Linguistic Interference and Religious Identity: The Case of a Lebanese Speech Community

Multilingualism and multiculturalism are cornerstones of Lebanese society. There is a considerable amount of Arabic-French bilingualism, although English has been rapidly gaining ground in recent years. This situation has obviously affected the Lebanese dialect: loan words and even cases of phonological, morphological and syntactical change are widespread. Moreover, we constantly witness phenomena of code-switching and linguistic mixing between Lebanese/French and Lebanese/ English. This has become associated with a certain cultural and religious identity. The literature that investigates the role of foreign languages in Lebanon generally focuses on their use in Lebanese education and on the speakers’ perception of the foreign languages. The present study examines the role of foreign languages in authentic speech and explores the linguistic phenomena of code-switching and code-mixing as markers of speaker religious identity. Various extracts of authentic informal speech are analysed in order to define further the correspondence between language study and identity in the Lebanese context.

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Language as a Symbol of Identity and a Tool of Politics and Power in Pakistan and Bangladesh

Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis ◽

10.1515/jazcas-2017-0008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 207-218

Author(s):

Anna Rácová

Keyword(s):

British Empire ◽

Religious Identity ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

The State ◽

Foreign Languages ◽

Official Language ◽

Language Awareness ◽

Social Prestige ◽

State Language

Abstract This study aims to demonstrate the roles that domestic and foreign languages have played and play as signs of national or religious identity and social prestige and as tools of political and economic power in multilingual Pakistan and Bangladesh. Before the countries gained independence from the British Empire in 1947 and before the formation of the Indian Union and Pakistan (which was divided into Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1971), the role of an official language, remote to the majority of population in Indian subcontinent, had been gradually played by Sanskrit, Persian, and English. After gaining independence, the new countries decided to replace English as the official language with domestic languages. Their efforts encountered many problems and resulted in various solutions. Urdu became the state language in Pakistan, which caused resistance in local ethnolinguistic groups because the language had been imported by refugees from India. This resistance was the strongest in East Pakistan, where a strong national and language awareness eventually contributed to the formation of an independent Bangladesh with Bengali as the state language. Despite struggle for the dominance of domestic languages, English has preserved its prestigious position both in Pakistan and Bangladesh, as a symbol of higher social position, a language of education and science, and a tool of economic and political power.

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Prosody: A feature of languages or a feature of speakers?

Spanish in Context ◽

10.1075/sic.00047.mun ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 462-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carmen Muñiz-Cachón

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Code Switching ◽

The Other ◽

Speech Community ◽

Prosodic Features ◽

Social Situations ◽

Research Project ◽

Linguistic Interference ◽

The Individual

Abstract Social situations of language coexistence have resulted in linguistic manifestations of bilingualism and diglossia, including linguistic interference, lexical loans and code switching. What role does prosody play in social bilingualism? In other words, when contact between different languages is not restricted to the individual but affects an entire speech community, does a dominant prosody exist? Does prosody vary among different linguistic varieties? In order to find an answer to these questions, we hereby show the results of a research project on the prosodic features of Asturian and Castilian spoken in the centre of Asturias. This experimental study is based on the speech of four informants from Oviedo – two men and two women – two of which speak Castilian, while the other two speak Asturian.

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CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING PRACTICES IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES (ESP) COURSES

Jurnal Ilmiah Publipreneur ◽

10.46961/jip.v8i2.173 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 95-101

Author(s):

Liza Putri ◽

Herly Nurrahmi ◽

Akhmad Guntawan

Keyword(s):

Language Policy ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Code Switching ◽

English For Specific Purposes ◽

Medium Of Instruction ◽

Language Practice ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Code Choice ◽

Actual Use

This study focuses on the practices of the ESP (English for Spesific Purposes) lecturer and students toward code-switching and code-mixing (CS/CM) in the class activity. The study used descriptive qualitative method in the research. In collecting the data, the researcher shared some questionnaires and did interviews and observation. It provides the clear findings of the actual implementation of the institutional language policy on the medium of instruction in the classroom. CS/CM in both Indonesian and English languages emerged as the lecturer’s code choice in the classroom instruction. Such language practice seems not to only have undermined the role of English as the stipulated medium of instruction, but also underestimated the speech behaviour of bilinguals. It causes the conflict between the language policy and the actual use of English and Indonesian in the classroom.

