scholarly journals Low Temperature Tolerance of Apple Cultivars of Different Ploidy at Different Times of the Winter

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Ozherelieva ◽  
Evgeny Sedov
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Winter Buds

AbstractArtificial freezing was used to evaluate diploid and triploid apple cultivars from the All Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding at Orel throughout three winters. The studied apple varieties were developed by breeder E. N. Sedov and cytological analysis was carried out by cytologist G. A. Sedysheva. In early winter, all cultivars exhibited high tolerance to cold. In mid-winter buds and wood were severely damaged, while bark was more resistant for most cultivars. Basic components of hardiness were estimated: component I - frost resistance at -25 °C in the beginning of winter; component II - maximum value of frost resistance at -40 °C developed by plants during hardening; component III - ability to retain the hardened condition at -25 °C after a period of three-day thaw at +2 °C; and component IV - the ability to restore frost resistance at -30 °C after repeated hardening and three-day thaw at +2 °C. During late-winter thaws, buds suffered from frosts, while the bark and wood retained frost hardiness. Late in winter all cultivars demonstrated high resistance to repeated frosts. Triploid cultivars exhibited the highest level of cold hardiness of vegetative buds, bark and wood of annual shoots throughout the winter; these cultivars included ‘Zhilinskoye’, ‘Vavilovskoye’, ‘Osipovskoye’, ‘Patriot’, ‘Sinap Orlovski’, ‘Spasskoye’, ‘Turgenevskoye’, and diploids ‘Bolotovskoye’, ‘Sokovinka’, and ‘’Ranneye Aloye’.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness of Weigela Cultivars

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve McNamara ◽  
Harold Pellett
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Controlled ◽  
Cold Hardy

Abstract Laboratory freezing tests of stem hardiness were conducted to develop cold hardiness profiles for 18 weigela (Weigela sp.) cultivars during the fall and winter of 1994–95. Tests were performed on containerized plants held in a temperature-controlled greenhouse to prevent exposure to potentially lethal temperatures. No cultivar survived below −6C (21F) in the October 3 test. Subsequent differences in rates of acclimation resulted in cultivars differing in hardiness by as much as 13C (23F) on November 14. Taxa also differed greatly in their maximum midwinter low temperature tolerance with ‘Centennial’ and ‘Eva Supreme’ hardy to −44C (−47F) and −28C (−18F) in mid-January, respectively. None of the cultivars deacclimated substantially in response to a week of artificially-imposed diurnal freeze/thaw cycles in early February. Taxa with the greatest midwinter hardiness also maintained the greatest hardiness in early March. Overall, ‘Centennial’, ‘Java Red’, and ‘Samba’ were the most cold hardy cultivars tested, while ‘Boskoop Glory’, ‘Bristol Snowflake’, and ‘Variegata’ were the least hardy. Cold injury of susceptible weigela cultivars appears to be a consequence of late hardening and/or insufficient midwinter hardiness rather than rapid deacclimation in response to periods of warm temperatures in mid-to late-winter.

scholarly journals Low Temperature Tolerance of Apple Shoots Following Exposure to Warm Temperatures in Late Winter

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Renae E. Moran ◽  
Bryan J. Peterson ◽  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
John A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Yearly Variation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
One Year

The goal of this research was to evaluate resistance of apple rootstocks to late winter deacclimation during a 2-day exposure to warm temperatures in Maine. We measured the cold temperature tolerance of xylem, phloem, and cambium from 0 to −40 °C in 1- and 2-year-old shoot pieces from apple rootstock cultivars and advanced selections ‘M.9 T337’ (M.9), ‘M.7 EMLA’ (M.7), ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9), ‘Geneva® 41’ (G.41), ‘Geneva 30’ (G.30), ‘Geneva 935’ (G.935), ‘Geneva 814’ (G.814), G.4013, G.5257, and Vineland 6 (V.6) after a 2-day exposure to warm (22 °C) or cold (2 to 4 °C) temperatures. Injury was measured on a 0 to 10 rating scale based on percentage of discolored cross-sectional xylem and phloem, and cambial length and circumference with brown discoloration, with 0 indicating no browning and 10 indicating browning in the entire tissue. Injury was also measured as intensity of browning on a scale of 0 (no browning) to 5 (dark brown to black). The weighted averages of the two ratings were used to calculate an index of browning. Genotypic variation occurred in the degree of deacclimation, which ranged from none to as much as 15 °C loss in hardiness. Two genotypes, ‘G.41’ and ‘M.9’, showed little change in hardiness in both years they were tested. Two genotypes, G.4013 and ‘G.814’, lost substantial hardiness in both years and may be vulnerable to late winter freeze-thaw events, but were among the hardiest before deacclimation. ‘G.935’ and G.5257 showed a small loss of hardiness, whereas ‘B.9’ lost hardiness in the cambium, but not the xylem, and V.6 lost hardiness after warm exposure, but showed almost no injury at temperatures as cold as −35 °C. The loss of hardiness of these four genotypes that were tested in only one year should be verified with additional testing because of the potential for yearly variation.

