Few and Far Between: Some Explanations of Health Provisions in Trade Agreements

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikh Shahnawaz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Health Objectives ◽  
Trade Partners

AbstractThe recent proliferation of trade agreements and swelling membership of the WTO can be explained in part by the promise of faster growth and economic development that trade liberalization is supposed to deliver. But many countries enter into arrangements that fail to safeguard national health objectives. This article proposes some explanations by developing a formal model. It identifies a country’s trade negotiation capacity, the significance of its exports to its trade partners, and its public health status as important determinants of how sensitive its trade agreements are to its health concerns. Some examples are provided to illustrate the predictions of the model.

scholarly journals Trade Negotiation Capacity and Health Carve-Outs in Trade Agreements

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Sheikh Shahnawaz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Public Health Spending ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fiscal Regime ◽  
The Relationship

There is a dearth of scholarship on the relationship between international trade and health status in countries. This paper contributes to filling this gap by proposing a formal analytical framework to study the link between the extent of health issues carved out from trade agreements by negotiating countries and their expenditure on public health. We also examine the role played by the nature of the political and fiscal regime prevalent in the country in the securing of the carve-outs. The model predicts that a higher level of carve-outs is more likely for countries that have relatively low levels of public health spending and which tend to be more politically free and fiscally liberal. We provide anecdotal evidence that supports our findings.

scholarly journals The effect of food insecurity on the prevalence of adult obesity in New Jersey counties

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sadhu ◽  
M Souza ◽  
C Borges
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Obesity and food insecurity are prevalent public health concerns that influence factors at both the individual and community levels. Given that obesity is linked to a number of health concerns including heart disease and diabetes, national efforts have been formed to reduce obesity rates among these populations. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of food-insecure households and associated risk factors on the prevalence of obesity among adults in New Jersey counties. The researchers hypothesized that counties with higher rates of food-secure households and associated risk factors would yield higher rates of obesity among the adult population. An ecological cross-sectional study was performed using secondary data from New Jersey Health Assessment and Census databases focused specifically on all 21 counties in New Jersey. The independent variables were selected from the social indicators available in the datasets consulted: food insecurity rate, physical activity rate, median household income, frequent mental health distress, routine health visit, and percent of adults self-reporting good, very good, or excellent health status. These independent variables were tested against adult obesity rates among New Jersey counties. It was revealed that rising obesity rates among adults were linked to increased rates of food insecurity, lower median household income, and lower perceived health status. Future research may investigate additional social determinants in relation to obesity rates in order to improve public health interventions within communities to increase health outcomes among adults. Key messages Obesity and food insecurity are prevalent public health concerns that influence factors at both the individual and community levels. Rising obesity rates among adults are linked to increased rates of food insecurity, lower median household income, and lower perceived health status.

What Explains South Korean Interest in FTA Partners?

Asian Survey ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 982-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chika Yamamoto Rosenbaum ◽  
Jonathan Krieckhaus
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
South Korean ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
Trade Partners

This study examines why and when South Korea has pursued free trade agreements. Empirical analysis evaluates Korea’s free trade partners based on (1) market size, (2) levels of economic development, (3) geographic proximity, (4) democratic governance, and (5) trade competition with China and Japan.

Does Trade Liberalization Improve Public Health? The Effect of Free Trade Agreements and Multilateralism in Pharmaceutical Sector in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Vani Archana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Public Health Implication ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Despite several economic reforms in India post-1991, millions of Indian households do not have access to drugs because they lack purchasing power or public health facilities. The present article critically examines the potential public health implication of trade liberalization to facilitate access to a variety of good quality drugs at affordable costs. Using the partial equilibrium model, the article suggests that multilateralism and free trade agreements (FTAs) both have a positive impact on welfare gains, consumer surplus, and trade volume in pharmaceutical industries in India. However, the study found that multilateralism is clearly associated with improved human welfare, particularly health. Multilateral trade liberalization should, therefore, be viewed in terms of its wider socioeconomic impact, rather than through the narrow lens of country-specific FTAs.

