Language as a Symbol of Identity and a Tool of Politics and Power in Pakistan and Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-218
Author(s):  
Anna Rácová
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Language Awareness ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
State Language

Abstract This study aims to demonstrate the roles that domestic and foreign languages have played and play as signs of national or religious identity and social prestige and as tools of political and economic power in multilingual Pakistan and Bangladesh. Before the countries gained independence from the British Empire in 1947 and before the formation of the Indian Union and Pakistan (which was divided into Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1971), the role of an official language, remote to the majority of population in Indian subcontinent, had been gradually played by Sanskrit, Persian, and English. After gaining independence, the new countries decided to replace English as the official language with domestic languages. Their efforts encountered many problems and resulted in various solutions. Urdu became the state language in Pakistan, which caused resistance in local ethnolinguistic groups because the language had been imported by refugees from India. This resistance was the strongest in East Pakistan, where a strong national and language awareness eventually contributed to the formation of an independent Bangladesh with Bengali as the state language. Despite struggle for the dominance of domestic languages, English has preserved its prestigious position both in Pakistan and Bangladesh, as a symbol of higher social position, a language of education and science, and a tool of economic and political power.

scholarly journals PENGUTAMAAN BAHASA INDONESIA DAN PENGUASAAN BAHASA INGGRIS PADA RANAH ILMIAH

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
INTA RACHMA YUNIARTA
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Official Language ◽  
International Language ◽  
The Right ◽  
Advance Knowledge ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
State Language

Indonesian and English when viewed in terms of roles and their benefits have their respective portions. The scientific community of the second user of the Language must know the right situation and conditions in its use. Mixing, favoring, or even degrading the use of one Language is an inappropriate action. The official language is a language that must be used in a country while foreign languages, especially English, appear as supporters of the state language. The right attitude in utilizing the existence of two languages as a deterrent to this knowledge is to use wisely according to each portion. Prioritizing Indonesian Language is an obligation of native Indonesian speakers in an effort to preserve and develop Indonesian. Mastery of English as an international language is also an important issue in order to advance knowledge on a national and international scale.Keywords: Indonesian, English, Scientific

scholarly journals Lex actualization on describing of military acts, processes and states

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-235
Author(s):  
Maryna Navalna ◽  
Yuliia Kaluzhynska
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
National Language ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
International Status ◽  
State Language

The article describes the most commonly used lexemes from the texts of contemporary Ukrainian periodicals, reveals new lexicalunits, expands thes copeof the operation oflexemasonmilitarytopicsinthemediamaterialsofsocio-political, military an do the rissues; thefunctional-stylistic role of military vocabulary in the language of the pressis determine dandemphasizedon a negative evaluation injournalistic materials. In the article for the study of military vocabulary in the language of Ukrainian periodicalsat the beginningof the XXI century observation and descriptivemethods are used. At different stagesof the study, the methodoffunctionalanalysis was used to determine the stylisticloadoflexicalunits. Itisconcludedthatdueto a numberofextra-linguistic factors of socio-politicalorientation, the modern Ukrainian language was enriched with new tokens of militaryactions, processesandstates, whichis reflectedin the pages ofthen ational pressof the seconddecade of the XXI century. Inparticular: thelevelofdevelopment of science and technology in the language environment, socio-politicalcondition sin the linguistic society, thestate language (terminology) policyinsociety, the functional statusof the state language, the international status of the national language. The military vocabulary is singled out into two groups: 1) the one that names persons; 2) the one that characterizes processes, actions and states. According to our observations, the most significant manifestations are lexemes of foreign origin for the nomination of persons. Quite often, military vocabulary has a negative coloring, contrasts with the neutral vocabulary and attracts the attention of the reader. The military vocabulary is still a little explored layer of lexicology and requires a thorough study, in particular, the question of replenishment of thematic groups, word-building potential of lexemes, etc.

scholarly journals Diocesan Codices Unveiling Local History: First Presentation of The 'Codex of Gjirokastër' (S. Albania)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Giakoumis
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Local History ◽  
The State ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Ecclesiastical Administration ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