scholarly journals Effect of Geographical Location, Year, and Cultivar on Survival of Malus sp. Dormant Buds Stored in Vapors of Liquid Nitrogen

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1230-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria M. Jenderek ◽  
Phil Forsline ◽  
Joseph Postman ◽  
Ed Stover ◽  
David Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Dormant Bud ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Woody Crop ◽  
Crop Germplasm ◽  
Winter Buds ◽  
Cryopreservation Method ◽  
Geographical Locations

Clonal woody crop germplasm collections often originate and are grown in distinct geographical locations. Because the degree of cold-hardiness is known to be a factor in the successful use of dormant bud cryopreservation for Malus, it was suggested that material from relatively warmer climates would not respond to cryopreservation as well as material from colder environments. To test this hypothesis, the effect of growing provenance on cryosurvival of dormant buds from three Malus (apple) cultivars grown in three locations (Geneva, NY; Davis, CA; and Corvallis, OR) was tested in 3 consecutive years. Dormant winter buds were harvested at the three locations, cryopreserved, and bud viability was tested by grafting. The collective 3-year mean viability for cryopreserved dormant apple buds for the three locations ranged from 63% to 81% of the buds surviving with the highest survival from the Corvallis site; however, the Geneva twigs were exposed to the lowest preharvest temperature. These results suggest that the temperature at the growing location may not hinder application of the dormant bud cryopreservation method with Malus to the extent previously speculated.

scholarly journals Autumn urea application and cold hardiness of apple trees

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Beata Meszka ◽  
Anna Bielenin
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Temperature Resistance ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Earlier Application ◽  
Low Temperature Resistance

Effect of autumn urea application on cold hardiness of apple trees was investigated at Experimental Orchard in Dąbrowice on four apple cultivars ('Szampioii'. ´Jonagold´, ´Elstar' and 'Spartan´) of different sensitivity to low temperature injuries. During three-years experiment (2000-2002) no changes in frost resistance of apple trees after urea treatment in the end of October (during leaves fall) were noted. After the earlier application of urea, at middle of October. significantly more damages of annual shoots of cv. ´Jonagold' occurred only in the season 2001. These damages did not influence later growth of apple trees. Spring observations indicated that for all apple's cultivars setting of buds was better on treated with urea than on untreated ones. Electrolyte leakage determinations confirmed the field results that urea did not cause decrease in low temperature resistance of apple trees.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on Perennial Ryegrass Cold Tolerance During Deacclimation in Late Winter and Early Spring

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 842-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Webster ◽  
J.S. Ebdon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Exchangeable K

Turf loss from freezing injury results in costly re-establishment, especially with turfgrasses such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) having poor low-temperature hardiness. Studies are limited as to the influence of N and K on cold tolerance during dehardening periods in late winter when grasses are most susceptible to freezing injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate perennial ryegrass low temperature hardiness during deacclimation in response to N and K and associated effects on crown hydration, median killing temperature (LT50), shoot growth rate, tissue K concentration, soil exchangeable K, and low temperature disease. Treatments included five rate levels of N (49, 147, 245, 343, and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1) in all factorial combinations with 3 rate levels of K (49, 245, and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1). Low temperature tolerance was assessed using whole plant survival and electrolyte leakage (EL). Interactions between N and K were detected for all field measurements. The effects of N and K on survival LT50 were detected only during late winter periods in February 2004, N and K differences were lost by March. Late winter cold survival was negatively correlated with crown moisture, growth rate, and tissue K. Tissue K concentrations ranged from 28.6 to 35.9 g·kg–1 DM while soil K ranged from 121 to 261 mg·kg–1. Soil extractable K was not correlated with tissue K. Survival and EL LT50 were uncorrelated due to N and K interaction. Survival LT50 ranged from –9.0 to –13.6 °C. Maximum cold hardiness occurred when low to moderate N (49 to 147 kg·ha-1·yr-1) was applied with medium-high to high levels of K (245 to 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1), which corresponded to soil exchangeable K levels ranging from 200 to 260 mg·kg–1. Alternatively, similar K fertilization and soil K levels combined with high rates of N (343 and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1) increased freeze stress and low temperature fungi (Typhula incarnata). At N rates routinely applied to perennial ryegrass, higher soil extractable K beyond those levels currently recommended for optimum shoot growth could provide some benefit in enhancing cold hardiness. Late fall applied N did not appear to increase the potential for winter injury.

