scholarly journals Analysis of the Relation Between Climate Changes and Security Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
Nikolay Iliyanov Padrev
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Vocabulary ◽  
New Phase

Abstract Security is often used in most meaningful concepts of contemporary political vocabulary. Furthermore, it concerns interesting aspects of the survival of nations and states in the world. In the first decade of the 21st century, mankind got into a qualitatively new phase of its development, in which it should invariably use the "uncertainty" area. There are no doubts about the facts that environmental pollution can cause a variety of ecologically based diseases and this in turn leads to reduction in the average life expectancy. This paper analyzes the relations between climate changes today and their impact on the security area. Problems that have arisen worldwide and in the Republic of Bulgaria because of the climate change are pointed out. The paper discuses directions for improving the security environment in the context of climate changes

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE IN RUSSIA AND IN THE WORLD

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-75
Author(s):  
А. N. Zubets ◽  
А. V. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Average Person ◽  
Per Capita

The authors of the article present modern approaches to the assessment of the value of human life abroad and in contemporary Russia, which can be used to determine the fair amount of compensation payments to victims in emergency situations of various natures. To this end, a wide range of initial data was used: the results of Russian and international sociological surveys, statistics of Rosstat, the World Bank, and other international databases. The analysis of the legislation carried out by the authors showed that the value of human life in Russia fixed in the normative acts is from 0.5 to 9.2 million roubles. The authors obtained estimates of material losses for the national economy due to the premature death of the average person as a result of emergency situations and for the individual household — they amount to 31.7 and 7.9–10.5 million roubles respectively (in 2017 prices). The authors also provided estimates of the value of the life of the average person in Russia, obtained on the basis of sociological surveys conducted in 2017. The average value of human life in Russia, obtained by methods of sociology, is 5.2 million roubles; the median value is 1.4 million roubles. The article presents the author’s method of assessing the value of human life, taking into account the material and moral damage caused to the family of the deceased, built on the balance of average life expectancy, per capita final consumption, and satisfaction of the population of different countries with their lives. As an equivalent of people’s satisfaction with their lives, the authors also used data on the level of domestic violence in society and the balance of migration flows, both at the national and regional levels. Within the framework of this method, the value of the life of the average person is the average increase in the level of individual consumption, necessary to restore a normal level of satisfaction with their lives in conditions of increased mortality and reduction of the average life expectancy. The article presents also the author’s calculations performed by this method for different groups of countries. It is shown that the total value of human life in the world as a whole is 4.6–4.7 million uS dollars in 2011 prices. In the group of countries with per capita consumption of more than 10 thousand uS dollars the value of human life reaches 18.5 million dollars per year. In the group of countries with incomes below this mark, the value of human life reaches 0.5–1.9 million dollars. According to the authors, in Russia, the “value” of human life should be 51–61 million roubles in the prices of 2017 (about 1 million uS dollars depending on the official exchange rate). The results of the study of the quantitative assessment of the value of human life in Russia are correlated with the conclusions about the social need for just compensation of the damage suffered by the families of the victims of natural, man-made and other emergencies.

scholarly journals Population Engineering on Dynamic Process of Migration and Demographic Processes in Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.7) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Yerimbetova Kunduzai Myrzashnovna ◽  
. .
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
The World ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Further Development

Modern migration is a dynamic and complex social phenomenon. It is characterized by significant scale and diversity, due to a complex of factors: socio-economic, political, ethnic, religious, environmental, demographic and others. The article reveals the demographic processes of the Republic of Kazakhstan, its specific features, characteristics, and development factors, as well as mechanisms for regulating internal migration, its population dynamics and targeted measures for health and life quality improving of the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Studies have revealed that the quality of life and health of the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan has improved. In recent years, the average life expectancy in Kazakhstan has exceeded 70 years. Economic growth has become stable. Today the world knows Kazakhstan as a peace-loving country, which stands for mutually beneficial cooperation and integration. Identified the necessary directions for further development, and conducted an analysis of the existing development programs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.  

Healthcare in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
The World ◽  
Private Spending

Saudi Arabia is a large state located on the Arabian Peninsula; this country is considered the birthplace of Islam. The population of Saudi Arabia is approaching 35 million. About 7% of GDP is allocated annually for the maintenance of the healthcare system, while about 1,500 US dollars is spent on medical care for each resident of the country (according to this indicator, the country ranks 41st in the world). The share of private spending on health care is 37.6%. The average life expectancy in Saudi Arabia was 74.4 years in 2019. According to Healthcare Index 2021, the assessment of the effectiveness of the healthcare system, Saudi Arabia was ranked 54th out of 93 countries, while gaining 60.7 points out of 100 possible. A feature of this country is the fact that it is here that the largest annual mass event in the world is held - the Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, which puts a very serious burden on the healthcare system.

scholarly journals The discounted value of human lives lost due to COVID-19 in France

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri ◽  
Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata ◽  
Newton Gitonga Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
International Health ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
World Average ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World

