The traditional sexual script and humor in courtship

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-218
Author(s):  
Elaina M. Ross ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sexual Script ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Sex Influence ◽  
Potential Partner

AbstractTo account for sex differences in the production, receptivity, and preference for humor in potential mates during courtship, past research has often adopted an evolutionary approach. The present manuscript will attempt to integrate evolutionary explanations with proximal social and cultural influences using the traditional sexual script and ambivalent sexism theory. The results of both Study 1 (N=227) and Study 2 (N=424) suggest that trait masculinity is positively associated with humor production in courtship, while trait femininity is associated with humor receptivity. Study 1 indicated that the traditional flirting style was associated with less humor production by women, and Study 2 indicated that hostile sexism was related to a lower preference for a humor-producing potential partner by men. A sex difference in humor production in potential partners in Study 2 was no longer detectable once trait gender and hostile sexism was accounted for. Taken together, gender roles, over and above biological sex, influence one’s own humor use in courtship and preference for humor in potential partners.

Ambivalent Sexism and Attitudes Toward Wife Abuse in Turkey and Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Glick ◽  
Nuray Sakalli-Ugurlu ◽  
Maria Cristina Ferreira ◽  
Marcos Aguiar de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Wife Abuse ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cultural Validity ◽  
Unique Variance

Men and women in Turkey and Brazil completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and measures of attitudes about wife abuse. In both nations hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS) positively correlated with attitudes that legitimize abuse. Regression analyses revealed that HS accounted for unique variance, but BS (once HS was controlled) was unrelated to wife abuse attitudes. These results: (a) add to the evidence for the cross-cultural validity of ambivalent sexism, (b) suggest that HS supports the justification of violence against wives, and (c) imply that the ostensible protectiveness of BS is contingent, failing to shield women from abuse if they are deemed to have challenged a husband's authority or violated conventional gender roles.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism, gender and attitudes towards violence against women in marriageÇelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik, toplumsal cinsiyet ve evlilikte kadına yönelik şiddete ilişkin tutumlar

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinem Tarhan ◽  
Hicran Çetin Gündüz ◽  
Subhan Ekşioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Psychological Counseling ◽  
Verbal Violence ◽  
Counseling And Guidance ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between ambivalent sexism, gender roles, attitudes of the students towards violence against women in marriage and gender among undergraduate students studying at psychological counseling and guidance department. The study group was 420 undergraduate students studying at Psychological Counseling and Guidance departments at Erciyes University, Sakarya University and Karadeniz Technical University. Socialization of Gender Norms Scale (Epstein, 2008), Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick and Fiske, 1996) and Attitudes toward Physical Wife Abuse Scale (Sakallı-Uğurlu and Ulu, 2003) were used as the data collection instruments. Hierarchical regression analysis was used in analyzing the collected data and the partial impact size was examined. The results of the analyses indicated that gender, egalitarian gender roles and hostile sexism were variables predicting tolerance of verbal violence and attitudes towards divorce after physical violence; whilst gender and egalitarian gender roles were predictors of attitudes towards physical violence. Hostile sexism, on the other hand, was found to be predictor of only attitude towards verbal violence and attitude towards divorce after physical violence. The findings of this study indicate that although students adopt more egalitarian attitudes as the level of education increases, they are under the impact of gender roles and ambivalent sexism. Therefore, in order to prevent violence against women in marriage it is important to improve egalitarian gender attitudes both towards men and women and to prevent hostile sexism.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma bölümünde okuyan üniversite öğrencilerinde çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri, evlilikte kadına yönelik şiddete ilişkin tutumlar ve cinsiyet arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. Çalışma grubunu Erciyes, Sakarya ve Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi’nin PDR bölümünde okuyan toplam 420 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Toplumsal Cinsiyet Oluşum Ölçeği (Epstein, 2008), Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği (Glick ve Fiske, 1996) ve Evlilikte Kadına Yönelik Şiddete İlişkin Tutumlar Ölçeği (Sakallı-Uğurlu ve Ulu, 2003) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde hiyerarşik regresyon analizi kullanılmış, kısmi etki büyüklüklerine bakılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda cinsiyet, eşitlikçi cinsiyet rolleri ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilik sözel şiddete toleransı ve fiziksel şiddet sonrası ayrılmaya yönelik tutumu yordayan değişkenler olarak bulunurken, cinsiyet ve eşitlikçi cinsiyet rollerinin fiziksel şiddete yönelik tutumu yordadığı görülmüştür. Düşmanca cinsiyetçiliğin ise sadece sözel şiddete yönelik tutum ve fiziksel şiddet sonrasında ayrılmaya yönelik tutum alt boyutlarında yordayıcı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın bulguları eğitim düzeyi arttıkça öğrencilerin daha eşitlikçi tutumlar benimsediklerini göstermekle birlikte toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçiliğin etkisi altında kaldıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle evlilikte kadına yönelik şiddete ilişkin tutumların önlenebilmesi için hem erkek hem de kadınlara yönelik eşitlikçi cinsiyet tutumlarının geliştirilmesi ve düşmanca cinsiyetçiliğin önlenmesi önemli görülmektedir.