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Testing tolerance for lexically-specific factors in Gradient Symbolic Computation

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728916000122 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 897-899 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

JANET G. VAN HELL ◽

CLARA COHEN ◽

SARAH GREY

Keyword(s):

Language Processing ◽

Review Literature ◽

Code Switching ◽

Target Picture ◽

Lexical Representations ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Co Activation ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Lexical Factors

In their keynote article, Goldrick, Putnam and Schwarz (2016) present a computational account of code-mixing. Although they review literature on the co-activation of lexical representations and cognate facilitation effects in bilingual language processing, their model remains silent on how it interfaces with lexical factors, and how lexical factors impact code-switching. One such lexical factor is cognate status, which has been found to affect code-switching, as demonstrated in corpus analyses (e.g., Broersma & De Bot, 2006) and psycholinguistic experiments (Kootstra, Van Hell & Dijkstra, 2012). For example, using the structural priming technique to examine the role of lexical factors in code-switching, Kootstra et al. asked Dutch–English bilinguals to repeat a code-switched prime sentence (starting in Dutch and ending in English) and then describe a target picture by means of a code-switched sentence (also from Dutch into English). They observed that bilinguals' tendency to switch at the same position as in the prime sentence was increased when the prime sentence and target picture contained cognates.

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WUJUD ALIH KODE DALAM MASYARAKAT TUTUR KONJO DI SINJAI

Adabiyyāt Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra ◽

10.14421/ajbs.2014.13105 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Herawati Herawati

Keyword(s):

Speech Act ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Code Switching ◽

Primary Data ◽

Speech Community ◽

Language Abilities ◽

Language Behavior ◽

Short Code ◽

Speech Events

Bilingual or multilingual speakers are often code-switch from one language to another, especially when two or more languages are used in the environment. This article explores the potential theoretical explanations for this language behavior and the role of language dominance in the direction of switch. The data consists of primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from daily speech events in the various domains. The secondary data is any information other than the primary data which support the primary data. In short, code-switching follows the functional and the grammatical principles and is a complex, rule-governed phenomenon. The use of Buginese language (BDS), Malayic-Buginese language (DMB), and Indonesian language (BI) have led to the functional elaboration of all language beside Konjo language (BK) in the Konjo speech community in Sinjai. There are some factors governing the code-switching process in the Konjo speech community in Sinjai. They are: (1) the language abilities of the speaker and the addressee, (2) the setting and the situation, both official and non-official, (3) the participants in the interaction, and (4) the aim of the speech act.

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The Occurrence of Code Mixing in Indonesian Girl Magazine Kawanku

BUANA GENDER Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak ◽

10.22515/bg.v2i1.802 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 103

Author(s):

Irwan Rohardiyanto

Keyword(s):

Young Women ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Foreign Languages ◽

Complex Society ◽

Standard Language ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Language Study ◽

Mixed Code ◽

Descriptive Qualitative

This research explains about the mixed code that occurs in complex society especially for daily conversation of young women. The purpose of this study is to get a description of the mixed code in the magazine Kawanku, which is to get an idea of how and what factors mix the Indonesian slang code that appears in my magazine. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The findings of the research are the use of foreign languages by Indonesians and they prefer to use non-standard language instead of standard language. The author gets several factors that influence the interference of the code. It is important for Indonesian teenagers to use standard Indonesian when they communicate with each other to preserve their language. This study also aims to make the language study institutions make Indonesian terms in its policy.

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CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING IN THE EFL CLASSROOM INTERACTION

10.31228/osf.io/xd45c ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andi Asrifan

Keyword(s):

Research Result ◽

Classroom Interaction ◽

Corrective Feedback ◽

Code Switching ◽

Teacher Talk ◽

Learning Achievement ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Interactional Features ◽

Formal Features

This research aims at finding out code mixing and code switching in the classroom interaction in terms of the teacher talk and the student talk at SMP Negeri 2 Parepare. In detail, this research aims to identify (1) the teacher talk particularly the type token ratio, the mean length of utterance as formal features, question, feedback and correction as interactional features, (2) the students talk particularly response to question and ask question as well as the students’ preference towards the use of code mixing and code switching the students in learning achievement. The research employed mix method research design. The subjects consisted of the teacher and the students. There is 1 teacher and 81 students which are divided into three classes. Each class consists of 27 students. The research data were collected by non-participant observation which was analyzed by using formal features, interactional features, descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS 21.0. The research result indicated that (1) the type token ratio in code mixing and code switching Indonesian/English in classroom interaction varied. It reveals that the vocabulary used by the teacher varied, (2) the speech of the teacher when addressing the students in the classroom by mixing and switching the language contained longer utterance, (3) the teacher used convergent and divergent questions in mix and switch the language when addressing students in the classroom interaction, (4) the teacher provided interactional corrective feedback and correction in mixing and switching the language when addressing students in the classroom interaction, (5) there are three reasons why the teacher mix and switch the code in the classroom interaction namely to give clear explanation to the students, to make the students easy to understand, and make the teacher and the students close to each other, (6) There are two types of students in response to the question namely the role of students to the teacher (S-T) and the role of students to students (S-S) in code mixing and code switching in the classroom interaction, (7) there are two types of the students question in code mixing and switching of Indonesian/English when asking the teacher namely procedural questions and convergent questions, (8) the students’ preference towards the use of code mixing and code switching in the students learning achievement consist of two main points in this research namely, first the use of code mixing and switching convince positive attitude and second positive role to the students preference towards the use of code mixing and switching the students in learning achievement.

