nodule (GGN) in the left lung from 1 to 2.1 cm, the patient underwent wide resection of the GGN 7 years later. Under the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung, follow-up computed tomography 6 months after the wide resection showed a rapid enlargement of a solid nodule having been judged as a presumed inflammatory nodule in the middle lobe, highly suggesting a malignant neoplasm of the lung. Due to both the tall columnar atypical cells with trabecular pattern on frozen section and no elevation of serum PSA level, we judged the nodule as a primary adenocarcinoma of the lung and further resected the middle lobe with lymph node dissection. Immunostaining of the tumor showed all the CK7, CK20, TTF-1, napsin A, synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56, CDX2, p53, beta-catenin, and MUC2 negative, and PSA highly positive, clearly showing the solid nodule as a solitary lung metastasis of the prostate cancer. Physicians should note the possible solitary lung metastasis of prostate cancer, especially bearing indolent biology, with no elevation of the PSA level even after the completion of standard 5-year follow-up.

scholarly journals The role of the androgen receptor as a driver and mitigator of cellular stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. R19-R33
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Doultsinos ◽  
Ian Mills
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Nuclear Hormone Receptor ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Normal Prostate ◽  
Mtor Activity

Prostate cancer is a high-incidence male cancer, which is dependent on the activity of a nuclear hormone receptor, the androgen receptor (AR). Since the AR is required for both normal prostate gland development and for prostate cancer progression, it is possible that prostate cancer evolves from perturbations in AR-dependent biological processes that sustain specialist glandular functions. The archetypal example of course is the use of prostate specific antigen (PSA), an organ-type specific component of the normal prostate secretome, as a biomarker of prostate cancer. Furthermore, localised prostate cancer is characterised by a low proliferative index and a heterogenous array of somatic mutations aligned to a multifocal disease pattern. We and others have identified a number of biological processes that are AR dependent and represent aberrations in significant glandular processes. Glands are characterised by high rates of metabolic activity including protein synthesis supported by co-dependent processes such as glycosylation, organelle biogenesis and vesicle trafficking. Impairments in anabolic metabolism and in protein folding/processing will inevitably impose proteotoxic and oxidative stress on glandular cells and, in particular, luminal epithelial cells for which secretion is their primary function. As cancer develops there is also significant metabolic dysregulation including impaired negative feedback effects on glycolytic and anabolic activity under conditions of hypoxia and heightened protein synthesis due to dysregulated PI 3-kinase/mTOR activity. In this review we will focus on the components of the AR regulome that support cancer development as well as glandular functions focussing on the unfolded protein response and on regulators of mTOR activity.

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in Klinefelter syndrome. Literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 101003
Author(s):  
Guillermo Cueto-Robledo ◽  
Merly-Yamile Jurado-Hernandez ◽  
Franco-Rafael Camacho-Delgado ◽  
Ernesto Roldan-Valadez ◽  
Ariana-Lizette Heredia-Arroyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Klinefelter Syndrome ◽  
Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy

СORONAVIRUS INFECTION AND OF PREGNANCY (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Б.Н. БИЩЕКОВА ◽  
Ж.С. БЕГНИЯЗОВА ◽  
Н.Ж. ДЖАРДЕМАЛИЕВА ◽  
А.М. МУХАМЕДОВА ◽  
Ф.А. АРИФОВА ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Статья посвящена одной из актуальных проблем современного акушерства на сегодняшний день. Проведен анализ публикаций, посвященных особенностям течения новой коронавирусной инфекции во время беременности, родов и послеродового периода. Коронавирусная болезнь - это новое заболевание, характеризующееся быстрым прогрессированием и увеличением числа зараженных и смертей с момента его идентификации в Китае в декабре 2019 года. Данное заболевание вызвано новым, неизвестным ранее коронавирусом SARSCoV-2, который впервые был зафиксирован в Китае, когда появились случаи пневмонии неизвестной этиологии. С тех пор новой инфекции был подвержен весь мир. Среди групп риска на заражение COVID-19 особое место занимают беременные женщины. Известно, что сама по себе беременность, хоть и является физиологическим состоянием, сопровождается изменениями ряда органов и систем, в том числе и иммунной. В силу этого восприимчивость к ряду инфекций во время беременности значительно возрастает. Конечно, могут быть ограничения в связи с коронавирусной инфекцией. Но при правильной организации режима отдыха, физических нагрузок и образа жизни (социальном дистанцировании и соблюдении методов гигиены и защиты) можно преодолеть эти трудности. The article is devoted to one of the urgent problems of modern obstetrics today. The goal is to review the current data on the characteristics of the course of the new coronavirus infection during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Coronavirus disease is a new disease characterized by rapid progression and an increase in the number of infections and deaths since its identification in China in December 2019. This disease is caused by a new, previously unknown coronavirus SARSCoV-2, which was first recorded in China, when cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology appeared. Since then, the whole world has been exposed to the new infection. Pregnant women occupy a special place among the risk groups for COVID-19 infection. It is known that pregnancy itself, although it is a physiological state, is accompanied by changes in a number of organs and systems, including the immune system. Because of this, the susceptibility to a number of infections during pregnancy increases significantly. Of course, there may be restrictions due to coronavirus infection. But with the correct organization of the rest regime, physical activity and lifestyle (social distancing and adherence to hygiene and protection methods), these difficulties can be overcome.