The present paper presents a first set of conclusions drawn from the study of the “Codex of Gjirokastër”. Compiled upon the accession of Bishop Dositheos of Dryinoupolis and Gjirokastër, the codex extends from 1760 to 1858, namely well beyond the end of his prelacy (1760-1799). Kept in the Metropolis of Gjirokastër until shortly before the Italian bombardment of the city, the codex was transferred to Tirana. Previously thought to be lost, it is now held in the Archives of the State, under the classification number F. 139, D. 2. It is written in Greek, the official language of the Church at that period, and records several documents that reflect the competences and privileges that Christian prelates enjoyed at least in issues of ecclesiastical administration and civil law. The focus here is first on the role of laymen in the accession of Bishop Dositheos in the Diocese of Dryinoupolis, then on the issue of divorces in the regions of Gjirokastër between 1786 and 1858. Placing the “Codex of Dositheos” in its context, the study underlines the importance of diocesan codices as documents of religious, cultural, social, economic, educational, administrational and juridical history.

scholarly journals Plurilingualism and Interculturalism – Hidden Resources of International Trade

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Rosina A. Kakova
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Professional Communication ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Business Relationship ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
English Only ◽  
Business Negotiations ◽  
The Eu

In the era of globalization, knowledge of foreign languages has become essential for companies looking to get into the international market. Knowledge of English only is not enough to communicate with countries where English is not the official language. Salespeople are disadvantaged if they do not speak the language or do not know the local client`s culture. Multilingualism and interculturalism are key and strategic instruments for establishing good business relationship, professional communication with foreign customers, business negotiations etc. Particularly in the EU, but also in Asia and Latin America, much attention is paid to the role of multilingualism and interculturalism in international trade. In this paper we present the first international trade activities in which multilingualism and interculturalism have an important role and the applicability of the approach of the languages for specific purposes in the companies planning to go to foreign markets.

scholarly journals Multilingualism is a trend in the development of modern Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Venera Kubieva ◽  
Aelita Sagiyeva ◽  
Aelita Sagiyeva ◽  
Zamira Salimgerey ◽  
Mira Baiseitova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Foreign Language Teachers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
State Language

The development years of sovereign Kazakhstan show that polylingualism in the society not only infringes on the rights and dignity of the Kazakh language but also creates necessary conditions for its development and progress. According to the state program for language development, three languages' priority has been approved: Kazakh, Russian, and English. In addition to Kazakh as the State language and Russian as the language of inter-ethnic communication, English is an essential means of communication. The most important strategic task of Education in Kazakhstan is, on the one hand, to preserve the best Kazakh educational traditions and, on the other hand, to provide school leavers with international qualifications and develop their linguistic consciousness, based on mastering the State, native and foreign languages. Meanwhile, as specified in the concept of language policy of RK, the main difficulty in further realization of language policy in Kazakhstan is "creation of optimum language space of the state". On the other hand, we are talking about a professional gap in specialists' training, studying Russian and Kazakh language. Our study used the following methods: UNT 2015-2019, a survey of 1st-year students of ARGU named after K. Zhubanov. The results of the study can be used to develop a methodological complex for training foreign language teachers.

Unholy Alliances? Language Exams, Loyalty, and Identification in Interwar Romania

Slavic Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Egry
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Public Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Language

This article analyzes national loyalty and identification by examining the language exams administered to minority public officials in Romania in 1934 and 1935. The exams aimed at testing officials’ knowledge of the state language, but given the broader political context they were more than a survey of linguistic skills. Examinees were singled out as non-Romanian and subjected to an additional requirement not demanded from their ethnic Romanian colleagues, interpreting the use of the official language as a sign of loyalty. Drawing upon theories of loyalty as a historical concept, the paper analyzes how the particular situation of minority public officials was reflected in these texts and how they created a specific identification for themselves, composed of important elements of their minority ethnicity but also expressing their identification with the state and its modernizing goals as members of a unified, professional public body. The language exams signaled the emergence of a specific category of minority public servants who were part of both the minority group and the middle-class functionaries of the Romanian state. Nationalist public discourse on both sides—Romanian and minority—have denied and erased the history of these hybrid loyalties and identities, but the languages exams help us to recover them.

