scholarly journals Asymmetric Trade Costs: Agricultural Trade among Developing and Developed Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Eum ◽  
Ian Sheldon ◽  
Stanley Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Trading Partners

AbstractIn this article, the reasons why developing countries trade fewer agricultural products than developed countries are analyzed. Based on earlier findings that low trade volume in the agricultural sector is due to high trade costs, the focus is on evaluating the extent to which bilateral trade costs in the agricultural sector differ among trading partners. Using a neo-Ricardian trade model, the results show that systematically, asymmetric bilateral trade costs and variation in the level of agricultural productivity across all countries in the sample, are the main barriers to developing countries’ agricultural exports. In addition, low-income countries face higher trade costs to export than do high-income countries.

scholarly journals Yield Variability and Agricultural Trade

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Reimer ◽  
Man Li
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Cereal Grain

We examine how changes in yield variability affect the welfare of cereal grain and oilseed buyers and producers around the world. We simulate trade patterns and welfare for 21 countries with a Ricardian trade model that incorporates bilateral trade costs and crop yield distributions. The model shows that world trade volumes would need to increase substantially if crop yield variability were to rise. Net welfare effects, however, are moderate so long as countries do not resort to policies that inhibit trade, such as export restrictions or measures to promote self-sufficiency in crops. Low-income countries suffer the most from increases in yield variability, due to higher bilateral trade costs and lower-than-average productivity.

A Systems Approach for Sustainably Reducing Childhood Diarrheal Deaths in Developing Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 1208-1227
Author(s):  
Monica Gray
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Sub Saharan

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death and is the major cause of malnutrition in children under age 5 worldwide. More than 50 percent of the cases occur in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Open defecation, substandard fecal disposal systems, and contaminated water supplies are the typical causes of diarrheal diseases. This public health crisis in low income countries mirrors the experiences of today's industrialized nations two centuries ago. The lessons learned from their sanitary evolution can be instructive in charting a sustainable path towards saving the lives of almost 2 million children annually. In this chapter a case study of Cuba's sanitary reformation is also presented to showcase successes, similar to those of developed countries, within a developing country and economically challenging context.

scholarly journals The consequences of agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries: distinguishing between genuine benefits and false hopes

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN-CHRISTOPHE BUREAU ◽  
SÉBASTIEN JEAN ◽  
ALAN MATTHEWS
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Agricultural Trade Liberalization ◽  
The Impact

Recent analyses suggest that the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries will be very uneven. The Doha Round focuses on tariff issues, but some developing countries currently have practically duty-free access to European and North American markets under preferential regimes. Multilateral liberalization will erode the benefits of these preferences, which are presently rather well utilized in the agricultural sector. While South American and East Asian countries should benefit from an agricultural agreement, African and Caribbean countries are unlikely to do so. The main obstacles to the exports of the sub-Saharan African and Least Developed Countries appear to be in the non-tariff area (sanitary, phytosanitary standards), which increasingly originate from the private sector and are not dealt with under the Doha framework (traceability requirements, etc.). An agreement in Doha is unlikely to solve these problems and open large markets for the poorest countries. While this is not an argument to give up multilateral liberalization, a more specific and differentiated treatment should be considered in WTO rules, and corrective measures should be implemented.

Present Status of Renal Replacement Therapy in Asian Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavan Kumar Rao Navva ◽  
Subramanyam Venkata Sreepada ◽  
Karopadi Shivanand Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Dialysis Facilities

Background: Asia is a huge and populous continent with diverse economies where the status of renal replacement therapy varies among different countries. Summary: The penetration of dialysis is poor among low income countries like India and China. A lack of trained nephrologists and limited numbers of dialysis facilities plague South Asian countries. Most of the hemodialysis centers are in the private sector; the few centers that are government-run or run by charitable organizations cannot meet growing needs. China has shown that twice-a-week hemodialysis can be feasible in female patients with small build. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has less penetration among the developing countries than the developed countries in Asia. Novel schemes in India including the ‘once-in-a-lifetime payment' scheme and an insurance scheme for peritonitis are attracting more patients to PD. New biocompatible PD solutions and home care facilities have brought down the peritonitis rates. The PD-first policy in Thailand alongside the domestic manufacture of PD fluids has decreased the cost of PD there. Iran has shown drastic changes in its PD policy (from 0 to 1,150 recruitments in 5 years) in spite of its high transplantation rate. Home hemodialysis is practiced in mostly affluent countries like Japan, where again it accounts for only 0.1% of all hemodialysis. Key Messages: Developing countries should have more budgetary allocation for chronic ailments such as chronic kidney disease that can be utilized for training programs and establishing dialysis units, and thus meet the growing demands for renal replacement therapy. PD should be encouraged and adopted as first modality of renal replacement therapy considering its ease and economy.

A Systems Approach for Sustainably Reducing Childhood Diarrheal Deaths in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Monica Gray
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Sub Saharan

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death and is the major cause of malnutrition in children under age 5 worldwide. More than 50 percent of the cases occur in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Open defecation, substandard fecal disposal systems, and contaminated water supplies are the typical causes of diarrheal diseases. This public health crisis in low income countries mirrors the experiences of today's industrialized nations two centuries ago. The lessons learned from their sanitary evolution can be instructive in charting a sustainable path towards saving the lives of almost 2 million children annually. In this chapter a case study of Cuba's sanitary reformation is also presented to showcase successes, similar to those of developed countries, within a developing country and economically challenging context.

