scholarly journals Dependency of Military Capabilities on Technological Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesa Kuikka ◽  
Juha-Pekka Nikkarila ◽  
Marko Suojanen
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Technological Forecasting ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
High Level

Abstract Our goal is to get better understanding of different kind of dependencies behind the high-level capability areas. The models are suitable for investigating present state capabilities or future developments of capabilities in the context of technology forecasting. Three levels are necessary for a model describing effects of technologies on military capabilities. These levels are capability areas, systems and technologies. The contribution of this paper is to present one possible model for interdependencies between technologies. Modelling interdependencies between technologies is the last building block in constructing a quantitative model for technological forecasting including necessary levels of abstraction. This study supplements our previous research and as a result we present a model for the whole process of capability modelling. As in our earlier studies, capability is defined as the probability of a successful task or operation or proper functioning of a system. In order to obtain numerical data to demonstrate our model, we conducted a questionnaire to a group of defence technology researchers where interdependencies between seven representative technologies were inquired. Because of a small number of participants in questionnaires and general uncertainties concerning subjective evaluations, only rough conclusions can be made from the numerical results.

scholarly journals Model-Driven Architectural Framework towards Safe and Secure Nuclear Power Reactors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5136
Author(s):  
Bassem Ouni ◽  
Christophe Aussagues ◽  
Saadia Dhouib ◽  
Chokri Mraidha
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
System Development ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Case System ◽  
Architectural Framework ◽  
Performance Check ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels

Sensor-based digital systems for Instrumentation and Control (I&C) of nuclear reactors are quite complex in terms of architecture and functionalities. A high-level framework is highly required to pre-evaluate the system’s performance, check the consistency between different levels of abstraction and address the concerns of various stakeholders. In this work, we integrate the development process of I&C systems and the involvement of stakeholders within a model-driven methodology. The proposed approach introduces a new architectural framework that defines various concepts, allowing system implementations and encompassing different development phases, all actors, and system concerns. In addition, we define a new I&C Modeling Language (ICML) and a set of methodological rules needed to build different architectural framework views. To illustrate this methodology, we extend the specific use of an open-source system engineering tool, named Eclipse Papyrus, to carry out many automation and verification steps at different levels of abstraction. The architectural framework modeling capabilities will be validated using a realistic use case system for the protection of nuclear reactors. The proposed framework is able to reduce the overall system development cost by improving links between different specification tasks and providing a high abstraction level of system components.

Parametric Generator for Architectural and Urban 3D Objects

2013 ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
Renato Saleri Lunazzi
Keyword(s):  
Finite Elements ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Geometric Modeling ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Semantic Description ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Parametric Generator ◽  
High Level

The authors developed and finalized a specific tool able to model the global structure of architectural objects through a morphological and semantic description of its finite elements. This discrete conceptual model - still in study - was refined during the geometric modeling of the “Vieux Lyon” district, containing a high level of morpho-stylistic disparity. Future developments should allow increasing the genericity of its descriptive efficiency, permitting even more sparse morphological and\or stylistic varieties. Its general purpose doesn’t consist in creating a “universal modeler,” but to offer a simple tool able to quickly describe a majority of standard architectural objects compliant with some standard parametric definition rules.

Perpetual Mobile Availability as a Reason for Communication Overload

2017 ◽  
pp. 93-119
Author(s):  
Bernadette Kneidinger-Müller
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Stress And Coping ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Diary Study ◽  
Transactional Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Coping

Mobile communication media such as smartphones have dramatically increased the social availability of users. The perpetual contact is experienced quite ambivalently, not only as a big advantage of technological development but also as a new reason for increasing communication overload. This chapter details how people evaluate mobile availability in their everyday lives and how they cope with experiences of overload and stress. Using the transactional theory of stress and coping (Lazarus & Cohen, 1977), data from a diary study and qualitative interviews with German smartphone users are analyzed. The findings emphasize the high level of subjectivity that influences how everyday experiences of smartphone usage and mobile availability are evaluated.