The velvet glove: Benevolent sexism in President Trump’s tweets

2020 ◽  
pp. 135050682091359
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Scotto di Carlo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Linguistic Strategies ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Sexist Beliefs ◽  
Two Sides

The present article is part of a preliminary study concerning the discursive manifestations of US President Trump’s sexist beliefs. While many studies have focused on Trump’s usage of hostile sexism, this work examines the linguistic strategies utilised by Trump to convey benevolent sexism, a form of discrimination based on the idea that women are weak and need to be protected, that they should respect traditional male-centric gender roles, and that they should be idolised by men. Drawing upon Fiske and Glick’s Ambivalent Sexism Theory, the study will analyse a corpus of all the positive tweets addressing women tweeted by Trump since the beginning of his 2016 campaign (July 2015). The study sheds a light on how President Trump’s usage of hostile and benevolent sexism are actually two sides of the same coin: they both confirm the idea of women as an inferior sex.

Hostile and Benevolent Sexism

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Glick ◽  
Susan T. Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Intimate Relations ◽  
Traditional Roles

A theory of sexism as ambivalence, not just hostility, toward women is presented. Ambivalent Sexism Theory distinguishes between hostile and “ benevolent” sexism (each addresses issues of power, gender differentiation, and sexuality). Benevolent sexism encompasses subjectively positive (for the sexist) attitudes toward women in traditional roles: protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations. Hostile sexism encompasses the negative equivalents on each dimension: dominative paternalism, derogatory beliefs, and heterosexual hostility. Both forms of sexism serve to justify and maintain patriarchy and traditional gender roles. The validity of a measure of these constructs, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), is reviewed. Comparisons are offered between the ASI and other measures of sexist attitudes (e.g., the AWS), with suggestions for the proper domains of different scales.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Whited ◽  
Kevin T. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism and relationship adjustment among young adult couples: An actor-partner interdependence model

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752110055
Author(s):  
Mylène Lachance-Grzela ◽  
Bingyu Liu ◽  
Andréanne Charbonneau ◽  
Geneviève Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Relationship Adjustment ◽  
Actor Partner Interdependence Model

This study examined the associations between ambivalent sexism (i.e., hostile and benevolent sexism) and relationship adjustment in young adult couples by testing an actor-partner interdependence model. The sample was composed of 219 cohabiting heterosexual Canadian couples. The findings suggest that ambivalent sexism plays a role in young adults’ perceptions of the quality of their romantic relationship, but gender differences exist. Women and men who more strongly endorsed hostile sexism tended to report lower relationship adjustment. Women’s hostile sexism was also negatively related to their partners’ relationship adjustment, whereas their benevolent sexism was positively related to their own and their partners’ relationship adjustment. For their part, men’s ambivalent sexism was unrelated to their partners’ relationship adjustment and their benevolent sexism was also unrelated to their own relationship adjustment. The results are discussed in light of the insidious consequences that can accompany ambivalent sexism. Even though hostile sexism functions to protect men’s societal advantages, it comes with costs to their romantic relationships. In contrast, despite the rewards benevolent sexism can bring on the relational level, its endorsement may hinder the attainment of gender equality by encouraging women to invest in their relationship at the expense of independent achievements.

scholarly journals Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2181
Author(s):  
Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro ◽  
Rosana Martínez-Román ◽  
Patricia Alonso-Ruido ◽  
Alba Adá-Lameiras ◽  
María Victoria Carrera-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
And Gender

