Optimal Taxes and Transfers under Partial Information

2005 ◽  
Vol 225 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Homburg ◽  
Tim Lohse
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Optimal Taxation ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Optimal Tax ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Government ◽  
Optimal Taxes

SummaryEffective from 2005, benefits for long-term unemployed have been reduced in Germany to the level of social assistance. This measure reflects the view that “all who are able to work, should work” - a view which makes sense only if the government can distinguish the disabled from the productive. In this paper we augment the standard model of optimal taxation, where the government has no information about individual productivities, by this very assumption: Partial information means that the government can distinguish the disabled from the productive, but cannot distinguish among the different productive types. An interesting proposition about the shape of optimal tax-transfer schemes under partial information is derived. Moreover, it is shown that unemployment on the side of the productive poor may still be optimal.

scholarly journals Understanding the Long-Term Evolution of CVs and LMXBs: Principles and Problems

1996 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 433-442
Author(s):  
U. Kolb
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Population Models ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Formation And Evolution

AbstractWe introduce the standard model for formation and evolution of CVs, and show how observed collective properties compare with theoretically predicted population models. A short overview relates LMXBs to CVs.

scholarly journals Precision tests of the Standard Model: Rare B-meson decays

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (09) ◽  
pp. 1741015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Model Building ◽  
B Meson ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Concrete Form ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Theoretical Physicist ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
The Government

The charge given to me by the organisers of the memorial meeting for Prof. Abdus Salam’s 90th birthday is to recall my personal impressions of him and review an aspect of the standard model (SM) physics related to my work. Salam was, first and foremost, a brilliant theoretical physicist whose work is still very much en vogue, currently being tested precisely by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Salam was, however, equally effective as a scientific advisor to many institutions, such as IAEA and CERN, but also to the government of Pakistan as the chief scientific strategist. He was also an untiring advocate of scientific research and higher education in developing countries, which took a concrete form in the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste. I discuss these aspects of his scientific life seen from my perspective in the first part. In the second part of my talk, which may appear as a disjoint piece to the first, I summarise some selected topics in rare B-decays — the current flavour physics frontier. Experiments carried out over several decades are largely in agreement with the SM, thanks also to dedicated theoretical effort in their interpretation. However, this field is undergoing an anomalous phase in a number of key measurements, in particular reported by LHCb, triggering a very lively debate and model building. These anomalies, which I review here, are too numerous to be ignored, but none is individually significant enough to announce a breakdown of the SM.

scholarly journals Modification of the RothC model to simulate soil C mineralization of exogenous organic matter

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Mondini ◽  
Maria Luz Cayuela ◽  
Tania Sinicco ◽  
Flavio Fornasier ◽  
Antonia Galvez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Rothc Model

Abstract. The development of soil organic C (SOC) models capable to produce accurate predictions of the long term decomposition of exogenous organic matter (EOM) in soils is important for an effective management of organic amendments. However, reliable C modelling in amended soils requires specific optimization of current C models to take into account the high variability of EOM origin and properties. The aim of this work was to improve the prediction of C mineralization rates in amended soils by modifying the RothC model to encompass a better description of EOM quality. The standard RothC model, involving C input to the soil only as decomposable (DPM) or resistant (RPM) organic material, was modified by introducing additional pools of decomposable (DEOM), resistant (REOM) and humified (HEOM) EOM. The partitioning factors and decomposition rates of the additional EOM pools were estimated by model fitting to respiratory curves of amended soils. For this task, 30 EOMs from 8 contrasting groups (compost, anaerobic digestates, sewage sludges, agro-industrial wastes, crop residues, bioenergy by-products, animal residues, meat and bone meals), were added to 10 soils and incubated under different conditions. The modified Roth C model was fitted to C mineralization curves in amended soils with great accuracy (mean correlation coefficient: 0.995). Differently to the standard model, the EOM-optimized RothC was able to better accommodate the large variability in EOM source and composition, as indicated by the decrease in the root mean squared error of the simulations for different EOMs (from 29.9 % to 3.7 % and from 20.0 % to 2.5 % for bioethanol residue and household waste compost amended soils, respectively). Average decomposition rates for DEOM and REOM pools were 89 y−1 and 0.4 y−1, higher than the standard model coefficients for DPM (10 y−1) and RPM (0.3 y−1). Results indicate that explicit treatment of EOM heterogeneity enhances the model ability to describe amendment decomposition under laboratory conditions and provides useful information to improve C modelling on the effects of different EOM on C dynamics in agricultural soils. Future researches involve the validation of the modified model with field data and its application to long term simulation of SOC patterns in amended soil at regional scale under climate change.

