The excavation of walls and roads at the Erlitou Site in Yanshi City, Henan in 2012–2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-127
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall ◽  
Phase Iv

AbstractFrom November 2012 to May 2013, the Erlitou Archaeological Team of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of the Social Sciences found a roughly north-south orientated rammed-earth wall (Q7) and hard-trodden road surface parallel to the wall in the vicinity of the workshop zone of the Erlitou Site. The wall was most likely erected during Erlitou Phase II and continued to be in use until the early stage of Phase IV. The trodden roads took form during Phase II and ended in Phase III or early stage of Phase IV. Together with the previous findings, the excavators postulated two competing propositions on the rammed-earth wall in question. It was the west wall of the walled workshop zone or it was the east wall of a walled enclosure has yet to be discovered to its west. The roads were auxiliary facilities of the walled zone when it was in use.

scholarly journals The Islamization of Knowledge

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-101
Author(s):  
Taha J. Al ‘Alwani
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Temporal Constraints ◽  
The West ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Science Texts ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Social

IntroductionWithin the Islamization of Knowledge school, the idea of the Islamizationof Knowledge has always been understood as an intellectual andmethodological outlook rather than as an academic field, a specialization,an ideology, or a new sect. Thus, the school has sought to view issues ofknowledge and methodology from the perspectives of reform, inquiry, andself-discovery without any preconceptions, doctrinal or temporal constraints,or limitations on its intellectual horizons. The school is keenlyaware of the workings of time on ideas as they pass from stage to stage andmature and is therefore the first to say that the Islamization of Knowledgeis not to be understood as a set of axioms, a rigid ideology, or a religiousmovement. Rather, in order to comprehend the full meaning of the term, itmust be viewed as designating a methodology for dealing with knowledgeand its sources or as an intellectual outlook in its beginning stages.An ongoing critique and the attempt to derive particulars from the generalare essential to the process of development. The initial articulation ofthe Islamization of Knowledge undertaking and the workplan was thereforeproduced in general terms. At that early stage, the focus was on presentinga criticism of both traditional Muslim and western methodologies and thenintroducing the Islamization of Knowledge and explaining its significance.The first edition of the Islamization of Knowledge pointed out the principlesessential to any attempt to fashion an Islamic paradigm of knowledgebased on the. Islamic worldview and its unique constitutive concepts andfactors. It also addressed, briefly, the intellectual aspect of the Islamizationof Knowledge. The main focus, however, was on the practical aspects ofproducing textbooks for use in teaching the social sciences, as this was consideredthe first priority at a time when the Muslim world was losing its bestminds to the West and the western cultural and intellectual invasion.Accordingly, twelve steps were identified as the basis from which thepreparation of introductory social science texts might proceed ...

Women break down the barriers to the Vietnamese social sciences and humanities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan-Hoang Vuong
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Income Country ◽  
The West ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Valian rightly made a case for better recognition of women in science during the Nobel week in October 2018 (Valian, 2018). However, it seems most published views about gender inequality in Nature focused on the West. This correspondence shifts the focus to women in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC).

Teaching the West and the World from the Massachusetts Framework

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Paul Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Science Curriculum ◽  
World History ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Curriculum Framework ◽  
Massachusetts History ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Selection Of

This article summarizes how teachers may implement the Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Framework as they design and teach courses in Western civilization and world history. It discusses the integration of history, geography, and the social sciences, together with suggested approaches to common problems such as the balance between Western and world studies, selection of main topics and questions, professional development, student assessment, and challenges teachers may confront.

NRG Oncology HN006: Randomized phase II/III trial of sentinel lymph node biopsy versus elective neck dissection for early-stage oral cavity cancer.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. TPS6093-TPS6093
Author(s):  
Stephen Yenzen Lai ◽  
Pedro A. Torres-Saavedra ◽  
Neal E. Dunlap ◽  
Beth Michelle Beadle ◽  
Steven S. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Neck Dissection ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Oral Cavity Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Elective Neck Dissection ◽  
Pet Ct