Change through continuity:a quiet revolution in primary health care in New Zealand

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Health System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Major Change ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Key Aspects

IN A RECENTLY PUBLISHED paper entitled Continuity through change: the rhetoric and reality of health reform in New Zealand, I and my co-authors Nick Mays and Nancy Devlin pointed out that, in spite of a series of major health sector reforms during the 1990s and early 2000s, some key aspects of the system have endured.1 Moreover, many incremental changes to existing processes and systems that occurred during the reform period have, arguably, been more important to improving the functioning and performance of the system than the more high level (and more visible) structural changes. Since that paper was written, many further changes have occurred in the organisation, funding and management of the New Zealand health system. However, in contrast to the 1990s, the focus now is on continuity and stability rather than on any need for further major change. Indeed, terms such as ?reform? or ?restructuring? have now all but vanished from any debate about health policy in New Zealand. Perhaps the reformers have learned that health system reform is akin to training for the Olympics. The whole process takes a fair bit of time and effort, and results are unlikely to be achieved in the short term. Further major reform is also not regarded as politically viable. As noted in an article in the New Zealand Herald just before the general election in September, there is ?. . . considerable public sensitivity over any whiff of restructuring in health?.2

scholarly journals DNNBrain: A Unifying Toolbox for Mapping Deep Neural Networks and Brains

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiayu Chen ◽  
Ming Zhou ◽  
Zhengxin Gong ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Xingyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Internal Operations ◽  
High Level

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have attained human-level performance on dozens of challenging tasks via an end-to-end deep learning strategy. Deep learning allows data representations that have multiple levels of abstraction; however, it does not explicitly provide any insights into the internal operations of DNNs. Deep learning's success is appealing to neuroscientists not only as a method for applying DNNs to model biological neural systems but also as a means of adopting concepts and methods from cognitive neuroscience to understand the internal representations of DNNs. Although general deep learning frameworks, such as PyTorch and TensorFlow, could be used to allow such cross-disciplinary investigations, the use of these frameworks typically requires high-level programming expertise and comprehensive mathematical knowledge. A toolbox specifically designed as a mechanism for cognitive neuroscientists to map both DNNs and brains is urgently needed. Here, we present DNNBrain, a Python-based toolbox designed for exploring the internal representations of DNNs as well as brains. Through the integration of DNN software packages and well-established brain imaging tools, DNNBrain provides application programming and command line interfaces for a variety of research scenarios. These include extracting DNN activation, probing and visualizing DNN representations, and mapping DNN representations onto the brain. We expect that our toolbox will accelerate scientific research by both applying DNNs to model biological neural systems and utilizing paradigms of cognitive neuroscience to unveil the black box of DNNs.

Shared memory multiprocessor support for functional array processing in SAC

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLEMENS GRELCK
Keyword(s):  
Shared Memory ◽  
Array Processing ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Parallel Execution ◽  
Real Performance ◽  
Execution Model ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
High Level ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
The Impact

Classical application domains of parallel computing are dominated by processing large arrays of numerical data. Whereas most functional languages focus on lists and trees rather than on arrays, SAC is tailor-made in design and in implementation for efficient high-level array processing. Advanced compiler optimizations yield performance levels that are often competitive with low-level imperative implementations. Based on SAC, we develop compilation techniques and runtime system support for the compiler-directed parallel execution of high-level functional array processing code on shared memory architectures. Competitive sequential performance gives us the opportunity to exploit the conceptual advantages of the functional paradigm for achieving real performance gains with respect to existing imperative implementations, not only in comparison with uniprocessor runtimes. While the design of SAC facilitates parallelization, the particular challenge of high sequential performance is that realization of satisfying speedups through parallelization becomes substantially more difficult. We present an initial compilation scheme and multi-threaded execution model, which we step-wise refine to reduce organizational overhead and to improve parallel performance. We close with a detailed analysis of the impact of certain design decisions on runtime performance, based on a series of experiments.

