Acid-base disorders in calves with chronic diarrhea

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bednarski ◽  
R. Kupczyński ◽  
P. Sobiech
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Classic Model ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze disorders of acid-base balance in calves with chronic diarrhea caused by mixed, viral, bacterial andCryptosporydium parvuminfection. We compared results obtained with the classic model (Henderson-Hasselbalch) and strong ion approach (the Steward model). The study included 36 calves aged between 14 and 21 days. The calves were allocated to three groups: I – (control) non-diarrheic calves, group II – animals with compensated acid-base imbalance and group III calves with compensated acid-base disorders and hypoalbuminemia. Plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl−, Cl2+, Mg2+, P, albumin and lactate were measured. In the classic model, acid-base balance was determined on the basis of blood pH, pCO2, HCO3−, BE and anion gap. In the strong ion model, strong ion difference (SID), effective strong anion difference, total plasma concentration of nonvolatile buffers (ATot) and strong ion gap (SIG) were measured.The control calves and the animals from groups II and III did not differ significantly in terms of their blood pH. The plasma concentration of HCO3−, BE and partial pressure of CO2 in animals from the two groups with chronic diarrhea were significantly higher than those found in the controls. The highest BE (6.03 mmol/l) was documented in calves from group II. The animals from this group presented compensation resulted from activation of metabolic mechanisms. The calves with hypoalbuminemia (group III) showed lower plasma concentrations of albumin (15.37 g/L), Cl−(74.94 mmol/L), Mg2+(0.53 mmol/L), P (1.41 mmol/L) and higher value of anion gap (39.03 mmol/L). This group III presented significantly higher SID3(71.89 mmol/L), SID7(72.92 mmol/L) and SIG (43.53 mmol/L) values than animals from the remaining groups (P<0.01), whereas ATot(6.82 mmol/L) were significantly lower. The main finding of the correlation study was the excellent relationship between the AGcorrand SID3, SID7, SIG. In conclusion, chronic diarrhea leads to numerous water-electrolyte disorders. Characterization of acid-base disturbance in these cases suggests that classic model have some limitations. This model can not be recommended for use whenever serum albumin or phosphate concentrations are markedly abnormal.

scholarly journals Diagnostic utility of different models used to assess the acid–base balance in cats with chronic kidney disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
Piotr Sławuta ◽  
Agnieszka Sikorska-Kopyłowicz ◽  
Grzegorz Sapikowski
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Classic Model ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Base Balance

AbstractMetabolic acidosis is diagnosed based on the concentration of bicarbonate ions and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, although acid–base balance (ABB) disorders may also be diagnosed based on the serum ion concentrations in order to determine the values of strong ion difference (SID), anion gap (AG), corrected anion gap (AGcorr) and chloride/sodium ratio (Cl−/Na+). The aim of this study was to assess and compare the classic model, the value of the AG, AGcorr, and Cl−/Na+ in the diagnosis of ABB disorders in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study group consisted of 80 cats with CKD, divided into four groups based on the guidelines of the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS). The control group (C) included 20 healthy cats. Metabolic acidosis – diagnosed based on the classic model (Hendersson–Hasselbalch equation) – was found in IRIS group IV. AG, AGcorr, SID calculated for IRIS groups II, III and IV were lower than in group C, while the value of AGdiff and Cl−/Na+ in those groups was higher than in group C. We can conclude that ABB analysis using the classic model enabled the detection of ABB disorders in cats in stage IV CKD. However, the analysis of the AG, AGcorr and Cl−/Na+ values enabled the diagnosis of acid–base balance disorders in cats with IRIS stage II, III and IV CKD.

scholarly journals Isoflurane-induced acidosis depresses basal and PGE2-stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion in mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (3) ◽  
pp. G899-G904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Sjöblom ◽  
Olof Nylander
Keyword(s):  
Base Excess ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Bicarbonate Secretion ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance

When running in vivo experiments, it is imperative to keep arterial blood pressure and acid-base parameters within the normal physiological range. The aim of this investigation was to explore the consequences of anesthesia-induced acidosis on basal and PGE2-stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion. Mice (strain C57bl/6J) were kept anesthetized by a spontaneous inhalation of isoflurane. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), arterial acid-base balance, and duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (DMBS) were studied. Two intra-arterial fluid support strategies were used: a standard Ringer solution and an isotonic Na2CO3 solution. Duodenal single perfusion was used, and DMBS was assessed by back titration of the effluent. PGE2 was used to stimulate DMBS. In Ringer solution-infused mice, isoflurane-induced acidosis became worse with time. The blood pH was 7.15–7.21 and the base excess was about −8 mM at the end of experiments. The continuous infusion of Na2CO3 solution completely compensated for the acidosis. The blood pH was 7.36–7.37 and base excess was about 1 mM at the end of the experiment. Basal and PGE2-stimulated DMBS were markedly greater in animals treated with Na2CO3 solution than in those treated with Ringer solution. MAP was slightly higher after Na2CO3 solution infusion than after Ringer solution infusion. We concluded that isoflurane-induced acidosis markedly depresses basal and PGE2-stimulated DMBS as well as the responsiveness to PGE2, effects prevented by a continuous infusion of Na2CO3. When performing in vivo experiments in isoflurane-anesthetized mice, it is recommended to supplement with a Na2CO3 infusion to maintain a normal acid-base balance.

The use of elements of the Stewart model (Strong Ion Approach) for the diagnostics of respiratory acidosis on the basis of the calculation of a value of a modified anion gap (AGm) in brachycephalic dogs

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sławuta ◽  
K. Glińska-Suchocka ◽  
A. Cekiera
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Correction Procedure ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Base Balance

AbstractApart from the HH equation, the acid-base balance of an organism is also described by the Stewart model, which assumes that the proper insight into the ABB of the organism is given by an analysis of: pCO2, the difference of concentrations of strong cations and anions in the blood serum – SID, and the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids – Acid total. The notion of an anion gap (AG), or the apparent lack of ions, is closely related to the acid-base balance described according to the HH equation. Its value mainly consists of negatively charged proteins, phosphates, and sulphates in blood. In the human medicine, a modified anion gap is used, which, including the concentration of the protein buffer of blood, is, in fact, the combination of the apparent lack of ions derived from the classic model and the Stewart model. In brachycephalic dogs, respiratory acidosis often occurs, which is caused by an overgrowth of the soft palate, making it impossible for a free air flow and causing an increase in pCO2– carbonic acid anhydride The aim of the present paper was an attempt to answer the question whether, in the case of systemic respiratory acidosis, changes in the concentration of buffering ions can also be seen. The study was carried out on 60 adult dogs of boxer breed in which, on the basis of the results of endoscopic examination, a strong overgrowth of the soft palate requiring a surgical correction was found. For each dog, the value of the anion gap before and after the palate correction procedure was calculated according to the following equation: AG = ([Na+mmol/l] + [K+mmol/l]) – ([Cl−mmol/l]+[HCO3−mmol/l]) as well as the value of the modified AG – according to the following equation: AGm= calculated AG + 2.5 × (albuminsr– albuminsd). The values of AG calculated for the dogs before and after the procedure fell within the limits of the reference values and did not differ significantly whereas the values of AGmcalculated for the dogs before and after the procedure differed from each other significantly. Conclusions: 1) On the basis of the values of AGmobtained it should be stated that in spite of finding respiratory acidosis in the examined dogs, changes in ion concentration can also be seen, which, according to the Stewart theory, compensate metabolic ABB disorders 2) In spite of the fact that all the values used for calculation of AGmwere within the limits of reference values, the values of AGmin dogs before and after the soft palate correction procedure differed from each other significantly, which proves high sensitivity and usefulness of the AGmcalculation as a diagnostic method.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE VENOUS BLOOD ACID-BASE BALANCE AND RELATIONSHIP BLOOD PH VS TUMOR IN LARYNGEAL CANCER PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Kashirin ◽  
O. V. Khorolets ◽  
S. I. Andreev ◽  
A. A. Mikheev
Keyword(s):  
Laryngeal Cancer ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Tumor Ph ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Group 2

