scholarly journals Increase of natural regeneration area of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) in the Kaszuby Lake District during the decade 2002–2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Szydlarski ◽  
Jerzy Modrzyński
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Regional Headquarters ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Natural Range

Abstract The Kaszuby Lake District is located beyond the natural range of Norway spruce, however its share in local forest stands is considerable (14.8%) and its vitality and growth are here not less than within the natural range. The study presents the results of stock-taking of natural regeneration of Norway spruce in this region in year 2002 and 2012 and the relevant silvicultural recommendations. The stock of spruce natural regeneration was taken using the electronic database of the Regional Headquarters of State Forests in Gdańsk. The regeneration was put into following categories: seedlings (height below 0.5 m), lower advanced growth (height above 0.5 m and DBH below 7 cm), higher advanced growth (height above 3 m and DBH above 7 cm) and undergrowth (with dominating self sown spruce). In total 20 834 ha of Norway spruce natural regenerations were listed in year 2002 and 26 016 ha in year 2012 (increase by 24.9%). Most of them occur in fresh sites suited for mixed deciduous forests (LMśw) - in years 2002 and 2012 respectively 52.5% and 50.1%, and fresh sites suited for mixed coniferous forests (BMśw) - in years 2002 and 2012 respectively 30.4% and 32%. The increase of natural regeneration of Norway spruce in this period was connected with the 23.6% decrease in volume of spruce stands in age of above 40 years. Majority of spontaneously arriving spruce regenerations turn to the undergrowth, because of unfavorable light conditions under canopy and much to high density of seedlings and advanced growth. Good quality advanced growth on suited forest sites should be uncovered by thinning cuttings and consequently included into the future multispecies stands, with Norway spruce share up to 30%.

scholarly journals Comparing natural regeneration of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Kaszuby Lake District and in the other regions of northern Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Marcin Szydlarski ◽  
Jerzy Modrzyński ◽  
Mateusz Stopiński ◽  
Michał Majewski ◽  
Krzysztof Maras
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Lake District ◽  
The West ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Natural Range

Abstract The paper investigates the biometric characteristics natural Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) regeneration in the Kaszuby Lake District, which is beyond the acknowledged Norway spruce range, with the natural regeneration in the Augustów Forest situated deep within the natural range, Warmia, at the edge of the natural range and in the West-Pomerania Lake District far beyond the natural range. For each region, four tree stands with similar light conditions on the forest floor were selected, including two cambisols and two brunic arenosols. All sites contained naturally regenerating spruces 16–17 years of age. The features of the forest stand and the biometric features of the saplings were determined for the selected stands on circular research plots. Altogether, the characteristicts of 400 saplings (100 in each region) were measured and analyzed using basic descriptive statistics. ANOVA with the Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed to compare the features of forest stands and the natural regeneration of spruce in each region. The degree of interrelation between regeneration features was described by Pearson’s, ‘r’ factor or Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. A discriminatory analysis was carried out to determine the set of regeneration features differentiating regions from each other. The features of regeneration that differed between regions the most were: height of regeneration, basal diameter, mean height increment, and mean basal diameter increment of the saplings. The parameters for Warmia and the West-Pomerania Lake District were similar. The Augustów Forest showed the lowest values for the regeneration parameters, while the Kaszuby Lake District produced the highest values. The regeneration in the Kaszuby Lake District was markedly different from all other regions as indicated by more dynamic growth. Additionally, this population shows a great distinctness, indicating adaptation to local environmental conditions, which may be proof for the insular presence hypothesis of spruce in this region. Due to their good quality, spontaneously developing natural regenerations in the Kaszuby Lake District should be supported by appropriate cutting and silvicultural measures.

Nematode communities of anthropogenous birch stands in central Finland

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Räty ◽  
Veikko Huhta
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Nematode Communities ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Spruce Stands

Abstract This study compared the nematode communities in anthropogenous birch (Betula pendula) stands of different origin with each other and with natural forests and arable soils at the same latitude in Finland and Scandinavia. Nine forest sites were investigated in central Finland: three birch stands planted ca 30 years prior to the study after the clear-cutting of spruce stands (BS), three birch stands planted ca 30 years earlier on arable soil (BF) and three natural deciduous forests (D). There were clear differences between the birch stands established after spruce forest and after arable cropping, and between these and deciduous forests, but even more between replicates of similarly managed forests. Total numbers, species diversity, and populations of most taxa and feeding groups were the lowest in BF sites. The relative proportion of bacterial feeders and omnivores was higher and that of plant feeders lower in BS than in D sites. The BS sites were relatively similar in community structure to natural deciduous forests, and BF were dissimilar to both, although one deciduous site was similar to one BF site. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination placed the three BS sites in one cluster, while the BF sites were clearly separated from these and from each other. Several environmental variables related to soil moisture and acidity contributed to explain the variation in community structure. A hypothesis is suggested that the presence of burrowing earthworms plays a role in regulating populations of nematodes.