The Optimal Timing of Compulsory Licensing: A Story of Thailand's Winter of Discontent

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikh Shahnawaz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Compulsory License ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Direct Concern

This paper considers the timing of issuing a compulsory license on pharmaceuticals. Apart from confirming the role of basic public health concerns--such as the virulence and prevalence of the disease to be addressed--in compulsory licensing, the paper identifies key economic variables of direct concern to a revenue-maximizing government with the power to issue the license. The paper finds that a disease that threatens to reduce domestic tax revenues is likely to be met with a move toward generic manufacturing of patented drugs. A compulsory license is less likely to be issued if retaliation by trade partners endangers the domestic export sector or if foreign trade contributes significantly to government finances. Thailand’s 2006 compulsory license issue is discussed as an example supporting the implications derived from the model.

Feature extraction and prediction of Dengue Outbreaks

2020 ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Kunal Parikh ◽  
Tanvi Makadia ◽  
Harshil Patel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
Dengue Outbreaks

Dengue is unquestionably one of the biggest health concerns in India and for many other developing countries. Unfortunately, many people have lost their lives because of it. Every year, approximately 390 million dengue infections occur around the world among which 500,000 people are seriously infected and 25,000 people have died annually. Many factors could cause dengue such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, inadequate public health, and many others. In this paper, we are proposing a method to perform predictive analytics on dengue’s dataset using KNN: a machine-learning algorithm. This analysis would help in the prediction of future cases and we could save the lives of many.

The Rise of Anchor Institutions and the Threat to Community Health: Protecting Community Wealth, Building Community Power

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence T. Brown ◽  
Ashley Bachelder ◽  
Marisela B. Gomez ◽  
Alicia Sherrell ◽  
Imani Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Anchor Institutions ◽  
Health Related Research ◽  
Research Parks ◽  
Wealth Building

Academic institutions are increasingly playing pivotal roles in economic development and community redevelopment in cities around the United States. Many are functioning in the role of anchor institutions and building technology, biotechnology, or research parks to facilitate biomedical research. In the process, universities often partner with local governments, implementing policies that displace entire communities and families, thereby inducing a type of trauma that researcher Mindy Thompson Fullilove has termed “root shock.” We argue that displacement is a threat to public health and explore the ethical implications of university-led displacement on public health research, especially the inclusion of vulnerable populations into health-related research. We further explicate how the legal system has sanctioned the exercise of eminent domain by private entities such as universities and developers.Strategies that communities have employed in order to counter such threats are highlighted and recommended for communities that may be under the threat of university-led displacement. We also offer a critical look at the three dominant assumptions underlying university-sponsored development: that research parks are engines of economic development, that deconcentrating poverty via displacement is effective, and that poverty is simply the lack of economic or financial means. Understanding these fallacies will help communities under the threat of university-sponsored displacement to protect community wealth, build power, and improve health.

Gendered Marketing of Food Supplements in Lifestyle Magazines in Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Effrosyni Kotsaga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Print Media ◽  
Women's Magazines ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Comparative Statistical Analysis ◽  
Gendered Stereotypes

Background: Marketing of food supplements in Greece in print media has not been examined and this study is the first attempt to provide a comparative statistical analysis. Methods: Lifestyle magazines that were distributed all over Greece and aimed at women and men were collected in the years 2014 and 2016. Five criteria with their subcriteria were developed and were related to the branding of the food supplements; their quality characteristics; the information given about health concerns; photographs of people who promoted food supplements and to claims of their suitability. Results: It seems that in terms of product branding, women’s magazines were more likely to be targeted. Some quality characteristics such as information about the ingredients of food supplements or information about banned substances were more likely to be seen in women’s magazines in 2016. In 2014 and 2016, not all advertisements provided information about health concerns and among those which informed readers about health concerns, differentiation in target audiences was observed. Photographs that showed people promoting food supplements as well as claims of suitability for various categories of consumers, seem to be gendered in 2014 but this trend was not strong enough in 2016. Conclusion: It can be argued that the marketing of food supplements was aggressive and gendered in 2014 and changed in 2016 with better information on public health but had retained some gendered stereotypes.

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