scholarly journals Testing and evaluation of cold-start emissions from a gasoline engine in RDE test at two different ambient temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 425-434
Author(s):  
Jacek Pielecha ◽  
Kinga Skobiej ◽  
Karolina Kurtyka
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In order to better reflect the actual ecological performance of vehicles in traffic conditions, both the emission standards and the applied emission tests are being developed, for example by considering exhaust emissions for a cold engine start. This article presents the research results on the impact of ambient temperature during the cold start of a gasoline engine in road emission tests. The Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests apply to passenger cars that meet the Euro 6 emissions norm and they are complementary to their type approval tests. A portable emissions measurement system was used to record the engine and vehicle operating parameters, as well as to measure the exhaust emissions during tests. This allowed for parameters such as engine load, engine speed and vehicle speed to be monitored. The cold start conditions for two different temperatures (8°C and 25°C) were compared in detail. Moreover, the engine operating parameters, exhaust concentration values and road emissions for the 300 s time interval, were compared. The summary of the article presents the share of a passenger car’s cold start phase for each exhaust compound in the urban part of the test and in the entire Real Driving Emissions test depending on the ambient temperature.

scholarly journals Cold start emissions from a gasoline engine in RDE tests at different ambient temperatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Karolina KURTYKA ◽  
Jacek PIELECHA
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

The implementation of the 3rd package of the RDE test procedure has extended the test method by considering emissions from a cold start period into the total exhaust emissions from a vehicle. The article presents the research results of exhaust emissions of a vehicle equipped with a gasoline engine. The tests were carried out at two different ambient temperatures, in line with the requirements of the RDE test procedure for passenger cars, meeting the Euro 6d-Temp emissions standard. The obtained results were analyzed, i.e. there were compared the engine and vehicle operating parameters and the values of road exhaust emissions during the cold start at two different ambient temperatures. The summary presents the shares of the cold start phase for each exhaust emission compound in the urban part of the test and the entire RDE test, depending on the ambient temperature (8ºC and 25ºC).

scholarly journals Cold start emissions of passenger cars with gasoline and diesel engines in Real Driving Emissions tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek PIELECHA ◽  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Karolina KURTYKA ◽  
Kinga SKOBIEJ
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines ◽  
Vehicle Operation ◽  
The Impact

Modernization of passenger cars and constant development of existing legislation lead to a reduction of exhaust emissions from these vehicles. In accordance with package 3 of the RDE test procedure, the European Commission has extended testing methods by including exhaust emissions during a cold start. The article compares the research results on the impact of ambient temperature during the cold start of spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines in road emission tests. The tests were carried out in line with the requirements of the RDE test procedure for passenger cars meeting the Euro 6d-Temp emissions standard. The obtained results were analyzed, i.e. there were compared the engine and vehicle operation parameters and the values of road exhaust emissions, during the cold start of gasoline and diesel engines at the ambient temperature of approximately 25oC.The summary presents the share of cold start phase of a passenger car (at the ambient temperature of around 25oC) for each exhaust emission compound in the urban part of the test, and in the entire RDE test, depending on the engine type used.

scholarly journals An overview of cold start emissions from direct injection spark-ignition and compression ignition engines of light duty vehicles at low ambient temperatures

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Andrzej SZCZOTKA ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

Spark-ignition (SI) engines are highly susceptible to excess emissions when started at low ambient temperatures, a phenomenon which has been widely discussed in the literature. Direct injection diesel engines feature a markedly different fuelling and combustion strategy, and as such their emissions behaviour is somewhat different from gasoline engines. The excess emissions of diesel engines at low ambient temperatures should also differ. The aim of this study was to compare excess emissions of gaseous and solid pollutants over a legislative driving cycle (the New European Driving Cycle, NEDC) following cold start at a low ambient temperature for both engine types. This paper examines emissions at low ambient temperatures with a special focus on cold start; emissions are also compared to start-up at a higher ambient temperature (24 °C). The causes of excess emissions andfuel consumption are briefly discussed. A series of tests were performed on European Euro 5 passenger cars on a chassis dynamometer within an advanced climate-controlled test laboratory at BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute, Poland. Emissions data obtained over the Urban Driving Cycle by testing at 24 °C and at -7 °C, are presentedfor a selection ofmodern Euro 5 gasoline and diesel vehicles representative of the European passenger carfleet. A full modal emissions analysis was also conducted at 24 °C and at -7 °C over the NEDC. Emissions andfuel consumption were substantially higher at -7 °C than at 24 °C.