scholarly journals Soils Characteristics of Forest Phytocoenoses Occupied by Self-Regenerating Populations of Quercus Rubra in Silesian Upland / Właściwości Fizykochemiczne Gleb Na Stanowiskach Z Odnowieniem Dębu Czerwonego Na Wyżynie Śląskiej

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Chmura
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Phytosociological Relevés

Abstract Northern Red Oak is a tree species native to North America. In Polish flora it has status of invasive plants. In the years 2008-2011 autoecological studies were conducted aiming at examination on what type of soils the species tends to regenerate ie appearance of seedlings in the vicinity of maternal trees. In total 250 phytosociological relevés and 100 soil samples (400 soil subsamples) were collected. It was observed that majority stands (almost 80%) of Northern Red Oak occupy sites very strongly acid and strongly acid. In reference to pH in KCl results are a little different, however, sites with soil very strongly acid (pH = 4.1-5.0) and stronly acid (pH < 4.1) also predominate. The investigated soils were typified by very low values of magnesium (< 10 mg/1000 g), phosphorus (< 3 mg/100 g) and potassium (< 7 mg/100 g). Total nitrogen in studied sites dominated in two the lowest classes (> 0.25%). The sites of Q. rubra are rich in organic carbon. Almost 50% of all sites covers two highest classes of concentration of this element ie 4.0-8.0% and > 8.0%. Soils where seedlings of Northern Red Oak were encountered, were characterized by humus medium for mezotrophic and eutrophic broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous forests - more than 60% had ratio of carbon and nitrogen CN > 25. In several sites this ratio reached 50. The lower values in case of content of calcium and loss on ignition dominate. The studies showed that soils on which species grows and also spontaneously regenerates are typical for coniferous and mixed coniferous forests, however, in natural range Q. rubra is component of deciduous forests. It could be associated with the fact of more frequent introduction of Northern Red Oak into poorer sites than the consequence of its habitat requirements.

scholarly journals Biomass of external mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Norway spruce stands in Poland

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Karliński ◽  
Maria Rudawska ◽  
Tomasz Leski ◽  
Barbara Kieliszewska-Rokicka
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Mesh Bags ◽  
External Mycelium

<p>Biomass of extramatrical mycorrhizal mycelium (EMM) was examined under canopies of mature Norway spruce trees grown in different forest stands in Poland. Two mountain forest sites (Brenna and Salmopol), one upland site (Zwierzyniec) and one lowland site (Mirachowo) have been investigated, using sand-filled mesh-bags method. The in-grow mesh-bags were buried in the soil for 12 months (since October up to the next October) or for 4 months (since June up to October) at four depths at each site: 5, 15, 30 and 45 cm (Brenna and Salmopol) or 60 cm (Zwierzyniec and Mirachowo). The mycelium biomass was estimated from the ergosterol content determined in the mesh-bags. The results indicated significant differences in EMM production and their vertical distribution between the mountain and the upland and lowland forest sites. The lowest EMM biomass was found at the experimental plot in the mountainious site Brenna. Considerable decrease of EMM biomass with the soil depth was recorded after 12 months of the mesh-bags incubation in soil in the upland and lowland sites, while in the mountain forests decrease of the EMM biomass in the lower soil depths diminished more gradually EMM biomass determined in the mesh-bags placed in soil at the upper 5 and 15 cm tended to be higher after 4 months than after 12 months of incubation period. Such results suggest that the time necessary for evaluation of EMM biomass in soil may be limited to the summer–autumn months, when the production of EMM is the highest. Variable stress factors can influence decreased ectomycorrhizal mycelium production and/or their destruction. Further research in different forest types and regions are needed for better understanding factors determining EMM biomass production and surviving in soil.</p>

scholarly journals Importance of light conditions for the height growth of underplatings in Norway spruce stands in the Oravské Beskydy Mts.

