scholarly journals Efficiency of organic substance removal in a hybrid sand filter with horizontal flow

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski
Keyword(s):  
Organic Substance ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Hydraulic Load

AbstractThe paper presents the results of the research about the efficiency of organic substance removal in a hybrid sand filter. The investigations were carried out on a model wastewater treatment plant consisting of a preliminary sedimentation tank and two sand filter with a horizontal flow of wastewater (aerobic and anaerobic beds). The efficiency of BOD5 and COD removal was analysed for different wastewater hydraulic load levels: 0.72; 1.08; 1.44 dm3·d−1. The best efficiency of BOD5 and COD removal was obtained when the hydraulic load level was 1.08 dm3·d−1, respectively 83.8 and 72.3%. The average values of BOD5 and COD in the treated wastewater were significantly higher than the values deemed acceptable by relevant regulations in Poland. Based on the studies in the analyzed case, it was found that, sand filters with horizontal flow, do not guarantee high effluent treatment effect of typical household wastewater. In order to obtain a better efficiency of organic substance removal in a hybrid sand filter wastewater need to be oxygenate before being carried to these systems.

Combined nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale continuous up-flow sand filter

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hultman ◽  
K. Jönsson ◽  
E. Plaza
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Phosphate Concentration ◽  
Denitrification Rate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Hydraulic Load ◽  
Sedimentation Basins

An attractive method for post-denitrification may be the use of sand filters. In this paper, a description and evaluation are given of full scale studies of the use of a continuous sand filter for the combined removal of suspended solids, phosphorus and nitrogen. Experiments were performed using methanol as a carbon source for denitrification and ferric chloride for an improved phosphorus removal. The studied continuous sand filter was a DynaSand filter marketed by Nordic Water Products AB. The filter has a surface area of 4.7 m2 and a maximum possible bed height of 6 m. The bed consisted of sand with 1.2-2 mm grain size. The tested bed heights were 3.5-4.8 m, and the hydraulic load varied between 5.4 and 24.5 m/h. The effluent from the Loudden treatment plant in Stockholm was supplied to the filter. Influent nitrate concentrations up to 20 mg N/l were tested and they decreased to 0.5-2 mg N/l. The methanol dosage was controlled by the measurement of nitrate continuously in the effluent by a dr Lange meter. The denitrification rate followed a half order reaction down to low values of nitrate. Results showed that an effluent concentration of 0.15 mg P/l could easily be obtained. It was found that the influence of phosphate concentration is small on the denitrification rate if the phosphate concentration is above 0.1 mg P/l. The reject has a low sludge index which is favourable if the reject is returned to a sedimentation basin. The emission of nitrous gas (N2O) is very low. The installation makes it possible to use space efficiently, since polishing, phosphorus removal and denitrification can take place in the same unit. Already the phosphorus removal process reduces the need for process volume by 80% compared to a conventional process with flocculation and sedimentation basins.

Up-flow roughing filtration: rehabilitation of a water treatment plant in Tarata, Bolivia

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Ingallinella ◽  
Luis María Stecca ◽  
Martin Wegelin
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Made In

This paper presents the methodology used for the rehabilitation of the pretreatment stage in a water treatment plant for a village located in Bolivia which has 3500 inhabitants. The treatment plant was initially composed by horizontal-flow roughing filters and slow sand filters, but due to the high contents of colloidal turbidity of the providing source, it did not work properly. A plan of rehabilitation was made which comprised laboratory tests, pilot tests and proposal of modifications based on the results of previous stages. The laboratory tests were made in order to find the optimum conditions to coagulate the raw water. It was found that horizontal-flow roughing filters must be turned into up-flow roughing filters, so a pilot plant was built and was operated for three months in order to find suitable design parameters. The results obtained obtained during the operation of the pilot plant and the proposal of modifications are presented. The results of operation of the final plant, which are also reported, demonstrated the advantages of the up-flow roughing filtration as a pretreatment stage when it is necessary to add chemical products in small treatment plants.

scholarly journals Enhancing treated wastewater effluent characteristics using hybrid biofilm/activated sludge process – a case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-227
Author(s):  
Khalid Hassan ◽  
Olfat Hamdy ◽  
Mohamed Helmy ◽  
Hossam Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Hybrid Reactor ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Fill Fraction ◽  
Hydraulic Load