scholarly journals The Development of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars in Rzeszow City—Poland. A Preliminary Assessment of the Results Produced by the Increase of E-Fleet

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Maksymilian Mądziel ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Artur Jaworski ◽  
Giovanni Tesoriere
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Particulate Concentration ◽  
The Impact

Urban agglomerations close to road infrastructure are particularly exposed to harmful exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and this problem is exacerbated at road intersections. Roundabouts are one of the most popular intersection designs in recent years, making traffic flow smoother and safer, but especially at peak times they are subject to numerous stop-and-go operations by vehicles, which increase the dispersion of emissions with high particulate matter rates. The study focused on a specific area of the city of Rzeszow in Poland. This country is characterized by the current composition of vehicle fleets connected to combustion engine vehicles. The measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) by means of a preliminary survey campaign in the vicinity of the intersection made it possible to assess the impact of vehicle traffic on the dispersion of pollutants in the air. The present report presents some strategies to be implemented in the examined area considering a comparison of current and project scenarios characterized both by a modification of the road geometry (through the introduction of a turbo roundabout) and the composition of the vehicular flow with the forthcoming diffusion of electric vehicles. The study presents an exemplified methodology for comparing scenarios aimed at optimizing strategic choices for the local administration and also shows the benefits of an increased electric fleet. By processing the data with specific tools and comparing the scenarios, it was found that a conversion of 25% of the motor vehicles to electric vehicles in the current fleet has reduced the concentration of PM10 by about 30% along the ring road, has led to a significant reduction in the length of particulate concentration of the motorway, and it has also led to a significant reduction in the length of the particulate concentration for the access roads to the intersection.

Influence of Low Ambient Temperatures on the Exhaust Gas and Deposit Composition of Gasoline Engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Dominik Appel ◽  
Fabian P. Hagen ◽  
Uwe Wagner ◽  
Thomas Koch ◽  
Henning Bockhorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Aftertreatment Systems

Abstract To comply with future emission regulations for internal combustion engines, system-related cold-start conditions in short-distance traffic constitute a particular challenge. Under these conditions, pollutant emissions are seriously increased due to internal engine effects and unfavorable operating conditions of the exhaust aftertreatment systems. As a secondary effect, the composition of the exhaust gases has a considerable influence on the deposition of aerosols via different deposition mechanisms and on fouling processes of exhaust gas-carrying components. Also, the performance of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems may be affected disadvantageously. In this study, the exhaust gas and deposit composition of a turbocharged three-cylinder gasoline engine is examined in-situ upstream of the catalytic converter at ambient and engine starting temperatures of -22 °C to 23 °C using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and a particle spectrometer. For the cold start investigation, a modern gasoline engine with series engine periphery is used. In particular, the investigation of the behavior of deposits in the exhaust system of gasoline engines during cold start under dynamic driving conditions represents an extraordinary challenge due to an average lower soot concentration in the exhaust gas compared to diesel engines and so far, has not been examined in this form. A novel sampling method allows ex-situ analysis of formed deposits during a single driving cycle. Both, particle number concentration and the deposition rate are higher in the testing procedure of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) than in the inner-city part of the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). In addition, reduced ambient temperatures increase the amount of deposits, which consist predominantly of soot and to a minor fraction of volatile compounds. Although the primary particle size distributions of the deposited soot particles do not change when boundary conditions change, the degree of graphitization within the particles increases with increasing exhaust gas temperature.

scholarly journals Exhaust Emissions and Energy Consumption Analysis of Conventional, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles in Real Driving Cycles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6423
Author(s):  
Jacek Pielecha ◽  
Kinga Skobiej ◽  
Karolina Kurtyka
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions

