Studies to optimize the process of biofuel production from castor stalk

Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass is a rich source of cellulose and one of the most promising raw materials for the production of biofuels and other value added chemicals. However, its high lignin content and complex cellular structure represent a significant processing challenge. In this work, the effect of pretreatment using [EMIM][Ac] was studied at various process parameters in order to develop a cost-effective process. In order to minimize the loss of sugars in this process bulk of the solids, comprising both regenerated cellulose and undissolved particles were subjected to the enzymatic hydrolysis. Up to 96% enzymatic digestibility was achieved, even with relatively coarse particle sizes (0.6–1.0 mm range), at 10% biomass loading. The enhanced digestibility of CS is attributed to reduction in lignin content, crystallinity of the cellulose coupled with an increase in surface area.

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Characterization of Rattan Waste for Binderless Particleboard (BPB) Production

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.317 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1115 ◽

pp. 317-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tajuddin Maisarah ◽

Zuraida Ahmad ◽

A. Roszalia ◽

M.A. Luqman

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Morphological Study ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Value Added ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Endothermic Process ◽

High Lignin Content

The manufacturing of furniture using rattan is becoming common nowadays, and creates high amount of waste that can be value-added into binderless particleboards (BPB). In order to determine the suitability of the rattan waste for production of BPB, characterization of rattan waste is executed and reported in this paper. The physical properties such as density and moisture content of the rattan waste, together with its morphological study and thermal analysis as well as lignin content are evaluated. It is observed that density and moisture content for rattan waste are in the range of 0.64g/cm3, and 11.3% respectively. On the other hand, the morphology of rattan stem showed that rattan waste has various diameters of vascular bundles along with wide metaxylem vessels as well as thin-walled fibres. Thermal analysis of rattan waste explicated that rattan waste went through endothermic process with peak melting point of 177.80 °C during heating. The greatest weight loss occurred at 257.03 °C. Rattan waste has high lignin content of 21.2% that obtained through Klason lignin test. These promising preliminary results show that the rattan waste is appropriate to be used as raw materials in producing BPB.

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Extraction of Value-Added Minerals from Various Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Wastes

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14216333 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (21) ◽

pp. 6333

Author(s):

Virendra Kumar Yadav ◽

Krishna Kumar Yadav ◽

Vineet Tirth ◽

Govindhan Gnanamoorthy ◽

Nitin Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Value Added ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Household Waste ◽

Waste Materials ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Coconut Shells

Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.

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Valorization of Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulp by Metal Chloride-Assisted Hydrotropic Pretreatment for Enzymatic Saccharification and Cellulose Nanofibrillation

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11020331 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 331 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Huiyang Bian ◽

Xinxing Wu ◽

Jing Luo ◽

Yongzhen Qiao ◽

Guigan Fang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Enzymatic Saccharification ◽

Fiber Surface ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Metal Chloride ◽

Fractionation Process ◽

Metal Chlorides ◽

Alkaline Peroxide

Developing economical and sustainable fractionation technology of lignocellulose cell walls is the key to reaping the full benefits of lignocellulosic biomass. This study evaluated the potential of metal chloride-assisted p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) hydrolysis at low temperatures and under acid concentration for the co-production of sugars and lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNF). The results indicated that three metal chlorides obviously facilitated lignin solubilization, thereby enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and subsequent cellulose nanofibrillation. The CuCl2-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment was most suitable for delignification, resulting in a relatively higher enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of 53.2%. It was observed that the higher residual lignin absorbed on the fiber surface, which exerted inhibitory effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis, while the lower lignin content substrates resulted in less entangled LCNF with thinner diameters. The metal chloride-assisted rapid and low-temperature fractionation process has a significant potential in achieving the energy-efficient and cost-effective valorization of lignocellulosic biomass.