Resources Provision of Rural Territories Social Sphere: A Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1512
Author(s):  
Olga RUBAEVA ◽  
Ekaterina POGARTSEVA ◽  
Ekaterina KOT ◽  
Tatyana NIKITINA
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
High Level

The article presents analysis of resources provision of social sphere of the rural territories of Chelyabinsk region; there are analyzed the main components of creature comforts of a rural population.  There is given an assessment of a program implementation of sustainable development of the rural territories of Chelyabinsk region and the country in general. There are the numerical data characterizing the delivery of Program in regions of the Russian Federation and amounts of financing for realization the actions contributing to sustainable development of the rural territories. The main directions of the Program are connected with providing the rural territories with a necessary social infrastructure sufficient for maintenance of worthy level of living of a rural population and also to promoting growth of appeal of shape of the rural territories to inflow of the human and investment equities. There is shown an international experience of achievement of high level and quality of life in the rural territories. There are determined the main priorities of development of the rural territories of the European countries: innovation in the structuring of farming; providing a continuous line of production of producing agricultural products; rational use of natural resources; improvement of social and economic conditions of life sustenance in the rural territories. There is revealed the direct dependence between ensuring growth of sustainable development level of the rural territories on degree of a scope and efficiency of use of own resources and the available potentials in the territories. Here are allocated types of the rural territories on the level of sustainable development: the territories of the advancing development; the developing territories; survival territories. There are established the reasons of decrease in life level in the rural territories and great lagging from the level of sustainable development of urban localities. The main reasons are: the concentration of production and conversion of agricultural products in certain settlements promoting desolation and irrational use of potentials of other territories; insufficient financing of the social sphere; a lack of support from the state of small-scale farmer and personal subsidiary farms. There are made recommendations about enhancement of organizational, economic and ecological opportunities of use of the available resource providing the rural territories; production organizations of agricultural products; development of a social infrastructure.

scholarly journals A LAYERED FRAMEWORK FOR CONNECTING CLIENT OBJECTIVES AND RESOURCE CAPABILITIES

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 391-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASIT DAN ◽  
KAVITHA RANGANATHAN ◽  
CATALIN L. DUMITRESCU ◽  
MATEI RIPEANU
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Service Management ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

In large-scale, distributed systems such as Grids, an agreement between a client and a service provider specifies service level objectives both as expressions of client requirements and as provider assurances. From an application perspective, these objectives should be expressed in a high-level, service or application-specific manner rather than requiring clients to detail the necessary resources. Resource providers on the other hand, expect low-level, resource-specific performance criteria that are uniform across applications and can be easily interpreted and provisioned. This paper presents a framework for service management that addresses this gap between high-level specification of client performance objectives and existing resource management infrastructures. The paper identifies three levels of abstraction for resource requirements a service provider needs to manage, namely: detailed specification of raw resources, virtualization of heterogeneous resources as abstract resources, and performance objectives at an application level. The paper also identifies three key functions for managing service-level agreements, namely: translation of resource requirements across abstraction layers, arbitration in allocating resources to client requests, and aggregation and allocation of resources from multiple lower-level resource managers. One or more of these key functions may be present at each abstraction layer of a service-level manager. Thus, layering and the composition of these functions across abstraction layers enables modeling of a wide array of management scenarios. The framework we present uses service metadata and/or service performance models to map client requirements to resource capabilities, uses business value associated with objectives to arbitrate between competing requests, and allocates resources based on previously negotiated agreements. We instantiate this framework for three different scenarios and explain how the architectural principles we introduce are used in the real-word.

scholarly journals Algorithm Development for Distributed Memory Multicomputers Using CONLAB

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jacobson ◽  
Bo Kågström ◽  
Mikael Rännar
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Memory ◽  
Computer Architectures ◽  
Parallel Computer ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
Development Methodology ◽  
Target Architecture ◽  
Real Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels

CONLAB (CONcurrent LABoratory) is an environment for developing algorithms for parallel computer architectures and for simulating different parallel architectures. A user can experimentally verify and obtain a picture of the real performance of a parallel algorithm executing on a simulated target architecture. CONLAB gives a high-level support for expressing computations and communications in a distributed memory multicomputer (DMM) environment. A development methodology for DMM algorithms that is based on different levels of abstraction of the problem, the target architecture, and the CONLAB language itself is presented and illustrated with two examples. Simulotion results for and real experiments on the Intel iPSC/2 hypercube are presented. Because CONLAB is developed to run on uniprocessor UNIX workstations, it is an educational tool that offers interactive (simulated) parallel computing to a wide audience.

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