Background: This study estimates the total discounted value of human lives lost (TDVHL) due to COVID-19 in France as of 14 September 2020. Methods: The human capital approach (HCA) model was used to estimate the TDVHL of the 30,916 human lives lost due to COVID-19 in France; i.e., assuming a discount rate of 3% and the national average life expectancy at birth of 83.13 years. To test the robustness of the estimated TDVHL, the model was rerun (a) using 5% and 10% discount rates, while holding the French average life expectancy constant; and (b) consecutively substituting national life expectancy with the world average life expectancy of 73.2 years and the world highest life expectancy of 88.17 years.  Results: The human lives lost had a TDVHL of Int$10,492,290,194, and an average value of Int$339,381 per human life lost. Rerun of the HCA model with 5% and 10% discount rates decreased TDVHL by Int$1,304,764,602 (12.4%) and Int$3,506,938,312 (33%), respectively. Re-calculation of the model with the world average life expectancy decreased the TDVHL by Int$7,750,187,267 (73.87%). Contrastingly, re-estimation of the model with the world’s highest life expectancy augmented TDVHL by Int$3,744,263,463 (35.7%). Conclusions: The average discounted economic value per human life lost due to COVID-19 of Int$339,381 is 8-fold the France gross domestic product per person. Such evidence constitutes an additional argument for health policy makers when making a case for increased investment to optimise France’s International Health Regulation capacities and coverage of essential health services, and safely managed water and sanitation services.

Healthcare of Mexico

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

Mexico is the largest Spanish-speaking state in North America that borders the United States on one side, and Guatemala and Belize on the other. The country is home to more than 120 million people, in terms of population Mexico ranks 10th. Many Mexicans prefer to live in large cities (for example, every 5th inhabitant of the country lives in the capital of Mexico City, and Mexico City itself is the second largest city in the world), but there are many villages and fishing villages scattered along the coast. The level of medical care in large metropolitan areas and small settlements varies greatly. Mexico was ranked 21st in the 2018 Bloomberg World Health System Performance Index. This ranking, which allows assessing healthcare systems, was based on three key indicators: average life expectancy at birth, government spending on health as a percentage of GDP per capita, and the cost of health services per capita. However, in terms of life expectancy, Mexico ranks only 80th in the world (the average life expectancy in this country was 75 years in 2018).

ASSESSMENT OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF THE POPULATION RESIDING IN THE TULA REGION IN THE AREAS WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF HEA VYMETALS IN THE SOIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
KHROMUSHIN V.A. ◽  
◽  
VOLKOV A.V. ◽  
KHADARTSEV A.A. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Algebraic Model ◽  
Constructive Logic ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Regional Mortality

The article presents the relevance of the problem, defines the research purpose: to compare the average life expectancy of the population in the areas of the Tula region with different contents of heavy metals in the class of causes of death “Respiratory diseases ”. The authors used the data of the regional mortality register, the results of analyzes of the content of heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel) in the soil by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the calculation of the average life expectancy by the algebraic model of constructive logic. The results indicate a decrease in average life expectancy due to the presence of heavy metals in the soil, but the average life expectancy in both contaminated and non-contaminated areas is gradually increasing.

FEATURES OF THE BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID (RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI) IN THE LABORATORY

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
YA.YU. GOLIVANOV ◽  
◽  
V.V. ZELENENKO ◽  
V.V. GRITSENKO
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Biological Development

The article presents data on the assessment of some issues of the ontogenesis of the bird cherryoat aphid: the average life expectancy, the number of offspring over a lifetime, the beginning of the reproductive period, the end of the reproductive period, the duration of the reproductive period, the life span of aphids and the number of offspring. The author found that the average life expectancy of animals was 21.55 days. The beginning of the reproductive period, on average, was on days 7–8, the end – on day 19. The average duration of the reproductive period was 12.5 days. The average number of offspring over the entire life for individuals in the sample was 34 nymphs, in a separate litter – 2–3 nymphs.

Icelandic Healthcare System

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Elena Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Health Index ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Today the whole world continues to look at the surrounding reality through the prism of the coronavirus. A few months ago, in our relatively prosperous life without quarantine, the world-famous Bloomberg agency compiled another rating of countries according to the health index, on top of which were Spain and Italy. When compiling this rating, the average life expectancy of the population, the level of economic development, geographical location, prevalence of bad habits, the availability of clean drinking water, etc. were taken into account. The combination of these indicators provides data for the formation of a health index, which in Spain amounted to 92.8, and in Italy - 91.6. It is believed that the main factor contributing to the high health index in these countries is the favorable climate and the ability to keep to the Mediterranean diet, which is based on olive oil, seafood and a large amount of fruits and vegetables. However, as the tragic reality shows, countries with the best organization of the healthcare system in the world were not able to withstand the epidemic. What is the situation in the country that is the third of the top three in the ranking compiled by Bloomberg - Iceland? There is neither a favourable climate, nor olive oil, nor fresh shrimps, and the average temperature in the summer months there is +10°C. Nevertheless, in terms of life expectancy, this country left behind all the Scandinavian countries and came close to Singapore and Japan. And if we talk about the prevalence of coronavirus, then as of early April, as a result of testing of 4.7% of the population 1364 cases were found in the country, and the number of deaths was only 4. A mass examination of citizens, notably free of charge for everyone, immediate tracking of the routes of infection and isolation of the ill allowed the Icelandic authorities to take control of the situation from the very beginning of the epidemic, even without the introduction of strict restrictive measures [1].

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