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ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE DALAM INTERAKSI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI KELAS VIII F SMP NEGERI 2 BRANGSONG KABUPATEN KENDAL

Basastra: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya ◽

10.20961/basastra.v7i1.35497 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Gina Dinnur Amalia ◽

Herman J Waluyo ◽

Slamet Mulyono

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Method ◽

Code Switching ◽

Validity Test ◽

The Third ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Bahasa Indonesia ◽

Descriptive Qualitative

The purpose of the research are kind of code-switching and code-mixing, the factor of the result from the code-switching and code-mixing; and the role of the code-switching and code-mixing in the Indonesian lerning of the seventh F class SMP N 2 Brangsong, Kendal regency. The research used descriptive qualitative method with case study approach.The research used purposive sampiling and snow ball sampling, then the technique of the collecting data by record, report, and interview. Validity test is triangulation theory.The result of the research are: the first, find out 12 code-switching in the javanese is four times and from Arab is 8 times; the second, find out the code-mixing consist of 44 times divided to be Indonesian dialeg from Jakarta is 12 times and english is 6 times; the third, factor of the result from the code-switching and code mixing from the research devided to be 5 factors (a) personal and speaker, (b) the partner of the speech, (c) the place, (d) topic, and (e) function and purpose.

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The Students’ Perception towards Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Sociolinguistic: A Case at an English Education Major

EDULINK : EDUCATION AND LINGUISTICS KNOWLEDGE JOURNAL ◽

10.32503/edulink.v3i1.1476 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Awab Abdulloh

Keyword(s):

English Education ◽

Code Switching ◽

Foreign Languages ◽

Classroom Situation ◽

Education Students ◽

Education Major ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Education Class ◽

Classroom Use ◽

National Local

This qualitative study will investigate English Education students’ opinion towards code-switching and code-mixing; both in everyday and classroom use. In this study, it will employ an open-ended (short-answered questionnaire) with 13 questions that mainly focus students of English Education class of 2016-2018. The populations were chosen because the students of 2016-2018 have attended Sociolinguistic Course during semester 3. Moreover, to gather the population, the researcher spread the link of questionnaire written in Google Form by personally contacting several people via Whats App. Based on the findings obtained from the questionnaire, it can be inferred that the 20 respondents mainly spoke 3 languages (national: Indonesian, local: Javanese, foreign: English). Furthermore, it can be concluded that 11 respondents find code-switching and code-mixing of national, local and foreign languages acceptable to be used in everyday life and classroom situation. On the contrary, 3 respondents also see code-switching and code-mixing of national, local and foreign languages annoying and disturbing to be implemented in daily communication. Meanwhile, 6 respondents perceive code-switching and code-mixing of national, local and foreign languages as neutral to be executed in everyday and classroom situation. Keywords: Sociolinguistic; Code-Switching; Code-Mixing; English Education Students

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Code Switching and Code Mixing in English Language Studies’ Speech Community: A Sociolinguistics Approach

Berumpun International Journal of Social Politics and Humanities ◽

10.33019/berumpun.v1i1.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 8-14

Author(s):

Ni Nyoman Wartinah ◽

Chrisda N Wattimury

Keyword(s):

Random Sampling ◽

English Language ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Code Switching ◽

Speech Community ◽

School Students ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Language Studies ◽

The Subject ◽

State Of Affairs

Enormously complex and not well understood are some state of affairs for a bilingual to âchangeâ theuse of language from one to another when having conversation with other bilinguals in dailyconversation. This linguistics behavior of changing the language, or widely known as âlanguageswitchingâ and âlanguage mixingâ, leads the researchers to find out the trigger behind this phenomenon.After done a research on Malaysian pre-school students, Karen Kow (2003) proposed some reasons ofdoing code switching and code mixing namely lack of one word in either language, to avoidmisunderstanding, to make a point, etc. However, students of graduated students of English LanguageStudies of Sanata Dharma University can be categorized as bilingual or multilingual since they employtwo even many languages in the daily conversation in their speech community. Therefore, by taking 12students of A class as the subject of the research through random sampling method, the discussion ofthis research will focus on investigating the reasons of both code switching and code mixing.

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