TPS6093 Background: Since patients with early-stage oral cavity cancer (OCC; T1-2N0M0; AJCC 8th ed) have a 20-30% rate of occult nodal metastases despite clinical and radiographic assessment, standard of care treatment includes elective neck dissection (END). Many patients have comprehensive surgical management of the regional cervical nodal basin even though the majority of those necks (70-80%) will not contain disease. Assessment of draining first echelon lymph nodes by sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy (Bx), a less invasive surgical procedure, may provide an alternative to END, while potentially reducing morbidity and cost. A decisive clinical trial comparing SLN Bx versus END can focus the HNC clinical and research community and resources on establishing the standard of care for management of the neck in early-stage OCC. Methods: In order to address the efficacy of SLN Bx in this population, we recently activated an international multi-institutional phase II/III prospective trial randomizing patients to two surgical arms: SLN Bx and END. PET/CT is an integral imaging biomarker in this trial. A node-negative PET/CT study with central read is required before randomization. Patients with a positive PET/CT central result will remain in a registry to compare imaging findings with final neck pathology. Given the current evidence available regarding morbidity for SLN Bx versus END, the phase II will determine if patient-reported neck and shoulder function and related QOL at 6 months after surgery using the Neck Dissection Impairment Index (NDII) shows a signal of superiority of SLN Bx compared to END. A total of 228 randomized patients with negative PET/CT for potential evaluation of shoulder-related morbidity with difference in 6-month NDII scores (minimum important difference ³7.5; one-sided a = 0.10; 90% power) will serve as the “Go/No-Go” decision to move forward into phase III. The phase III portion is a non-inferiority (NI) trial with disease-free survival (DFS) as the primary endpoint (NI margin hazard ratio 1.34 based on a 5% absolute difference in 2-year DFS; one-sided alpha 0.05; 80% power, and an interim look for efficacy at 67% of the events based on an O’Brien-Fleming boundary). The NDII at 6 months after surgery is a hierarchical co-primary endpoint for the phase III. Target accrual of phase III is 618 PET/CT negative patients, including those randomized in phase II (297 DFS events required for the final analysis). In addition to radiotherapy and imaging credentialing, quality assurance will include central pathology review of all negative SLN Bx cases and surgeon credentialing through an education course and SLN Bx and END case review by the surgical co-chairs. A surgical quality assurance working group will review all trial SLN Bx and END outcomes. As of 02/15/21, 7 patients have been screened and 6 of the planned 228 randomized patients in phase II have been enrolled. Clinical trial information: NCT04333537.

scholarly journals Protocol for the CONNECT project: a mixed methods study investigating patient preferences for communication technology use in orthopaedic rehabilitation consultations

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e035210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony William Gilbert ◽  
Jeremy Jones ◽  
Maria Stokes ◽  
Emmanouil Mentzakis ◽  
Carl R May
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Patient Preferences ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Research Ethics Committee ◽  
Phase Iv

IntroductionTechnology has been placed at the centre of global health policy and has been cited as having the potential to increase efficiency and remove geographical boundaries for patients to access care. Communication technology may support patients with orthopaedic problems, which is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. There are several examples of technology being used in clinical research, although uptake in practice remains low. An understanding of patient preferences will support the design of a communication technology supported treatment pathway for patients undergoing orthopaedic rehabilitation.Methods and analysisThis mixed methods project will be conducted in four phases. In phase I, a systematic review of qualitative studies reporting communication technology use for orthopaedic rehabilitation will be conducted to devise a taxonomy of tasks patients’ face when using these technologies to access their care. In phase II, qualitative interviews will investigate how the work of being a patient changes during face-to-face and communication technology consultations and how these changes influence preference. In phase III, a discrete choice experiment will investigate the factors that influence preferences for the use of communication technology for orthopaedic rehabilitation consultations. Phase IV will be a practical application of these results. We will design a ‘minimally disruptive’ communication technology supported pathway for patients undergoing orthopaedic rehabilitation.Ethics and disseminationThe design of a pathway and underpinning patient preference will assist in understanding factors that might influence technology implementation for clinical care. This study requires ethical approval for phases II, III and IV. Approvals have been received for phase II (approval received on 4 December 2016 from the South Central-Oxford C Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID: 255172, REC Reference 18/SC/0663)) and phase III (approval received on 18 October 2019 from the London-Hampstead Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID: 248064, REC Reference 19/LO/1586)) and will be sought for phase IV. All participants will provide informed written consent prior to being enrolled onto the study.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018100896.

A phase II study of atezolizumab as neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy in patients (pts) with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. TPS8580-TPS8580
Author(s):  
Dwight Hall Owen ◽  
Paul A. Bunn ◽  
Bruce E. Johnson ◽  
David J. Kwiatkowski ◽  
Mark G. Kris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathologic Response ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
End Points ◽  
Early Stage Disease