Abstract This paper documents the results of 12 months of monitoring of an upgraded hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (MBBR-CAS WWTP). It also targets the assessment of the increment of the hydraulic load on existing treatment units with a zero construction and land cost. The influent flow to the plant was increased from 21,000 m3 d−1 to 30,000 m3 d−1, 40% of the existing CAS reactor volume was used for the MBBR zone with a carrier fill fraction of 47.62% and with Headworks Bio ActiveCell™ 515 used as media; no modifications were made for the primary and secondary tanks. The hybrid reactor showed high removal efficiencies for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), with average effluent values recording 33.00 ± 8.87 mg L−1, 52.90 ± 9.65 mg L−1 and 29.50 ± 6.64 mg L−1 respectively. Nutrient removals in the hybrid modified biological reactor were moderate compared with carbon removal despite the high C/N ratio of 12.33. Findings in this study favor the application of MBBR in the upgrading of existing CAS plants with the plant BOD5 removal efficiency recording an increase of about 5% compared with the plant before upgrade and effluent values well within the legal requirements.

scholarly journals Performance of slow sand filters in the after-treatment of effluent from Pernambuco state textile center

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alanna Maria do Nascimento Bezerra ◽  
Marcos Henrique Gomes Ribeiro ◽  
Artur Paiva Coutinho ◽  
Ana Emília Carvalho de Gusmão da Cunha Rabelo ◽  
Elizabeth Amaral Pastich Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Effluent Treatment Plant ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
State Textile

Jean laundering generates significant effluent flows with a high organic load, color, and other pollutants, making it difficult to adjust effluent releases within legal limits. Slow Sand Filters (SSF) with downflow were tested for seven days (bench scale), to propose an after-treatment of effluents from an Effluent Treatment Plant of a jean laundry. The research evaluated the removal of the following parameters: color, turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, conductivity, ammonia, total phosphorus and salinity of the textile effluent. The experimental apparatus had four SSF: the first filter was fed with distilled water, while the other three filters (triplicates) were fed with effluent. The filters had, on average, the following removal efficiencies: 91% for ammonia, 61.24% color, 89.43% turbidity, and 83.54% for phosphorus. Regarding the removal of organic matter, 98.11% for BOD and 81.17% for COD, demonstrating that SSFs were efficient in removing particulate, dissolved materials and organic matter.

scholarly journals Macroalgae and Activated Sludge Microbes in Treatment of Crepe Cotton Effluent

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S2) ◽  
pp. 697-700
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Heat Insulation ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Textile Fabrics ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Crepe cotton bandages (textile fabrics) are common household kit in the medical first aid boxes and are globally used in pharmaceutical and health care units to offer heat, insulation and support in many medical situations. Southern Tamilnadu comprises of more than 150 crepe bandage textile units and exports tonnes of crepe cottons. Many units are operated on continuous basis and therefore the amount of wastewater generated and its treatment is of critical importance. Unlike typical textile effluent, crepe cotton processing wastewater do not contain dyes, but significant proportions of caustic soda, soda ash, bleaching agents and COD. This paper discusses the effluent treatment of crepe cotton processing units using mixed cultures of macroalgae and activated sludge microbes. There are very few studies comparing the performance of activated sludge and macro algae in wastewater treatment. Fresh water macroalgae was collected from a nearby pond and activated sludge was collected from the aeration basin of domestic wastewater treatment plant. Crepe cotton processing effluent had significant concentrations of COD, TDS, TSS and was highly alkaline. The COD removal efficiency of about 73.8% and 99 % was obtained for macroalgae and activated sludge microbes respectively. COD removal was quick in activated sludge while macroalgae cultures took 144 h to remove 275 mg/L of COD. This study shows that activated sludge microbes are quick to adapt in uptake of organics from crepe cotton effluent when compared to macroalgal sp, further studies will provide insights on generating bioenergy from algal species grown in crepe cotton effluent for sustained plant operation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of pathogen risks using QMRA to explore wastewater reuse options: A case study from New Delhi in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajashree Hajare ◽  
Pawan Labhasetwar ◽  
Pranav Nagarnaik
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Reuse Options