Government Debt, Taxes and Growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Riccardo Fiorito
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Discrete Time Model ◽  
Distortionary Taxation ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract By using a small discrete-time model we evaluate the impact of distortionary taxation on the government debt-to-GDP ratio. Once the standard model is modified accordingly, it appears that the increase of taxation has a growth cost which increases as long as die debt-to-GDP ratio rises. The empirical implementation uses data drawn from recent Italy’s record and is based on realistic shocks to the relevant parameters. A major finding is the importance of the debt level - not only of the dynamics - to stabilize the debt-to-GDP ratio. A second finding is that sustainable tax rates are remarkably lower than those prevailing in Italy since the 80s.

scholarly journals Fiscal Policy and Optimal Taxation in Sierra Leone: Testing for Tax Smoothing Hypothesis

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Samuel Bonzu
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Optimal Taxation ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Optimal Tax Policy ◽  
Optimal Tax ◽  
Review Period ◽  
Tax Smoothing ◽  
The Government

This paper empirically investigate whether the budget imbalances in Sierra Leone over the review period is consistent with optimal tax policy. The procedure involves testing if tax smoothing hypothesis hold for Sierra Leone. In this regard, three different empirical approaches were performed. Firstly, I examine the random walk property of the tax rate. The null hypothesis of non-stationarity of tax rate could not be rejected, which implies the tax rate follows random walk. Second, I examined whether changes in tax rate is predictable by regressing changes in tax rate by its own lagged values. The result shows that tax rate is unpredictable, as changes in tax cannot be determined by its lagged values. Finally, a VAR model was employed to examine whether tax rate can be predicted by its own lagged values together with changes in the government spending rate and the growth rate of real GDP. The results indicate that all the variables employed were found not be significant is predicating the tax rate. Overall, all the empirical estimations support the existence of tax smoothing over the sample period and that the budget inbalances over the review period is consistent with optimal tax policy.

scholarly journals Optimal Taxation with Behavioral Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Farhi ◽  
Xavier Gabaix
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Taxation ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Commodity Taxation ◽  
Optimal Tax ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optimal Taxes ◽  
Nonlinear Income Taxation

This paper develops a theory of optimal taxation with behavioral agents. We use a general framework that encompasses a wide range of biases such as misperceptions and internalities. We revisit the three pillars of optimal taxation: Ramsey (linear commodity taxation to raise revenues and redistribute), Pigou (linear commodity taxation to correct externalities), and Mirrlees (nonlinear income taxation). We show how the canonical optimal tax formulas are modified and lead to novel economic insights. We also show how to incorporate nudges in the optimal taxation framework, and jointly characterize optimal taxes and nudges. (JEL D62, D91, H21)

scholarly journals Assessing of evapotranspiration models using limited climatic data in Southeast Anatolian Project Region of Turkey

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11571
Author(s):  
Yusuf Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Annual Total

Evapotranspiration carries vital importance in areas with arid and semi-arid climate properties for many issues, including the planning of irrigation water as a scarce resource, the establishment of irrigation programs and conducting project design for drainage. The empirical equations used for determining plant water consumption are classified subject to the diversity of the utilized data. The Penman–Monteith method used frequently in many parts of the world as a standard method needs more climate data. Models that yield results that are similar to those of the standard method with less climate parameters are preferred due to their ease of use and wide impact. Temperature, relative humidity and radiation data for the years 2008–2017 were utilized to analyze the usability of the Hargreaves–Samani and Turc-1961 equations with regard to the estimation of reference evapotranspiration in four provinces located in Southeastern Anatolia Region. Results obtained via models were compared in pairs by way of the standard method in order to define the performance of the models. While the best performances were obtained from the comparison with the standard method and Hargreaves–Samani value pair, the comparison of the standard model with Turc displayed the lowest performance. Based on the study data, ETo-Turc values were higher in the provinces analyzed, thus displaying a lower performance. While maximum long term annual monthly average ETo-HS value was identified as 7.6 mm at Diyarbakır in July, whereas the lowest value was determined at Kilis with 5.8 mm; the highest and lowest ETo-Turc values were obtained in the same month at Diyarbakır and Kilis with 13.3 and 10.3 mm respectively. It was calculated based on the long term average annual total ETo values that while highest ETo-HS was calculated at Diyarbakır with 1,500 mm, whereas the lowest value was calculated at Batman with 1,183 mm. The highest value for ETo-Turc was obtained at Diyarbakır with 2,365 mm while Mardin had the lowest ETo value with 1,920 mm. Accordingly, based on the ETo values calculated at both cities studies based on both models, Diyarbakır had the highest values, whereas Kilis had the lowest ETo values. According to the standard method known as PM, lowest daily ETo values were calculated in all provinces, which displayed the highest performance among the models. As a result of this study, it is possible to use the Hargreaves-Samani model instead of the standard model in the absence of reliable climatic data.