Beskydy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jaloviar ◽  
M. Saniga ◽  
S. Kucbel
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Stem Number ◽  
Site Factor ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Main Component ◽  
The Impact

The study analyses the relationships between the components of relative irradiance and density of parent Norway spruce stand as well as the impact of light on height growth and crown architecture of beech and fir underplantings and natural regeneration of spruce. We observed three variants of regeneration: fir underplanting, beech underplanting and spruce natural regeneration. For each variant three circular research plots with the size 500 m2 were established. To determine the intensity of relative irradiance 15 hemispherical photographs in the height of 1.5 m were taken for each variant. The analysis confirmed a significant relationship only between indirect site factor (ISF) and basal area and partly stem number of parent stand. There is almost no influence of spruce overstorey density (within the observed range of basal area and stem number) on the values of total site factor (TSF) and its main component direct site factor (DSF). The relevant predictor for the height increments of underplanted saplings is ISF. Relationship between TSF and height increment is weak. Apical dominance ratio (ADR) that was used to characterize crown architecture is significantly correlated with ISF only for beech and fir. In the case of spruce, increase of light intensity in the observed range does not lead to a significant change of saplings crown architecture.

scholarly journals Imitated Whole Tree Harvesting Show Negligible Effect on Economic Value of Spruce Stands

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Iveta Desaine ◽  
Annija Kārkliņa ◽  
Roberts Matisons ◽  
Anna Pastare ◽  
Andis Adamovičs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Tree Harvesting

The increased removal of forest-derived biomass with whole-tree harvesting (WTH) has raised concerns about the long-term productivity and sustainability of forest ecosystems. If true, this effect needs to be factored in the assessment of long-term feasibility to implement such a drastic forest management measure. Therefore, the economic performance of five experimental plantations in three different forest types, where in 1971 simulated WTH event occurred, was compared with pure, planted and conventionally managed (CH) Norway spruce stands of similar age and growing conditions. Potential incomes of CH and WTH stands were based on timber prices for period 2014–2020. However, regarding the economics of root and stump biomass utilization, they were not included in the estimates. In any given price level, the difference of internal rate of return between the forest types and selected managements were from 2.5% to 6.2%. Therefore, Norway spruce stands demonstrate good potential of independence regardless of stump removal at the previous rotation.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Evaluate the Effect of Neighboring Trees and the Orientation of Tree Social Area on Stem Radial Increment of Norway Spruce Trees

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Jan Světlík ◽  
Jan Krejza ◽  
Pavel Bednář
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Social Area

Tree growth depends on many factors such as microsite conditions, vitality, and variations in climate and genetics. It is generally accepted that higher growth indicates both an economic benefit and better vitality of any tree. Here we use a modified approach of evaluating tree social area to study mutual tree competition based on the orientation and shape of trees social area. The investigation was performed in nine Norway spruce stands in the Czech Republic. The objective of this study performed from 2008 to 2012 was to quantify relative tree radial increments with respect to the lowest and highest competition found in specific sectors of tree social area (AS). Specific groups of trees (tree classes) were evaluated according to their classes (dominant, co-dominant and sub-dominant) and their composition status in ninety-degree sectors of AS using established classifying rules. The results showed that a spatially-available area (AA) is an inappropriate parameter for predicting tree growth, whereas AS provided robust explanatory power to predict relative radial growth. Tree size was observed as an important indicator of relative radial increments. A significantly positive correlation was found for a radial increment of sub-dominant trees with the lowest competition from western directions; whereas a negative correlation was observed when the lowest competition was observed from eastern directions. For dominant trees, there was an evident growth reaction only when more than 50% of the AS was oriented towards one of the cardinal points. Individual differences in the orientation of tree AS may be important parameters with regard to competition and its spatial variability within an area surrounding a particular tree and deserve more detailed attention in tree growth models and practice.

scholarly journals The composition and diversity of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps under different intensities of forest disturbance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maame Esi Hammond ◽  
Radek Pokorný ◽  
Daniel Okae-Anti ◽  
Augustine Gyedu ◽  
Irene Otwuwa Obeng
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Disturbed Forest

AbstractThe positive ecological interaction between gap formation and natural regeneration has been examined but little research has been carried out on the effects of gaps on natural regeneration in forests under different intensities of disturbance. This study evaluates the composition, diversity, regeneration density and abundance of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps in undisturbed, intermittently disturbed, and disturbed forest sites. Bia Tano Forest Reserve in Ghana was the study area and three gaps each were selected in the three forest site categories. Ten circular subsampling areas of 1 m2 were delineated at 2 m spacing along north, south, east, and west transects within individual gaps. Data on natural regeneration < 350 cm height were gathered. The results show that the intensity of disturbance was disproportional to gap size. Species diversity differed significantly between undisturbed and disturbed sites and, also between intermittently disturbed and disturbed sites for Simpson’s (1-D), Equitability (J), and Berger–Parker (B–P) indices. However, there was no significant difference among forest sites for Shannon diversity (H) and Margalef richness (MI) indices. Tree species composition on the sites differed. Regeneration density on the disturbed site was significantly higher than on the two other sites. Greater abundance and density of shade-dependent species on all sites identified them as opportunistic replacements of gap-dependent pioneers. Pioneer species giving way to shade tolerant species is a natural process, thus make them worst variant in gap regeneration.

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