Abstract Selecting appropriate reuse for treated wastewater is a challenge. The current investigation outlines the utilization of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to assist Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) management to determine the best-possible reuse of treated wastewater from 11 ETPs in Delhi. Four representative pathogens: pathogenic E.coli spp., Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were selected to characterize microbial water quality. Reuse options selected based on the survey and interaction with ETP managers include crop-irrigation, garden-irrigation, toilet-flush and industrial applications. The probability-of-infection was characterized for two exposure groups: workers and children. Water quality monitoring indicates the occurrence of pathogenic E.coli spp (100%), Salmonella spp.(63%), Cryptosporidium spp. (81%) and Giardia spp. (45%) in the treated wastewater. QMRA reveals the annual median-probability of infection above acceptable limits for pathogenic E.coli spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Salmonella spp. The probabilities of Giardia-associated infections were low. Adults showed a 1.24 times higher probability of infection compared to children. Sensitivity analysis indicated pathogen concentration as the most critical factor. The study highlights that the existing plans for chlorination-based treatment technology may prove insufficient in reducing the risk for selected reuse options; but, alternate on-site control measures and up-grading water reuse protocol may be effective.

Advanced treatment of WWTP effluent; no use or reuse?

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Scherrenberg ◽  
H.W.H. Menkveld ◽  
D.J. Schuurman ◽  
J.J.M. den Elzen ◽  
J.H.J.M. van der Graaf
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Wwtp Effluent

From 2006 until 2008 a research project is executed at wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Leiden Zuid-West (The Rijnland District Water Control Board). The research focus is on the removal of nitrogen, phosphorous, heavy metals and priority hazardous substances from WWTP effluent with different treatment techniques to reach the effluent quality which is required by the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC. The semi-practical installation at WWTP Leiden Zuid-West consists of small full scale installations and has a maximum capacity of 150 m3/h. The installation is divided into two parallel streets. The first street consists of flocculation tanks and a continuous sand filter. The second street consists of a continuous sand filter, flocculation tanks and a dual media filter. The continuous sand filters are denitrifying filters. The results of this research up to now show that continuous sand filtration has the ability of removing total nitrogen and total phosphorous to MPR values (maximum permissible risk) at high filtration rates. This means that continuous sand filtration is suitable as pre-treatment for ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis to produce ultra pure water. The advanced treatment of WWTP effluent is not only good to reach a better water quality but makes also the possibility of reuse easier.

Drinking water off-flavour caused by the formation of short-chain fatty acids in slow sand filters

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Karlsson ◽  
A. Grimvall ◽  
H. Borén
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

A case study carried out at a municipal drinking water treatment plant in southern Sweden showed that the formation of short-chain fatty acids in slow sand filters can result in severe off-flavour problems. When an extract of the headspace of the surface layer of a sand filter was subjected to gas chromatographic analysis with sensory detection (GC sniffing), several strong, rancid odours were detected. Mass spectrometric analysis of the same extract, before and after methylation, showed that substantial amounts of butyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid were present in the analysed sample. The off-flavour caused by these compounds was removed by repeated shock chlorination of the malfunctioning slow sand filter. Analysis of fatty acid esters may provide an early warning of the described off-flavour problem.

DECOLOURIZATION AND COD REMOVAL OF WASEWATER FROM ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM MOLASSES BY COAGULANTION USING INORGANIC ALUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Trung Duc Le
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Treatment Step ◽  
Main Material

The industrial production of ethanol by fermentation using molasses as main material that generates large quantity of wastewater. This wastewater contains high levels of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD), that may causes serious environmental pollution. Most available treatment processes in Vietnam rely on biological methods, which often fail to treat waste water up to discharge standard. As always, it was reported that quality of treated wastewater could not meet Vietnameses discharge standard. So, it is necessary to improve the treatment efficiency of whole technological process and therefore, supplemental physico-chemical treatment step before biodegradation stage should be the appropriate choice. This study was carried out to assess the effect of coagulation process on decolourization and COD removal in molasses-based ethanol production wastewater using inorganic coaglutant under laboratory conditions. The experimental results showed that the reductions of COD and colour with the utilization of Al2(SO4)3 at pH 9.5 were 83% and 70%, respectively. Mixture FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 at pH 8.5 reduced 82% of colour and 70% of COD. With the addition of Polyacrylamide (PAM), the reduction efficiencies of colour, COD and turbidity by FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 were 87%, 73.1% and 94.1% correspondingly. It was indicated that PAM significantly reduced the turbidity of wastewater, however it virtually did not increase the efficiencies of colour and COD reduction. Furthermore, the coagulation processes using PAM usually produces a mount of sludge which is hard to be deposited.

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