scholarly journals Modification of the RothC model to simulate soil C mineralization of exogenous organic matter

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3253-3274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Mondini ◽  
Maria Luz Cayuela ◽  
Tania Sinicco ◽  
Flavio Fornasier ◽  
Antonia Galvez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Rothc Model

Abstract. The development of soil organic C (SOC) models capable of producing accurate predictions for the long-term decomposition of exogenous organic matter (EOM) in soils is important for the effective management of organic amendments. However, reliable C modeling in amended soils requires specific optimization of current C models to take into account the high variability in EOM origin and properties. The aim of this work was to improve the prediction of C mineralization rates in amended soils by modifying the RothC model to encompass a better description of EOM quality. The standard RothC model, involving C input to the soil only as decomposable (DPM) or resistant (RPM) organic material, was modified by introducing additional pools of decomposable (DEOM), resistant (REOM) and humified (HEOM) EOM. The partitioning factors and decomposition rates of the additional EOM pools were estimated by model fitting to the respiratory curves of amended soils. For this task, 30 EOMs from 8 contrasting groups (compost, anaerobic digestates, sewage sludge, agro-industrial waste, crop residues, bioenergy by-products, animal residues and meat and bone meals) were added to 10 soils and incubated under different conditions. The modified RothC model was fitted to C mineralization curves in amended soils with great accuracy (mean correlation coefficient 0.995). In contrast to the standard model, the EOM-optimized RothC was able to better accommodate the large variability in EOM source and composition, as indicated by the decrease in the root mean square error of the simulations for different EOMs (from 29.9 to 3.7 % and 20.0 to 2.5 % for soils amended with bioethanol residue and household waste compost, respectively). The average decomposition rates for DEOM and REOM pools were 89 and 0.4 yr−1, higher than the standard model coefficients for DPM (10 yr−1) and RPM (0.3 yr−1). The results indicate that the explicit treatment of EOM heterogeneity enhances the model ability to describe amendment decomposition under laboratory conditions and provides useful information to improve C modeling on the effects of different EOM on C dynamics in agricultural soils. Future research will involve the validation of the modified model with field data and its application in the long-term simulation of SOC patterns in amended soil at regional scales under climate change.

A Brief History of the Development of Rehabilitative Services in China

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (S24) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weicai Tian ◽  
Veronica Pearson ◽  
Ruiwen Wang ◽  
Michael R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Rehabilitation ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rehabilitative Services

In pre-revolutionary China most disabled persons had no opportunity to receive education or obtain employment, and many of them experienced social discrimination. After the founding of the People's Republic, the government adopted a number of measures aimed at guaranteeing their livelihood. Efforts were made to give those who maintained the ability to work the opportunity to do so; those who were unable to work were provided with emergency relief or, if they had no family members who could support them, placed in orphanages, long-term psychiatric hospitals, and other types of welfare institution. Once the basic livelihood needs of the disabled were met, the next objective was to provide rehabilitative services. The evolution of these services has depended on three separate but related developments: the maturation of an organisational structure for the co-ordination of the services; the promulgation of laws that safeguard the rights and privileges of disabled persons; and the formation of academic societies of medical rehabilitation. This paper first considers these three developments and then examines how they have influenced the evolution of psychiatric rehabilitation in China.

scholarly journals Non-Integrable Dynamics and Physics Beyond the Standard Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ervin Goldfain
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Chaotic Behavior ◽  
Beyond The Standard Model ◽  
Conserved Quantities ◽  
Poisson Brackets ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Classical Systems ◽  
Mathematical Background ◽  
The Standard Model

The evolution of integrable classical systems leads to conserved quantities and vanishing Poisson brackets. In contrast, such invariants do not exist in the dynamics of non-integrable systems, which include (but are not limited to) deterministic models with long-term chaotic behavior. The object of this review is to briefly survey the mathematical background of nonintegrability and its role in the physics unfolding well-above the Standard Model (SM) scale.

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