Clinical Chemistry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Furmedge
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Intravenous Fluids ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Level 2

With so many tests available and increasingly fast laboratory processors, there is a growing temptation to request large numbers of blood tests on each and every patient. What we should remember is that they should be used as an adjunct to the history and clinical examination. Test results should reinforce the likely diagnosis and rule out our differentials, rather than be used to try and make the diagnosis per se. What makes things easier is to know how serum biochemistry and homeostasis are regulated and then to consider a number of questions: ● Which hormones are involved in the control of this electrolyte? ● What happens when these are increased or decreased? ● Does the patient have any renal or hepatic impairment? ● Are they taking any drugs that might be affecting serum electrolyte levels? ● Have they taken an overdose? ● Is the patient dehydrated/ hypovolaemic/ hypoxic? It can seem daunting at first when results come back unexpectedly out of range. They must be considered in combination with the patient’s clinical status; if the numbers just do not fit, then repeat the test— they may not be right. However, there are a few ‘unmissable’ electrolyte derangements that need to be dealt with immediately. Once detected, they should trigger the thoughts shown in Table 12.1. Interpreting serum values is important, but to prevent iatrogenic derangement, careful use and prescription of intravenous fluids are also needed. Does a patient who looks hypovolaemic, has a low blood pres­sure, and is tachycardic need crystalloids or blood? Colloids, such as ‘Gelofusine®’ or ‘Volplex®’, are now largely out of date, with evidence not supporting their use. Are they frail or do they have cardiac failure and therefore require cautious replacement? Do they have liver failure? Is their fluid balance so critical that close fluid monitoring in a level 2 crit­ical care setting required? Gone are the days when central venous lines are used on the wards for fluid balance. This chapter will help consider­ation of the whole picture before putting pen to paper and (potentially) wrongly prescribing 4 L of fluids a day for a frail older man with left ventricular failure.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Rathayibacter toxicus, the bacterium involved in annual ryegrass toxicity, in hay

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Masters ◽  
A. R. Gregory ◽  
R. J. Evans ◽  
J. E. Speijers ◽  
S. S. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Capture Assay ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Soluble Polysaccharide ◽  
Annual Ryegrass Toxicity

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Rathayibacter toxicus is described. The development of a monoclonal antibody for a specific antigen from R. toxicus and a polyclonal antibody raised against the same R. toxicus preparation enabled a capture assay format. The assay is specific for a soluble polysaccharide produced by the bacterium and was found to be sensitive enough to detect antigen equivalent to less than one gall per kilogram of hay. The applicability of the assay to samples of pasture or hay is demonstrated. Cost-effective testing of large numbers of samples for the presence of R. toxicus is possible with the ELISA. This will assist stockowners, hay producers, and hay exporters in the management of the risk of annual ryegrass toxicity.

scholarly journals Spontaneous muscle hematoma in older patients with COVID-19: two case reports and literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Rogani ◽  
Valeria Calsolaro ◽  
Riccardo Franchi ◽  
Alessia Maria Calabrese ◽  
Chukwuma Okoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Hemorrhagic Complications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Caucasian Female

Abstract Background In late December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases due to a novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 was reported in China. The so-called COVID 19 is responsible not only for respiratory symptoms, from mild up to pneumonia and even acute respiratory distress syndrome, but also for extrapulmonary involvement. Cases presentation Here we present two cases of spontaneous muscle hematoma in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, both on therapeutic LMWH for atrial fibrillation: the first one was an 86-year-old Caucasian female with a history of hypertensive cardiomyopathy and the second one was an 81-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension, diabetes and ischemic heart disease. Blood tests revealed a considerable drop of hemoglobin and alterations of coagulation system. In both cases, embolization of femoral artery was performed. A few other cases of bleeding manifestations are reported in literature, while a lot has been published about the hypercoagulability related to COVID-19. Conclusions Our reports and literature review highlight the need of active surveillance for possible hemorrhagic complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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