scholarly journals The Study of Possibilities for Reuse of Washings from Swimming Pool Circulation Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Wyczarska-Kokot
Keyword(s):  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Filter Bed ◽  
Direct Discharge ◽  
Filter Cycle

Abstract Swimming pools are very expensive, in terms of operation, sports facilities. Therefore, investors and managers of these facilities are looking for methods of reducing the costs of their use. One of the proposed methods is the managing of washings previously discharged to the sanitary sewage system. The assessment of possibilities for reuse of washings from swimming pool filtration system is based on the limits of basic indicators of pollutants in wastewater discharged to water and soil (temperature, pH, TSS, BOD5, COD, TN, TP, free chlorine). The conducted research of washings quality from 26 tested swimming pools have shown that washings quality is dependent on the operating conditions of the pool circuit, including the filter cycle duration and types of filter bed. A direct discharge to water or soil may be impossible due to excessive amounts of total suspended solids (above 35 mg/dm3) and free chlorine concentration (above 0.2 mg Cl2/dm3). However, the quality of supernatant water of washings subjected to sedimentation in the laboratory shows that the washings are suitable for reuse. The installation of settling tanks in swimming pool facilities could relieve the sewage systems and allow for the discharge of supernatant water to surface waters or for the irrigation of green areas in an environmentally friendly way.

scholarly journals The effect of cyanuric acid on the disinfection rate of Cryptosporidium parvum in 20-ppm free chlorine

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Shields ◽  
Michael J. Arrowood ◽  
Vincent R. Hill ◽  
Michael J. Beach
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Log10 Reduction ◽  
Chlorine Residual ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Reduction Current

Cyanuric acid is used to stabilize free chlorine to reduce photodegradation in outdoor swimming pools. While there have been numerous studies examining its effect on the disinfection rates of bacteria and viruses, it is not known whether cyanuric acid can significantly impact the effectiveness of hyperchlorination for inactivating Cryptosporidium oocysts present in fecally-contaminated swimming pools. This study examined the effect of cyanuric acid on the disinfection rate of Cryptosporidium parvum under swimming pool hyperchlorination conditions (20 mg/ml free chlorine). When 50 mg/L cyanuric acid was present there was a 0.70-log10 reduction in oocyst viability after 10 hours as compared to a 3.7-log10 reduction without cyanuric acid. Aids to remediation, such as decreasing the pH to enhance the germicidal efficiency of the free chlorine and doubling the amount of free chlorine residual, were still unable to achieve a 3-log10 reduction. Current public health recommendations for hyperchlorination and pool remediation are insufficient for pools using cyanurate-stabilized chlorine to achieve a three log inactivation of the parasite.

Disinfection by-products and microbial contamination in the treatment of pool water with granular activated carbon

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Uhl ◽  
C. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Filter Bed

For swimming pools, it is generally agreed that free chlorine levels have to be maintained to guarantee adequate disinfection. Recommended free chlorine levels can vary between 0.3 and 0.6mg/L in Germany and up to 3mg/L in other countries. Bathers introduce considerable amounts of organic matter, mainly in the form of such as urine and sweat, into the pool water. As a consequence, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed. Regulations in Germany recommend levels of combined chlorine of less than 0.2mg/L and levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) of less than 20μg/L. Haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), chloropicrin and chloral hydrate are also detected in considerable amounts. However, these compounds are not regulated yet. Swimming pool staff and swimmers, especially athletes, are primarily exposed to these byproducts by inhalation and/or dermal uptake. In Germany, new regulations for swimming pool water treatment generally require the use of activated carbon. In this project, three different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) (one standard GAC, two catalytic GACs) are compared for their long time behaviour in pool water treatment. In a pilot plant operated with real swimming pool water, production and removal of disinfection byproducts (THMs, HAAs, AOXs), of biodegradable substances (AOC), of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, coliforms, HPC) as well as the removal of chlorine and chloramines are monitored as function of GAC bed depth. Combined chlorine penetrates deeper in the filter bed than free chlorine does. However, both, free and combined chlorine removal efficiencies decrease over the time of filter operation. The decreases of removal efficiencies are also observed for parameters such as dissolved organic carbon, spectral absorption coefficient, adsorbable organic carbon and most of the disinfection byproducts. However, THMs, especially chloroform are produced in the filter bed. The GAC beds were contaminated microbially, especially with P. aeruginosa. The contamination was not removable by backwashing with chlorine concentrations up to 2mg/l free chlorine.

scholarly journals Staphylococci in swimming pool water

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Crone ◽  
G. H. Tee
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Filtration Technique ◽  
Different Parts

SUMMARYDuring a period of five years 1192 water samples from swimming pools were examined for staphylococci and 338 for coliform organisms only. Eighty-nine different pools were sampled.Numbers of staphylococci, estimated by the membrane filtration technique did not bear any significant relation to either bathing load or concentration of free chlorine.Wide variation in the staphylococcal count was observed when different parts of a pool were sampled on the same occasion.The only practicable standard for pool samples in relation to staphylococci would appear to be that these organisms should be absent from 100 ml. water when the pool has been out of use during at least ten hours before sampling if filtration and chlorination are adequate.