One of the environmental aims of the European Union is to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. According to European Parliament data, transport emissions accounted for about 25% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2016, in which road transport had the largest share (approximately 72%). This phenomenon is particularly visible in urban agglomerations. The solution examples are the popularization of hybrid vehicles and the development of electromobility. The aim of this paper is an assessment of the energy consumption and exhaust emissions from passenger cars fitted with different powertrains in actual operation. For the tests, passenger cars with conventional engines of various emission classes were used as well as the latest hybrid vehicles and an electric car. It enabled a comparative assessment of the energy consumption under different traffic conditions, with particular emphasis on the urban phase and the entire RDE (Real Driving Emissions) test. The results were analyzed to identify changes in these environmental factors that have occurred with the technical advancement of vehicles. The lowest total energy consumption in real traffic conditions is characteristic of an electric vehicle; the plug-in hybrid vehicle with a gasoline engine is about 10% bigger, and the largest one is a combustion vehicle (30% bigger than an electric vehicle). These data may contribute to the classification of vehicles and identification of advantages of the latest developments in conventional, hybrid, and electric vehicles.

scholarly journals The impact of vehicle dynamic parameters on the exhaust emissions in RDE tests

2018 ◽  
Vol 175 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Jacek PIELECHA ◽  
Karolina KURTYKA ◽  
Kinga SKOBIEJ
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Dynamic Parameters ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
Positive Acceleration ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Test Route ◽  
The Impact

The article compares driving test data using the latest legislative proposals applicable to passenger cars with different drives. For this purpose, cars of one type were selected, meeting the same exhaust toxicity standard (Euro 6c) and differing in used internal combustion engines (with spark-ignition, compression-ignition and hybrid drive). Several measurements were performed on the same test route in accordance with the RDE test guidelines, which requires a several of criteria to be met. These criteria include the length of the measuring sections, their overall timeshare and the dynamic characteristics of the drive. A portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) was used to record the engine and vehicle operating parameters and to measure the exhaust emissions during tests. This allowed for the monitoring of parameters such as: load value, engine speed and vehicle velocity. Then the obtained results were analyzed for their compatibility with the RDE procedure requirements. By determining the road emission of individual harmful compounds for all vehicles and the dynamic parameters of drive (relative positive acceleration and product of speed and positive acceleration) in various phases of the road test it was possible to compare them. On this basis, the impact of dynamic conditions of road tests on the obtained results of the road exhaust emission of harmful compounds for passenger cars with various drives was defined.

scholarly journals Vehicle speed influence on exhaust system surface temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-202
Author(s):  
M. G. Boiarshinov ◽  
N. I. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Low Ambient Temperature

Introduction. The reasons for the formation of an increased amount of condensate in the exhaust system of a car at a low ambient temperature are considered. Since the speed of the vehicle is one of the factors that determine the heating of the exhaust system and the formation of condensation, an experimental study was carried out to determine the temperature of the elements of the exhaust system at various vehicle speeds.The purpose of this study: to establish the features of the temperature change of individual elements of the exhaust system, depending on time at different vehicle speedsMaterials and methods. The sequence of the experimental study consisted of starting the “cold” engine, accelerating the car and then moving the car at a constant speed for 20 minutes. Simultaneously with the start of the engine, the temperature of the elements of the exhaust system was recorded. In this study, thermocouples were used to measure the surface temperature of the exhaust system. Experimental studies were carried out on a Toyota Camry with a gasoline engine in the climatic conditions of the Perm Territory.Results. The dependences of the temperature of the exhaust system elements on time were obtained at different speeds. In an experimental study, it was found that the temperature of the elements of the exhaust system is established within 8-12 minutes from the start of the vehicle at a constant speed; the rear muffler has the least surface heating, and therefore the greatest probability of the formation and accumulation of condensate.Discussion and conclusion. The analysis of the peculiarities of the change in the temperature of the exhaust system during the movement of the vehicle in conditions of low ambient temperature is carried out. The established patterns can be used to obtain information on the processes of condensate accumulation in the exhaust system and are aimed at predicting the amount of condensate accumulation in the exhaust system; to develop new solutions to ensure reliable operation of the exhaust system.

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