A brief overview on the development of wood research

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Mai ◽  
Uwe Schmitt ◽  
Peter Niemz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Wood Chemistry ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
Wood Science ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

Abstract Wood science covers in particular the areas of the formation and composition as well as the chemical, biological and physical-mechanical properties of wood. First comprehensive studies have already been published in the last century. Detailed knowledge of wood is required for the processing of wood, the production of wood-based materials, and the utilization of wood and wood-based materials as buildings and various other products such as furniture. This review gives a brief overview on the progress in wood chemistry, wood biology (including photosynthesis and biodeterioration), and physical-mechanical properties of wood and wood-based materials. These fundamentals are also essential for understanding technological processes and product development.

Hardening of Aged Duplex Stainless Steels by Spinodal Decomposition

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Danoix ◽  
P. Auger ◽  
D. Blavette
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Spinodal Decomposition ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Iron Chromium

Mechanical properties, such as hardness and impact toughness, of ferrite-containing stainless steels are greatly affected by long-term aging at intermediate temperatures. It is known that the α-α′ spinodal decomposition occurring in the iron–chromium-based ferrite is responsible for this aging susceptibility. This decomposition can be characterized unambiguously by atom probe analysis, allowing comparison both with the existing theories of spinodal decomposition and the evolution of some mechanical properties. It is then possible to predict the evolution of hardness of industrial components during service, based on the detailed knowledge of the involved aging process.

scholarly journals Correlations of Geometry and Infill Degree of Extrusion Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Components

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5173
Author(s):  
Tobias Rosnitschek ◽  
Andressa Seefeldt ◽  
Bettina Alber-Laukant ◽  
Thomas Neumeyer ◽  
Volker Altstädt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Metal Extrusion

This study focuses on the effect of part geometry and infill degrees on effective mechanical properties of extrusion additively manufactured stainless steel 316L parts produced with BASF’s Ultrafuse 316LX filament. Knowledge about correlations between infill degrees, mechanical properties and dimensional deviations are essential to enhance the part performance and further establish efficient methods for the product development for lightweight metal engineering applications. To investigate the effective Young’s modulus, yield strength and bending stress, standard testing methods for tensile testing and bending testing were used. For evaluating the dimensional accuracy, the tensile and bending specimens were measured before and after sintering to analyze anisotropic shrinkage effects and dimensional deviations linked to the infill structure. The results showed that dimensions larger than 10 mm have minor geometrical deviations and that the effective Young’s modulus varied in the range of 176%. These findings provide a more profound understanding of the process and its capabilities and enhance the product development process for metal extrusion-based additive manufacturing.

scholarly journals Observations on the Effects of Skill Transfer through Experience Sharing and In-Person Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Håvard Vestad ◽  
Carlo Kriesi ◽  
Kristoffer Slåttsveen ◽  
Martin Steinert
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Skill Transfer ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Rf Communication ◽  
Collaboration And Communication ◽  
High Skill ◽  
Experienced User

AbstractAn essential part of any space in which physical prototyping and prototype-driven product development is being conducted is the education of its users in the necessary skills to fully utilise the material resources of the space. This paper describes how two different skills were transferred between five projects in our research laboratory, TrollLABS. Based on the observed skill-transfers in the production of PCBs and use of RF-communication in mechatronics projects certain tendencies emerged: How the use of forced vocal experience sharing; And in-person transferring of skills has impacted the acquired skills of the learner. The observations further show that through the guidance of a more experienced user the learner is able to make “skill-jumps”: Intermediate skill steps, as well as underlying detailed knowledge, are skipped and the learner is able to reach a high skill level in a shorter time than the original acquirer of the skill. Furthermore, skills are retained in the space through cross-generational collaboration and communication. This article aims to share these insights and provide a starting point for answering some of the challenges of modern maker spaces.