scholarly journals Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Wyczarska-Kokot ◽  
Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Characteristic Points ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

The analysis of free chlorine concentrations in swimming pool water makes it possible to assess the antiseptic effect of the disinfectant. The concentration of combined chlorine determines the comfort of swimming and indicates if there is a threat from DBP (disinfection by-products). The distribution of free and combined chlorine concentration was analyzed in four basins differing in seasonality of use and in the applied water flow systems. After considering the distribution of free and combined chlorine content in characteristic points of pools, an attempt was made to determine the most reliable point for assessing the quality of water and its suitability for swimming. Such searches should aim to identify the places with the worst water quality. The most uniform distribution of the concentrations of both free and combined chlorine was observed at the middle point of swimming pools, while at points near the corners and walls of swimming pools a varied distribution was observed. Such a control strategy, based on the least favorable test results at a point considered as characteristic, would make it possible to verify the parameters of the swimming pool water treatment system and thus minimize the risk to swimmers’ health.

scholarly journals Microbiological and chemical indicators of water quality in indoor hotel swimming pools before and after training of swimming pool operators

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lovorka Bilajac ◽  
Darija Vukić Lušić ◽  
Jagoda Doko Jelinić ◽  
Tomislav Rukavina
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Microbial Risks

The present study was undertaken in order to determine the quality of indoor pool waters in hotels along the Croatian coast. We wanted to assess the risks of exposure to microbial and chemical contaminants and find out if training pool operators to use a quality assurance system, that we developed, influenced hygienic conditions and water quality in swimming pools or not. The samples were analysed for free chlorine, pH and several microbiological indicators according to standard laboratory methodologies. Of 1,329 samples tested, 276 were found to be unacceptable either by chemical (148) or microbiological parameters (128). After training, the proportion of unacceptable samples dropped by 23.5%, mostly according to the free chlorine values. According to our results, most of the microbiologically unacceptable samples had chlorine levels within the recommended range but their pH values were too high. A free chlorine level below 0.2 mg/L was found in 106 (82.8%) microbiologically unacceptable samples suggesting the need for maintaining the lower limit at least above 0.2 mg/L in order to reduce microbial risks to a more acceptable level. This measure combined with training of pool operators might result in reduced health risks in pool waters.

Persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chlorinated swimming pools

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. Seyfried ◽  
David J. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Chlorine Residual ◽  
Slime Production ◽  
Water Ph

Various types of swimming pools were investigated for the quantitative isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Incidence of the organism increased when the free chlorine residual dropped below 0.4 mg/L in pool water which had a pH of 6.9–7.8. As the water pH became more alkaline the efficiency of disinfection decreased. Excessive slime production caused certain strains to become more resistant to chlorine treatment. Immunotyping and phage typing, used to study the dynamics of P. aeruginosa populations in swimming pool waters, demonstrated that high densities of the organism consisted mainly of single predominant strains.

scholarly journals Kesesuaian Risiko Pencemaran Antara Inspeksi Sanitasi dan Pemeriksaan Bakteriologi pada Air Kolam Renang di DKI Jakarta, 2005

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Endang Darajat
Keyword(s):  
Total Sample ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pollution Risk ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
The People ◽  
Bivariate Method ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Di Jakarta, setiap hari diperkirakan 8000 orang melakukan aktifitas berenang yang membutuhkan air bersih dalam jumlah yang besar. Air bersih yang digu-nakan berasal dari air tanah dan Perusahaan Air Minum DKI Jakarta. Jumlah orang yang berenang sangat mempengaruhi kualitas air kolam renang yang harus terus dipertahankan agar terhindar dari risiko pencemaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesesuaian hasil pengukuran risiko pencemaran de-ngan inspeksi sanitasi dan pemeriksaan bakteriologik pada air kolam renang di DKI jakarta tahun 2005 Penelitian yang menggunakan disain studi cross sec-tional mengamati mengamati 30 kolam renang. Variabel yang didiamati adalah 13 variabel inspeksi sanitasi dengan menggunakan adalah univariat dan bi-variat. Hitemukan bahwa 13 (44 %) air kolam renang menunjukkan tingkat risiko pencemaran rendah dan 17 (56%) air kolam renang menunjukkan tingkatrisiko pencemaran tinggi. Sedangkan untuk kualitas bakteriologik diketahui 11 (36,7%) air kolam renang berkualitas baik dan 19 (63,3%) air kolam renangberkualitas buruk. Kesesuaian yang diperoleh adalah 0,733 yang berarti nilai kesesuaian yang baik. Variabel isi air memiliki tingkat risiko pencemaran pa-ling tinggi. Berdasarkan aspek inspeksi sanitasi didapat 8 aspek prediktif dan 5 aspek non–prediktif. Perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan air kolam renang secara berkala serta penyuluhan dan bimbingan pada pengelola kolam renang dan masyarakat tentang kualitas air kolam renang yang baik terhadap kesehatan.Kata Kunci : Kesesuaian, risiko pencemaran, Inspeksi Sanitasi, Kualitas Bakteriologik, Air Kolam Renang, DKI Jakarta.AbstractIt was estimated in Jakarta, more then 8000 people swim everyday, so it requires height volume of clean water that comes from ground water as well as DKI Jakarta Municipal Water Corporation. The quality of the swimming pool water will affect the people health. By conducting surveillance, we are able to know the quality of the water and recommending intervention when needed. The objective of this research is to obtain information about compatibility pollution risk level between measurement results of sanitary inspection and bacteriological assessment of the swimming pool water in Jakarta 2005. The research used a sectional cross design with total sample of 30 swimming pools. Variable used in this research are 13 sanitation inspection variables and analized using bivariate method of analyses. About 17 (56%) of swimming pool water shows the hight risk level of pollolutan . The study also shown that the quality of bacte-riology is bed, (19; 63, 3%) is in bad quality. The total compatibility of the swimming fool water is in a good value 73. Based on sanitation inspection aspect, there are 8 predictive aspects and 5 non predictive aspects. It is important to inspect the swimming pools water periodically, to explain and to guide the swim-ming pools organizers as well as the society about the importance of swimming pools water quality for health.Keywords: Compatibility, Pollution risk level, Sanitary Inspection, Bacteriological assessment, Swimming pool water, DKI Jakarta.