STUDYING OF FROST RESISTANCE OF CHERRY VARIETIES IN SELECTION OF ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FRUIT CROP BREEDING

1970 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Z. E. Ozherelyeva ◽  
P. S. Prudnikov ◽  
I. N. Efremov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Autumn Period ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Russian Research

The studies were conducted on the basis of the laboratory physiology resistance of fruit plant at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding in 2017-2018. The objects of research were cherry varieties by the Institute selection. The year of setting was 2015. The scheme of setting – 5×2 m. Inter-row spacing and zone near a tree trunk – weedfree fallow. The purpose of the research was to study some physiological and biochemical adaptation processes in the autumn-winter period and evaluated the frost resistance of cherry varieties by artificial freezing method. The dynamics of the fractional composition of water in the tissues of annual branches of cherry varieties was studied. At the same time, the maximum proportion of bond water to free water was found in the varieties Bystrinka, Livenskaia, Muza, Novella, Shokoladnitsa. During the autumn period, the increase of bound water and the decrease of free water depended on the accumulation of the amino acid proline in annual cherry branches. The high level of dependence of bound to free water ratio and the proline amount on the minimum air temperature in the autumn period was noticed in the cherry varieties, which were studied. At the beginning of winter, the average dependence between the degree of freezing of varieties and the amount of bound water in the tissues of annual cherry branches was established. The dependence of the accumulation of the amino acid proline on the effects of low-temperature stress in winter was revealed. The resistance to early winter frosts (t = -25°C) was marked in all studied cherry varieties. The maximum frost resistance was marked in Livenskaia, Novella, Orlitsa, Shokoladnitsa varieties at t = -35°C. As a result of artificial freezing, frost-resistant varieties of cherry Livenskaia, Novella and Shokoladnitsa, which showed the highest level of resistance of generative and vegetative buds, bark and wood substance to the damaging factors of winter, were identified.

STUDY OF PINE STRAWBERRY FROST RESISTANCE BY ARTIFICIAL FREEZING METHOD

1970 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Z E. Ozherelyeva ◽  
M. I. Zubkova ◽  
D. A. Krivushina
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Main Components

The study of the frost resistance was carried out in 2017–2019 on the basis of the Laboratory of Physiology of Fruit Plant Resistance, Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding. Strawberry cultivars of different ecological and geographical origin (‘Kokinskaya Rannia’, ‘Rosinka’, ‘Solovushka’, ‘Tzaritza’, ‘Urozhaynaya TzGL’ – Russia; ‘Sara’ – Sweden; ‘Alba’, ‘Marmolada’ – Italy; ‘Korona’, ‘Sonata’ – Holland) were used as experimental material. The frosts resistance of strawberry varieties was studied in the laboratory conditions was used by artificial freezing. A model of strawberry plant selection was developed to determine the main components of winter hardiness. On the basis of preparation of plant samples for modeling of damaging factors of the winter period, storage conditions of experimental plants were developed. Plant hardening and modeling of damaging factors of the winter period were carried out with the additional modification for strawberries. As a result of the artificial freezing, the damage to the tissues of rhizome and apical buds of shoots of strawberry varieties of different ecological and geographical origin were evaluated in early winter period and during thaws in winter. It was determined that the decrease in the temperature to -15°C at the end of November did not cause irreversible damage to the strawberry varieties. The decrease in the temperature to -20°C in early December increased the damage to the studied strawberry varieties. During the winter it was determined that the strawberry response to the thaw increased by the end of the winter period. The decrease in frost resistance is primarily due to the resumption of growth processes under the influence of positive temperatures. As a result of determining the components of winter hardiness, the varieties Solovushaka, Tzaritza (Russia), Sara (Sweden) and Korona (Holland) showed the greatest potential of frost resistance.