Powder Laser Sintering RP System (EOSINT): Its Updates and Applications to Product Manufacturing

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 468-471
Author(s):  
Haruo Furukawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Manufacturing Constraints ◽  
Essential Tool ◽  
Product Manufacturing ◽  
Conventional Methods

Rapid Prototyping (RP) System has become an essential tool in the designing and prototyping phases of product development by virtue of its remarkable technological progress. Among other things, moldings made by the powder laser sintering RP system can be used for actual products in terms of mechanical properties and time-tested stability, as well as fewer manufacturing constraints as compared with the conventional methods will enable design-driven product designs. This paper provides the latest information concerning application of the RP system to manufacturing of actual products.

Modifications of the Extrusion Process of Magnesium Alloys for Improved Mechanical Properties

2008 ◽  
Vol 367 ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören Müller ◽  
Klaus Mueller ◽  
Walter Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Magnesium Alloys ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Cold Deformation ◽  
Compressive Loading ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Strength Differential Effect ◽  
Strength Differential ◽  
Structural Applications

In the course of the increasing discussions about a reduction of the CO2 emissions magnesium has gained importance since it is the lightest metal for structural applications. Currently magnesium alloys are almost exclusively used as cast parts in the automotive industry because due to their microstructure extruded magnesium profiles exhibit a strong asymmetry in the mechanical properties under tensile and compressive loading (strength differential effect). In order to improve the mechanical properties a detailed knowledge about the influence of the different extrusion parameters on the microstructure of the extrudates is necessary. Therefore, the parameters extrusion method, billet temperature, product speed, extrusion ratio and cooling condition were varied for the extrusion of the magnesium alloys AZ31, AZ61 and AZ80. Subsequently the microstructure was analyzed and the mechanical properties determined. With an additional analysis of the deformation modes of the extruded and cold deformed products it could be discovered that an improvement of the mechanical properties can be achieved by a modification of the extrusion process. Since the strength differential effect in caused by twinning which due to the texture of the extrudates is only active under a compressive loading along the extrusion direction the modification of the extrusion process aims at a suppression of this twinning. Because on the one hand compared to that for dislocation glide the Hall-Petch-Constant for twinning is bigger a grain refinement of the extruded products could be achieved by a predeformation using ECAE similar processes. On the other hand a process has been developed where the profiles are extruded into a hydrostatic counter pressure in order to alter the texture during the extrusion. Thereby the twinning is already activated during the extrusion. Both modifications of the extrusion process result in an increase of the critical resolved shear stress for twinning during the subsequent cold deformation and thus in improved mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Effect on the mechanical properties of sheet metals after the use of drawbeads in deep drawing

2018 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 05001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Schmid ◽  
Marion Merklein
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Complex Materials ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Blank Holder ◽  
Strip Drawing ◽  
Main Effects

The use of modern and more complex materials leads to a need for detailed knowledge and controlling of the material flow. Next to the blank holder force or the lubrication system, drawbeads are nowadays one common way to bring serial forming processes under control. Although drawbeads are already well investigated regarding their retention forces, the effect on the resulting mechanical properties after a drawbead passage is not analysed in detail yet. This work will show the influence of a common drawbead geometry used in forming processes on typical mechanical properties of sheet metal. Therefore, two different sheet metal materials are preloaded in a modified strip drawing test with industrial used drawbead geometry. In testing, three different pressure levels between 2.5 MPa and 7.5 MPa and three levels of drawing speed between 10 mm/s and 50 mm/s are combined to nine variations which will be examined. Afterwards, specimens are cut out by a laser cutting machine of the drawn strips. Those already preloaded and deformed specimens are then tested under standard conditions with the use of an optical measurement system. The results like tensile strength or elongation at fracture are compared to the initial state and each other and discussed with consideration of pressure and speed levels to work out the main effects. Those results are a contribution for the optimization of deep drawing simulations of parts including drawbeads or to evaluate the influence of drawbeads on forming processes to specify or even expand process limitations.