NEWPERIOD OF AWAKENING: UPDATED STATUS OF THE STATE LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Firyuza Mukhitdinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Legal Foundations ◽  
State Language

This article focuses on the historical development of the native Uzbek language and its legal foundations. Also, the author analyzed the ideas of enlightenment on the works of Ibrat, Behbudi, Avlyani on the need to study native and foreign languages. The facts of UNESCO and statistics of linguists are presented and substantiated

Reciting the Goddess

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Vantine Birkenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Role Of Religion

This book presents a new perspective on the making of Hinduism in Nepal with the first book-length study of Nepal’s goddess Svasthānī and the popular Svasthānīvratakathā textual tradition. In the centuries following its origin as a short local legend in the sixteenth century, the Svasthānīvratakathā developed into a comprehensive Purana text that is still widely celebrated today among Nepal’s Hindus with an annual month-long recitation. This book interrogates the ways in which the Svasthānīvratakathā can be viewed as a medium through which the effects of important shifts in the political and cultural landscape that occurred among Nepal’s ruling elite were taken up by the general public and are evidenced within one decidedly local, lay tradition. Drawing on both archival and ethnographic research, the book begins with a detailed examination of Svasthānī (“the Goddess of One’s Own Place”) and the Svasthānīvratakathā within the shifting literary, linguistic, religious, cultural, and political contexts of medieval and modern Nepal from the sixteenth century to the present. It then widens its scope to explore the complementary and contentious dynamics between Nepal’s heterogeneous Newar Hindu and high-caste hill Hindu communities and those of Nepal as a Hindu kingdom vis-à-vis Hindu India. The Svasthānī tradition serves as a case study for a broader discussion of the making of Hindu religious identity and practice in Nepal and South Asia, and the role of religion in historical political change. This book brings to the fore a neglected vantage point on the master narratives of Hinduism on the Indian subcontinent.

scholarly journals Linguistic Interference and Religious Identity: The Case of a Lebanese Speech Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Solimando
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Language Study ◽  
Linguistic Interference

Multilingualism and multiculturalism are cornerstones of Lebanese society. There is a considerable amount of Arabic-French bilingualism, although English has been rapidly gaining ground in recent years. This situation has obviously affected the Lebanese dialect: loan words and even cases of phonological, morphological and syntactical change are widespread. Moreover, we constantly witness phenomena of code-switching and linguistic mixing between Lebanese/French and Lebanese/ English. This has become associated with a certain cultural and religious identity. The literature that investigates the role of foreign languages in Lebanon generally focuses on their use in Lebanese education and on the speakers’ perception of the foreign languages. The present study examines the role of foreign languages in authentic speech and explores the linguistic phenomena of code-switching and code-mixing as markers of speaker religious identity. Various extracts of authentic informal speech are analysed in order to define further the correspondence between language study and identity in the Lebanese context.

scholarly journals Problems of the judicial system reforming in Ukraine in the context of the language legislation optimization

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Neonilla Barakatova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Public Official ◽  
Language Legislation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
State Language

The article deals with the problem of raising the linguistic competence of civil servants, such as judges of all levels and jurisdictions. Language planning as a part of the state language policy is the subject to change in both the corpus and status, that leads to new challenges to reforming the judiciary in Ukraine. The role of the linguistic competence of judges, acting on behalf of the State of Ukraine, who should do it as correctly as possible, not only from the point of view of jurisprudence, but also in view of the perfection of linguistic means (which generally contributes to enhancing the authority of the court and its credibility), has not been yet an object of a certain scientific investigation.                               This determines the relevance of the proposed research. The purpose of the article is to find out the peculiarities of the formation of the judge linguistic competence, in particular the factors influencing its level, ways of its improvement and specifics of further evaluation. The updated language legislation stipulates that the future judge, as a public official, should have a good command of the state language, which must be confirmed by the appropriate state certificate issued by the National State Language Standards Commission. At the same time, the legal norm is to formalize court decisions in accordance with the standards of the state language, which have changed since the new version of the Spelling of the Ukrainian language came into force. The article provides the analysis of the specific cases of updated norms of modern Ukrainian literary language and the practice of their use in the work of judges, including the use of capital letters in the titles of the highest state positions and Internet terms, the variability of excellent endings of oikonyms, writing complex words with a foreign language prefix and more. Preparing for obtaining the certificate of the international standard on the level of command of the state language by representatives of the judiciary of Ukraine, outlining ways, forms and methods of its organization are perspective issues for further research.

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