scholarly journals Responses of Five Container-grown Herbaceous Perennial Species to Laboratory Freezing

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery K. Iles ◽  
Nancy H. Agnew
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

The capacity of plant materials to resume normal growth after exposure to low temperature is the ultimate criterion of cold hardiness. We therefore determined the low-temperature tolerance of five commercially important herbaceous perennial species. Container-grown blanket flower (Gaillardia ×grandiflora Van Houtte. `Goblin'), false dragonhead [Physoste- gia virginiana (L.) Benth. `Summer Snow'], perennial salvia (Salvia ×superba Stapf. `Stratford Blue'), painted daisy (Tanacetum coccineum Willd. `Robinson's Mix'), and creeping veronica (Veronica repens Loisel.) were subjected to 0, -2, 4, -6, -8, -10, -12, -14, -16, and -18C in a programmable freezer. The percentage of survival of most species was adequate when exposed to -10C. Producers of container-grown perennials are advised to provide winter protection measures that prohibit root medium temperatures from falling below -10C.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Finnish apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Krasova ◽  
Zoya Ozherelieva ◽  
Anna Galasheva
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Continental Climate ◽  
Freezing Chamber

The purpose of this research was to study apple cultivars obtained from Luke (previously MTT Piikkiö, Finland) in order to have good candidates for breeding within the central zone of Russia. The studies were carried out in accordance with the methods of cultivar study and artificial freezing by modeling damaging factors using a freezing chamber. The assessment of the cultivars by yield, commodity and consumer qualities of fruit, resistance to adverse abiotic factors of the winter period is given. The ‘Vuokko’ cultivar was identified with a yield significantly higher than Antonovka. By modeling winter damage factors, ‘Sandra’, ‘Samo’ and ‘Make’ cultivars were identified with the resistance of the cambium and wood at the level of ‘Antonovka’, when the temperature in the of mid-winter dropped to –40 °C after hardening off, with the ability to keep the frost resistance at –25 °C after thaw and ability to restore the hardy state by lowering the temperature to –30 °C after thaw and re-hardening off. Cultivars ‘Sandra’, ‘Samo’ and ‘Make’ are recommended for creating new hardy cultivars with high-quality fruits for the temperate continental climate of Europe.

scholarly journals Characteristics of VNIISPK apple cultivars on semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
A. M. Galasheva ◽  
N. G. Krasova ◽  
Z. E. Ozherelieva
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Hardened State ◽  
Crown Projection Area ◽  
And Control

Relevance. Due to the wide diversity of cultivars and rootstocks, the selection of more productive, commercial and adapted graft-rootstock combinations for industrial orchards in the Orel region and the entire Central Chernozem region is relevant.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) on the bases of the laboratory of cultivar study and cultivar agrotechnics of pome crops and the laboratory of physiology of fruit plant resistance. Winter apple cultivars of VNIISPK breeding ‘Sinap Orlovsky’, ‘Veteran’, ‘Orlik’, ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’, ‘Svezhest’, ‘Bolotovskoye’, ‘Veniaminovskoye’ and control cultivar ‘Antonovka Obyknovennaya’ on the vegetatively propagated semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118 were taken as objects of the studies. The orchard was planted in autumn 2013, the planting scheme was 6 mx3m.Results. The studied apple cultivars have good compatibility with 54-118 rootstock, provide good tree development and low-sized crown. The highest yield on average for three years was in scab-immune apple cultivars ‘Bolotovskoye’ (4.6 t/ha), ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ (3.4 t/ha) and ‘Venyaminovskoye’ (3.2 t/ha). The highest indicators for the load of the crop on the crown volume, crown projection area, and cross-sectional area of the stem were for ‘Svezhest’ and ‘Bolotovskoye’. As a result of determining the frost resistance of apple cultivars in mid-January to temperatures up to -38...-40°C, it was revealed that in the hardened state, the cultivars showed frost resistance of buds and tissues of annual shoots with reversible damage at -38°C in the middle of winter. A decrease in temperature to -40°C in January increased damage to buds and wood in the studied varieties, while the bark was characterized by greater frost resistance. According to the degree of damage to the cortex in January, when the temperature dropped to -40°C, ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’, ‘Svezhest’, and ‘Sinap Orlovsky’ were at the control level.

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