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Potato Peels and Mixed Grasses as Raw Materials for Biofuel Production

ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University ◽

10.14500/aro.10568 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 31-37

Author(s):

Shaaban Z. Omar ◽

Ayad H. Hasan ◽

Ivo Lalov

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Ethanol Production ◽

Ethanol Fermentation ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Digestion Method ◽

Potato Peels ◽

Complex Organic ◽

Potential Substrate

Biogas and fuel ethanol are renewable energy sources, can be produced from complex organic materials that are decomposed by microorganisms in the anaerobic digestion method. Potato peels (PPs) and mixed Lolium perenne and Dactylis glomerata grasses were assessed as a potential substrate for biomethanation in a batch method under mesophilic condition (35°C) and ethanol fermentation. The first approach of this work was focused on pretreatment of PPs using acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis to produce biogas and ethanol fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Safbrew S-33. These experiments proved that enzymatic hydrolysis produced 1.2 g/L of ethanol involved 115 h of fermentation and 665 ml/h of biogas after 451 h of biomethanation, this was more than the outcomes of acidic treatment. The second approach was concentrated on ability of biogas and ethanol production from mixed grasses treated with different acid concentrations that produced 0.16 g/L ethanol over 8 days of fermentation and 500 ml/h of biogas after 13 days of methanation technique. In general, the results pointed out that PPs and combined grasses can be used as potential substrates with raw materials for biogas and ethanol production.

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Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Newspaper Having High Lignin Content for Bioethanol Production

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.10.3.4077-4098 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hui Chen ◽

Qiang Han ◽

Richard A. Venditti ◽

Hasan Jameel

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

High Lignin Content

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Effects of tea saponin on glucan conversion and bonding behaviour of cellulolytic enzymes during enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob residue with high lignin content

Biotechnology for Biofuels ◽

10.1186/1754-6834-6-161 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 161 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Yue Feng ◽

Jianxin Jiang ◽

Liwei Zhu ◽

Linyan Yue ◽

Junhui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽

Tea Saponin ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

High Lignin Content

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Preparation of Molded Fiber Products from Hydroxylated Lignin Compounded with Lewis Acid-Modified Fibers Its Analysis

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13091349 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1349

Author(s):

Tianhao Liu ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Jin Zhou ◽

Mengyang Li ◽

Jinquan Yue

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Stability ◽

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Lewis Acid ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Hydrolysis Lignin ◽

Molding Process ◽

Ferrous Hydroxide ◽

High Lignin Content ◽

Thermal Stability Of

In this study, molded fiber products (MFPs) were prepared from lignin compounded with Lewis acid-modified fibers using enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) as a bio-phenol. The fibers were modified and compounded entirely through hot-pressing. To improve the reactivity of enzymatic lignin, hydroxylated enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (HEHL) was prepared by hydroxylation modification of purified EHL with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)3). HEHL was mixed uniformly with Lewis acid-modified fibers on a pressure machine and modified during the molding process. The purpose of Lewis acid degradation of hemicellulose-converted furfural with HEHL was to generate a resin structure to improve the mechanical properties of a MFPs. The microstructure of the MFP was shown to be generated by resin structure, and it was demonstrated that HEHL was compounded on Lewis acid-modified fibers during the molding process. The thermal stability of the MFP with composite HEHL did not change significantly owing to the addition of lignin and had higher tensile strength (46.28 MPa) and flexural strength (65.26 MPa) compared to uncompounded and modified MFP. The results of this study are expected to promote the application of high lignin content fibers in molded fibers.

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Effect of lignin content on enzymatic hydrolysis of furfural residues

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.6.1.317-328 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 317-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ran Sun ◽

Xianliang Song ◽

Runcang Sun ◽

Jianxin Jiang

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Enzymatic Saccharification ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Raw Material ◽

Enzyme Loading ◽

Glucose Yield ◽

Lignin Removal ◽

Furfural Residues ◽

Enzyme Dosage

The enzymatic saccharification of pretreated furfural residues with different lignin content was studied to verify the effect of lignin removal in the hydrolysis process. The results showed that the glucose yield was improved by increasing the lignin removal. A maximum glucose yield of 96.8% was obtained when the residue with a lignin removal of 51.4% was hydrolyzed for 108 h at an enzyme loading of 25 FPU/g cellulose. However, further lignin removal did not increase the hydrolysis. The effect of enzyme loading on the enzymatic hydrolysis was also explored in this work. It was concluded that a high glucose yield of 90% was achieved when the enzyme dosage was reduced from 25 to 15 FPU/g cellulose, which was cost-effective for the sugar and ethanol production. The structures of raw material and delignified samples were further characterized by XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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