Conditions of Agricultural Growth in Developing Countries (Invited Lecture)

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (4I) ◽  
pp. 451-472
Author(s):  
Hans-Bernd Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Food Imports

Economic development is hardly possible without an increase in agricultural production. This holds especially true for the development of industry and other non-agricultural sectors. How else should a rapidly increasing population outside the agricultural sector be maintained with necessary agricultural goods? Though this is a simple truth agricultural production, especially food production increase has been far from satisfactory in many developing countries. Between 1974-76 and 1982-84 per capita food production in industrialized countries increased at a much higher rate than in developing countries and in almost 50 developing countries it has even declined during the same period. 1 Many developing countries are now heavily dependent on food imports to sustain their urban population, though they have comparative advantages to produce agricultural products. How is this defect to be explained? Technical reasons are not prevailing. Though only in Africa and South America unused arable land is available to a large extent but not in Asia, it would be possible to dramatically increase agricultural production by introducing new seed varieties, chemical fertilizer and irrigation. The main factors to hamper agricultural growth are political, social and economic. T. H. Schultz wrote in 1978: "What is needed are many Green Revolutions that would increase agricultural production throughout low income countries. They could be had, but they are presently suppressed by the lack of adequate incentives."2 In many developing countries the farm sector is exploited by the urban sector and a stream of agricultural surplus is channelled out of the farm sector to feed the nonagricultural population. Very often the prices of farm products are artificially held down.

scholarly journals The Bad Effects Caused by Policy Prescription and Financial Assistance by IMF on Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-177
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Policy Prescription ◽  
The Imf

Actually in some cases, the IMF has a little positive effect on developing economics while has a vast bad effect on all developing economics. The main purpose of the study is to examine the impact of IMF on developing countries. The globalization of the world economy gives rise to large global inequalities. The inequalities are responsible for increasing absolute poverty and starvation. Low-income countries are suffering from financial crises to reduce their absolute poverty and starvation. So they have to depend on IMF and various financial institutions. But the IMF policies are heavily criticized and unhelpful. The IMF sometimes led to an increased dependency of developing countries upon developed countries. The social sectors of developing countries such as the health and education sectors are most affected by these policies. So these policies increase poverty and underdevelopment of the developing world.

Trends in Infant Feeding in Developing Countries

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-666
Author(s):  
Francis Notzon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developing World ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, interest in breast-feeding and infant-supplementation practices in the developing world has been growing. Numerous community, regional, and national studies have described the patterns of breast-feeding and, to a lesser extent, of supplementation in a wide range of low-income countries. Nevertheless, adequate documentation of national trends in breast-feeding is available for only a small number of developing countries, and trends in supplementation remain to be described. The apparent decline in breast-feeding in the developing world has been the subject of numerous articles describing the impact of this trend on infant morbidity and mortality, fertility levels, and family finances. Frequently, the examples used to illustrate the decrease in breast-feeding are methedologically flawed; they use nonrepresentative or noncomparable samples, for example, or make implicit assumptions about past breast-feeding practices. In spite of such shortcomings, the consistent reports of important declines appear to indicate that some basic changes are taking place in breast-feeding practices in certain areas of the developing world. The fact that these changes seem to be following the general pattern of breast-feeding decline that occurred at earlier times in developed countries adds to their plausibility. Although a general awareness of changes in lactation in the developing world now prevails, the documentation of this trend is far from complete. Even for those countries in which trends have been appropriately measured, the amount and pattern of change may vary widely from country to country. In most of the countries with information on breast-feeding trends, recent declines have occurred, although the decreases range from sharp to moderate.

scholarly journals The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo ◽  
Carlos Muñoz ◽  
Javier Buesa ◽  
Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz ◽  
Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Oral Vaccines

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.

scholarly journals Why Do Developing Countries Tax So Little?

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Besley ◽  
Torsten Persson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
News Media ◽  
Weak Sense ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
A Share

Low-income countries typically collect taxes of between 10 to 20 percent of GDP while the average for high-income countries is more like 40 percent. In order to understand taxation, economic development, and the relationships between them, we need to think about the forces that drive the development process. Poor countries are poor for certain reasons, and these reasons can also help to explain their weakness in raising tax revenue. We begin by laying out some basic relationships regarding how tax revenue as a share of GDP varies with per capita income and with the breadth of a country's tax base. We sketch a baseline model of what determines a country's tax revenue as a share of GDP. We then turn to our primary focus: why do developing countries tax so little? We begin with factors related to the economic structure of these economies. But we argue that there is also an important role for political factors, such as weak institutions, fragmented polities, and a lack of transparency due to weak news media. Moreover, sociological and cultural factors—such as a weak sense of national identity and a poor norm for compliance—may stifle the collection of tax revenue. In each case, we suggest the need for a dynamic approach that encompasses the two-way interactions between these political, social, and cultural factors and the economy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document