Recrystallization Deformation of Austenite, Microstructure of Martensite and Property of Rolled Steel Products

2007 ◽  
Vol 558-559 ◽  
pp. 363-367
Author(s):  
A. Traino ◽  
A. Baschenko ◽  
Vadim Ivoditov ◽  
A. Zavrazhnov ◽  
V. Knokhin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Rolled Stock ◽  
Rolled Steel ◽  
Hot Plastic Deformation ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
Alloying System ◽  
Deformation By Rolling

Novel technological processes for conceptually new integrated deformation-thermal production of flat rolled stock with enhanced physical-mechanical properties and minimized alloying system have been devised on the basis of recently discovered metallophysical laws of influence, through hot plastic deformation by rolling, upon microstructure-phase conversions and states of steel in metallurgical products.

Development of a Molded Case Circuit Breaker with a Spring-Actuated Linkage Based on Multi-Body Dynamics Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 711 ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Shik Kim ◽  
Bong Jo Ryu ◽  
Kil Young Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Dynamic Loads ◽  
Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Principal Stresses ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Body Dynamics ◽  
Multi Body

In this research we present multi-body dynamics analysis can be applied in product development using a case study of a Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) with a spring-actuated linkage, which can save time and cost considerably. In particular, we demonstrate how to evaluate and improve durability of the MCCB based on multi-body dynamics and finite element simulation given SM45C steel used for the MCCB links. Toward this goal, a 3D MCCB dynamic model is first developed and dynamic forces are analyzed by using the multi-body dynamics software, ADAMS. Finite element simulation is then performed to examine maximum principal stresses considering deflections and dynamic loads. Further, mechanical properties of SM45C steel are measured experimentally from tensile and fatigue tests. As a result, we verify that stress loads acting on the latch pin of the spring-actuated linkage are critically higher, which ultimately leads to a low-cycle fatigue fracture of the pin. Based on our analytically estimated maximum principal stresses in the MCCB and experimentally measured mechanical properties of SM45C steel, we evaluate design durability and improve our design. As a result, using a 4 mm diameter pin and modifying SM45C with heat treating that includes quenching and tempering, we successfully achieve a MCCB product development, which provides sufficient strengths to prevent yielding and fatigue failures from repeated dynamic loads.

scholarly journals Changes in the Uneven Indexes of Sliver and Threads by Different Technological Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2809-2812
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Technological Process ◽  
Textile Yarn ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Cotton Yarn ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Modern Equipment ◽  
Optimal Variant ◽  
Technological Processes

The article describes information about textile yarn with texture 20.0, which was obtained from the cotton yarn samples in the laboratory of "Spinning Technology" of the Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry at the cotton processing plant in Akkurgan district of Tashkent region. Worked out in three different options, firstly, raw cotton was converted into fiber in the laboratory of the mill, and the quality indicators of the obtained sliver, wick and thread were studied in the modern equipment of the Uster Tester-5 in the Enterprise" Shovot tex", and were also studied the physic-mechanical properties of the threads in the laboratory" CentexUz" and proposed an optimal variant of the technological process for release

From Solidification Simulation to Virtual Product Development

2006 ◽  
Vol 508 ◽  
pp. 523-530
Author(s):  
R. Bähr ◽  
Christoph Honsel ◽  
K. Weiß ◽  
M. Todte
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Interface Problem ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Solidification Simulation ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Virtual Product Development ◽  
Virtual Product

Although the use of the Finite Elements Method (FEM) has more and more become a natural course of action for the creation of component parts, not yet the whole potential of numerical simulation is used. The absences of interfaces between the different calculations, missing or inaccurate physical data as well as the lack of theoretical background in certain areas prevent a complete virtual product development. Design, solidification simulation, calculation of mechanical properties, stress calculations, and the prediction of the operating life of a component are at present almost exclusively regarded as separate solutions. Necessary however is a meshed computation loop, where the solutions of previous steps are moved on to the following ones. Due to improvements in the area of solidification simulation and with the help of new theoretical concepts for the prediction of mechanical properties of casted aluminum parts, it is now possible to do all the technical analysis with just one software package. This solves the interface problem and especially the error-prone change between different numerical calculation processes.

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