Abstract The characteristic for most solid tumors cells is the intracellular alkalinization and acidification of the extracellular milieu and this pH gradient inversion (pHe < pHi) is associated with tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, aggressiveness, and treatment resistance. However is there tumor pH (pHi and/or pHe) changes affect on venous blood plasma pH? Purpose of the study. The venous blood acid-base balance before and after the combined treatment, correlation of the venous blood pH indicators (pHb), relationship neoplasm and blood pH in patients with laryngeal cancer was study. Material and methods. Studies were performed in patients with laryngeal cancer categories T2–3 N0 M0 before and after the combined treatment. The patients were divided into four groups: Group 1 – 25 patients before the start of treatment; Group 2 – 21 patients (from Group 1) after completion of the combined treatment; Group 3 – 14 patients from Group 2 with positive results of treatment and Group 4 – 7 patients from Group 2 with a negative result of treatment (recurrence and/or metastasis of the neoplasm). The control group consisted of 15 practically healthy people (Group C). Examination of venous blood acid-base balance of patients, tumor pH and tumor cells pHi and pHe was carried. Results and discussion. The increase in pCO2 and HCO – concentration will result in decrease in the pH, but if these indicators have a clear correlation in the control group, then in patients groups there was a correlation for pHb & pCO2 and pO2 only. Besides, we marked increase in pCO2, HCO –, K+, while pO decreased in pHb after the combined treatment. It is necessary to point out the differences between some benchmarks and indicators of acid-base balance in the plasma of venous blood in primary patients and patients with recurrent laryngeal cancer. So, if pHb, pO2, and Cl– patients have statistically significant differences from control data, then differences with control pCO2 values are characteristic only for patients of Groups 1 and 3. On the contrary, differences in the HCO – indices are characteristic only for patients of Group 4. There are statistically significant differences from the control indicators K+, Na+, Ca2+, Glu, Lac, mOsm in patients of the first group and Cl– and Lac of patients in the third group. Among the indicators in the third and fourth groups of patients, statistically significant differences were noted in the values of pHb, HCO – and Glu.In patients of groups 1 and 4, the determination of pHt and the calculation of pHi, pHe revealed decrease in pHt and pHe with increasing pHi in patients with recurrence of the neoplasm.The final stage of the study was to determine the relationship (and not correlation) of blood pH and laryngeal tumors and the relationship was noted in the «pHb-tumor» system in primary patients, but in patients in 3 and 4 Groups, that «pHb-tumor» connection is rather contradictory. Conclusion. Acid-base balance indicators obviously cannot be considered as unconditional markers of carcinogenesis, but their monitoring and, in particular, venous blood pH, of patients after special treatment, can help determine the risk group of patients who may develop of a malignant neoplasm recurrence. Keywords: acid-base balance, laryngeal cancer, se, prognosis.

scholarly journals Acid-base balance in acute ethylene glycol poisoning in rats treated with fomepizole

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Jędrzej Przystanowicz ◽  
Barbara Zielińska-Psuja ◽  
Joanna Kowalówka-Zawieja ◽  
Karina Sommerfeld
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Balance Disorders ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance

Introduction. Ethylene glycol (EG) is relatively nontoxic but undergoes a multi-step oxidation to toxic metabolites, aldehydes and acids. The accumulation of organic acids, mainly glycolates, leads to the development of profound, life-threatening metabolic acidosis. A key therapy is an antidotal treatment with fomepizole (4-MP), the inhibitor of the first step of EG biotransformation enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase.Aim. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the efficacy of fomepizole in the prevention of acid-base balance disorders in acute ethylene glycol poisonings in rats.Material and methods. Adult male Wistar rats were given EG (p.o.) with single (i.p.) or multiple (p.o.) doses of 4-MP (EG 3830 and 5745 mg/kg, respectively, 4-MP in single dose of 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg followed by 10 mg/kg every 12 hours). Blood gas analysis was performed and blood pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess were evaluated.Results and conclusions. The single dose of 4-MP was effective in preventing a decrease in blood pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess during the entire experimental period (pH 7.35 vs 7.21 at hour 12, bicarbonate concentration 27.2 vs 18.3 mmol/dm3 at hour 8, base excess 1.8 vs -8.2 mmol/dm3 at hour 18). The multiple administration of 4-MP started 2 hours after EG poisoning resulted in rapid restoration of proper values of acid- -base balance parameters. Fomepizole is highly efficacious in restraining the acid-base balance disorders which are concomitant with acute ethylene glycol poisonings.