TPS8580 Background: Trials of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy have demonstrated an absolute survival benefit of 5% for patients with early stage disease. Atezolizumab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-L1 from binding to its receptors PD-1 and B7.1, thereby restoring anti-tumor immune response. In the OAK trial, a randomized phase III trial of patients with metastatic NSCLC who progressed on platinum based chemotherapy, atezolizumab improved overall survival in patients regardless of PD-L1 expression compared with docetaxel (13.8 months vs. 9.6 months, HR 0.73 [95% CI 0.62 – 0.87]) with a manageable safety profile. Methods: NCT02927301 is a phase II, open-label, single-arm study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atezolizumab as a neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy in patients with Stage IB, II, or IIIA NSCLC prior to curative-intent resection. Approximately 180 patients with NSCLC will be enrolled in this study at 15 academic medical centers in the United States. The study has two parts: the primary part will evaluate the ability of neoadjuvant atezolizumab to produce pathologic responses in patients with early stage NSCLC. Atezolizumab 1200 mg IV will be given every 3 weeks for two doses. Surgical resection of tumors following treatment will allow determination of pathologic response rates and potential predictive biomarkers. Part 2 is exploratory and will evaluate atezolizumab adjuvant therapy for up to 12 months in patients who demonstrate clinical benefit in Part 1. The primary endpoint is major pathologic response rate (defined as ≤ 10% of viable tumor tissue) based on surgical resection. Secondary end points include overall response rate by status of mutation load, neoantigen score and gene expression signatures. OS and DFS are exploratory end points. This trial presents a unique opportunity to evaluate exploratory biomarkers given the availability of pre- and post-treatment biopsy specimens for assessment of evolution of immune related markers associated with response. The study opened to accrual in January 2017. Clinical trial information: NCT02927301.

The Emergence of Political Science in Communist Countries

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Powell ◽  
Paul Shoup
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
The West ◽  
East European ◽  
Free Inquiry ◽  
The Social ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
Independent Inquiry

The scientific study of politics requires an environment which accepts free inquiry and discussion. Scholars must be permitted to ask questions of their own choosing, gather data without hindrance, and communicate freely with one another about their findings. To be sure, freedom to investigate sensitive policy matters is limited by all governments. Moreover, political scientists themselves inevitably introduce some measure of their own values or ideological predispositions into their works. But it is obvious that without the guarantee of certain minimum freedoms, political science as we know it in the West could never exist.Communist regimes traditionally have made independent inquiry or objective discussion of political phenomena impossible. In the Stalinist period, scholarly analyses of politics—or, for that matter, of aesthetic, literary, moral or economic questions—amounted to little more than doctrinal exegesis or the elaboration of practical measures to implement the Party's demands. An autonomous social science in Stalin's Russia or Eastern Europe was simply unthinkable.Since the dictator's death, however, Communist governments have modified their hostility toward the social sciences in general, and toward political science in particular. A decade of de-Stalinization has been accompanied by steps to encourage the scientific study of politics. In several East European countries, political science now enjoys recognition as a discipline in its own right.This does not mean that political science in Communist countries has freed itself of political controls, or that what is presented as political science is always of scholarly merit.

The Study of Women in Islam and the West: A Select Bibliography

Hawwa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
The West ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Women In Islam ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Learning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Select Bibliography ◽  
Available Information

AbstractThis bibliography sets out to explore the topics that Muslim women in the West reflected on and researched as they joined the institutions of higher learning and began to have an input in the creation of knowledge. It also attempts to gather the available information about the experiences of Muslim women and surveys the available literature in English on Muslim women living in the West. While Muslim women have been professionally active in many fields, the bibliography is focused primarily on the production of knowledge by professors in the humanities and the social sciences and their contribution to our understanding of the debates about the women of Islam.

Effectiveness of Fluorescence-based Methods in Monitoring Progression of Noncavitated Caries-like Lesions on Smooth Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. E230-E241 ◽  
Author(s):  
MB Diniz ◽  
PH Campos ◽  
ME Sanabe ◽  
DA Duarte ◽  
MTBR Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Laser Fluorescence ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Smooth Surfaces ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Demineralized Enamel

SUMMARYAlthough there has been a significant decrease in caries prevalence in developed countries, the slower progression of dental caries requires methods capable of detecting and quantifying lesions at an early stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fluorescence-based methods (DIAGNOdent 2095 laser fluorescence device [LF], DIAGNOdent 2190 pen [LFpen], and VistaProof fluorescence camera [FC]) in monitoring the progression of noncavitated caries-like lesions on smooth surfaces. Caries-like lesions were developed in 60 blocks of bovine enamel using a bacterial model of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Enamel blocks were evaluated by two independent examiners at baseline (phase I), after the first cariogenic challenge (eight days) (phase II), and after the second cariogenic challenge (a further eight days) (phase III) by two independent examiners using the LF, LFpen, and FC. Blocks were submitted to surface microhardness (SMH) and cross-sectional microhardness analyses. The intraclass correlation coefficient for intra- and interexaminer reproducibility ranged from 0.49 (FC) to 0.94 (LF/LFpen). SMH values decreased and fluorescence values increased significantly among the three phases. Higher values for sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were observed for FC (phase II) and LFpen (phase III). A significant correlation was found between fluorescence values and SMH in all phases and integrated loss of surface hardness (ΔKHN) in phase III. In conclusion, fluorescence-based methods were effective in monitoring noncavitated caries-like lesions on smooth surfaces, with moderate correlation with SMH, allowing differentiation between sound and demineralized enamel.

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