Background: Within the context of the widespread use of technologies by adolescents, the objectives of this study were to identify the perpetrators of intimate partner cyberstalking (IPCS) in adolescents; to analyze the relationship between IPCS and gender, age, sexting behaviors, pornography consumption, and ambivalent sexism; and to investigate the influence of the study variables as predictors of IPCS and determine their moderating role. Methods: Participants were 993 Spanish students of Secondary Education, 535 girls and 458 boys with mean age 15.75 (SD = 1.47). Of the total sample, 70.3% (n = 696) had or had had a partner. Results: Boys perform more sexting, consume more pornographic content, and have more hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes than girls. However, girls perpetrate more IPCS than boys. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression indicate that hostile sexism is a predictor of IPCS, as well as the combined effect of Gender × Pornography and Benevolent Sexism × Sexting. Conclusions: it is essential to implement sexual affective education programs in schools in which Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are incorporated so that boys and girls can experience their relationships, both offline and online, in an egalitarian and violence-free way.

scholarly journals Sex Differences on Mitotane Concentration and Treatment Outcome in Patients with Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Sarah Allegra ◽  
Soraya Puglisi ◽  
Irene Brescia ◽  
Francesco Chiara ◽  
Vittoria Basile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Adrenocortical Carcinoma ◽  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Sex Influence ◽  
Care Systems

(1) Background: In clinical settings, data regarding sex are rarely investigated. In women, factors such as body size and composition, hormonal variations, metabolism, and access to care systems and therapy could strongly influence the pharmacological management and the outcome of the therapy. To underline this sex-related difference, we retrospectively collected data from adrenocortical carcinoma patients treated with mitotane, and then evaluated sex-related pharmacokinetics parameters. (2) Methods: A fully validated chromatographic method was used to quantify mitotane concentration in plasma collected from adult patients, also considering the active metabolite ortho,para,dichlorodiphenylethene (o,p’-DDE). Statistical analyses were used to evaluate the sex influence on drugs pharmacokinetics. (3) Results: We found that sex resulted as predictive factor of plasma mitotane and o,p’-DDE concentrations and significantly influenced the attainment of the therapeutic target of mitotane, implying that female sex could be a risk factor of treatment failure. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that mitotane therapy should be modulated according to patient sex. Furthermore, the proposed approach could contribute to facilitating and disseminating sex-specific pharmacology.

Unexplored functions of sex hormones in glioblastoma cancer stem cells

Endocrinology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyeun Lee ◽  
Katie Troike ◽  
R’ay Fodor ◽  
Justin D Lathia
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Organismal Development

Abstract Biological sex impacts a wide array of molecular and cellular functions that impact organismal development and can influence disease trajectory in a variety of pathophysiological states. In non-reproductive cancers, epidemiological sex differences have been observed in a series of tumors, and recent work has identified previously unappreciated sex differences in molecular genetics and immune response. However, the extent of these sex differences in terms of drivers of tumor growth and therapeutic response is less clear. In glioblastoma, the most common primary malignant brain tumor, there is a male bias in incidence and outcome, and key genetic and epigenetic differences, as well as differences in immune response driven by immune-suppressive myeloid populations, have recently been revealed. Glioblastoma is a prototypic tumor in which cellular heterogeneity is driven by populations of therapeutically resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) that underlie tumor growth and recurrence. There is emerging evidence that GBM CSCs may show a sex difference, with male tumor cells showing enhanced self-renewal, but how sex differences impact CSC function is not clear. In this mini-review, we focus on how sex hormones may impact CSCs in GBM and implications for other cancers with a pronounced CSC population. We also explore opportunities to leverage new models to better understand the contribution of sex hormones versus sex chromosomes to CSC function. With the rising interest in sex differences in cancer, there is an immediate need to understand the extent to which sex differences impact tumor growth, including effects on CSC function.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Agadullina ◽  
Andrey Lovakov ◽  
Olga Gulevich ◽  
Maryana Balezina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Attitudes Toward Violence ◽  
The Relationship

We analyzed 498 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward male-to-female violence, and 133 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and violent behavior. The results showed that hostile sexism is more strongly associated with both attitudes toward violence (r = .517) and violent behavior (r = .250) than benevolent sexism is (r = .328 and r = .049, respectively). The type of violence and the target of violence are the significant moderators for hostile sexism: the smallest effect size was observed for attitudes toward physical violence and the weaker correlation between hostile sexism and violent behavior was where an intimate partner was involved. Our findings revealed that gender and sample type were not significant moderators while the higher the level of equality in the country where the study was conducted, the higher the correlation between benevolent sexism and attitudes toward violence.

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