The effects of five fish anaesthetics on acid–base balance, hematocrit, blood gases, cortisol, and adrenaline in rainbow trout

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2065-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Iwama ◽  
James C. McGeer ◽  
Mark P. Pawluk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Deep Anaesthesia

Some physiological aspects of five fish anaesthetics in rainbow trout were investigated. The effects of benzocaine, 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222 (Sandoz), metomidate, and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) on acid–base regulation, hematocrit, blood gases, and cortisol and adrenaline concentrations were determined in resting rainbow trout fitted with chronic catheters in the dorsal aorta. A severe hypoxia developed with the cessation of breathing in deep anaesthesia. This was accompanied by a rise in blood [Formula: see text] and adrenaline concentration, and a fall in blood pH. Blood bicarbonate concentrations remained unchanged and cortisol concentrations declined with time. There was a transient increase in hematocrit coinciding with the increase in adrenaline concentrations.

Effect of feeding fermented, ammoniated, condensed whey permeate on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and acid-base balance in sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Boukila ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
J. F. Bernier ◽  
J. Goulet ◽  
H. V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Whey Permeate ◽  
Ammonium Lactate ◽  
Base Balance

Nine DLS rumen-cannulated wethers (69 kg avg BW) were used to study the effects of dietary supplementation with two types of fermented, ammoniated, condensed whey permeate on performance, rumen physiology and acid-base status in sheep fed high-grain diets. Sheep were fed three isonitrogenous (16% CP) diets according to a triple 3 × 3 Latin square design, with three 21-d periods each. One whey permeate contained ammonium lactate (AL) while the other contained ammonium propionate (AP). Urea was used as a source of NPN in the control diet (C). Diets, offered ad libitum, contained 78% barley and 18% dehydrated alfalfa meal. Dry matter and digestible energy intakes were about 15% higher for diets AL and AP than for diet C (P < 0.05). Dry matter digestibility was not affected by the treatments, whereas organic matter and energy digestibilities tended to be higher for diet AP than for diet AL (P < 0.07). Rumen fermentation was not affected by the treatments. Over a 4-h post-feeding period, sheep fed diet C had higher plasma concentrations of lactate (P < 0.06) and acetate (P < 0.04) but lower levels of plasma propionate (P < 0.06) than sheep fed the AL and AP diets. Plasma propionate 2 h after feeding was higher in sheep fed the AL diet versus the AP diet (P < 0.01). Sheep blood was mildly alkalotic despite the fact that sheep were fed a high-grain diet. The two types of fermented, ammoniated and condensed whey permeate were found to be good sources of NPN. Key words: Whey, rumen fermentation, acid-base balance, sheep

Effects of dietary cation–anion concentrations on performance and acid–base balance in growing lambs

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fauchon ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
J. F. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Twenty-four castrated lambs (32.4 ± 4.1 kg BW) were used to study the effect of varying dietary cation–anion concentration [C–A] on performance and acid–base balance. The diets contained approximately 100, 300, 500 and 700 mequiv Na + K − Cl kg−1 of feed. Each group of six lambs was fed one of the diets ad libitum during a 6-wk test. Increasing the [C–A] of the diets resulted in higher feed intake and higher daily gains (P < 0.01) without affecting feed efficiency. Apparent digestibility of nutrients was not affected by the dietary treatments but a negative relationship was found between intake and energy digestibility (P < 0.01). Blood pH was lower in lambs receiving the 100 [C–A] diet (P < 0.05). Blood bicarbonate and base excess increased as [C–A] in the diet increased from 300 to 700 mequiv (P < 0.05). Plasma Mg concentration decreased with increasing dietary [C–A] (P < 0.01). Urinary pH and urine volume increased as [C–A] in the diet increased (P < 0.01). The results indicate that diets containing between 500 and 700 mequiv Na + K − Cl kg−1 stimulated growth by allowing greater feed intake and greater daily gains with little effect on nutrient digestibility. Blood profile showed a systemic response to dietary changes in [C–A], but indicated that lambs were able to adapt to cation loads since the values obtained for acid–base balance were within physiological range for lambs. Key words: Cation–anion, acid–base, lambs

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document