Combined oxidative and biological treatment for separated streams of tannery wastewater

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan C. Jochimsen ◽  
Harm Schenk ◽  
Martin R. Jekel ◽  
Werner Hegemann
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Tannery Wastewater ◽  
Oxidative Treatment ◽  
Finishing Process ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Aerobic Biodegradability ◽  
Direct Discharge ◽  
Raw Wastewater

The biological treatment of the tannery wastewater substreams beamhouse (BH, pre-tanning steps) and tan-yard wastewater (TY, tanning, & wet-finishing process steps) and the application of an oxidative treatment by ozone, followed by a second aerobic treatment are investigated. Due to the extremely changing quality of the raw wastewater, esp. TY, the biological pre-treatment could not be stabilized all the time and nitrification was sometimes inhibited. Oxidative treatment distinctly improved the aerobic biodegradability of refractory organic compounds and it was found to be optimal in the range of a specific ozone consumption of about 2 g O3/g DOC0 for both batch experiments and continuous operating conditions. Moreover, full nitrification could be established during the subsequent aerobic degradation and the remaining ammonia was completely removed. Summing up, it can be stated that the combined oxidative and biological treatment of BH and TY was effective and ensures the meeting of given COD and ammonia-limits for the direct discharge of this special industrial wastewater into rivers.

Physicochemical and bacteriological characterization of hospital effluents and their impact on the environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Hospital Effluents ◽  
Biological Contaminants ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Direct Discharge ◽  
Significant Chemical

Liquid effluents discharged by hospitals may contain chemical and biological contaminants whose main source is the different substances used for the treatment of patients. This type of rejection can present a sanitary potentially dangerous risk for human health and can provoke a strong degradation of diverse environmental compartments mainly water and soils. The present study focuses on the quality of the liquid effluents of Hassani Abdelkader’s hospital of Sidi Bel-Abbes (West of Algeria). The results reveal a significant chemical pollution (COD: 879 mgO2/L, BOD5: 850 mgO2/L, NH4+ : 47.9 mg/l, NO2- : 4.2 mg/l, NO3- : 56.8 mg/l with respect to WHO standard of 90 mgO2/L, 30 mgO2/L, 0.5 mg/l, 1 mg/l and 1 mg/l respectively). However, these effluents are biodegradable since the ratio COD/BOD5 do not exceeded the value of 2 in almost all samples. The presence of pathogen germs is put into evidence such as pseudomonas, the clostridium, the staphylococcus, the fecal coliforms and fecal streptococcus. These results show that the direct discharge of these effluents constitutes a major threat to human health and the environment.

Tertiary Nitrification Pilot Plants on Parisian Waste Water

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Paffoni ◽  
B. Védry ◽  
M. Gousailles
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Daily Output ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactors

The Paris Metropolitan area, which contains over eight million inhabitants, has a daily output of about 3 M cu.meters of wastewater, the purification of which is achieved by SIAAP (Paris Metropolitan Area Sewage Service) in both Achères and Valenton plants. The carbon pollution is eliminated from over 2 M cu.m/day at Achères. In order to improve the quality of output water, its tertiary nitrification in fixed-bed reactors has been contemplated. The BIOFOR (Degremont) and BIOCARBONE (OTV) processes could be tested in semi-industrial pilot reactors at the CRITER research center of SIAAP. At a reference temperature of 13°C, the removed load is approximately 0.5 kg N NH4/m3.day. From a practical point of view, it may be asserted that in such operating conditions as should be at the Achères plant, one cubic meter of filter can handle the tertiary nitification of one cubic meter of purified water per hour at an effluent temperature of 13°C.

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