Investigation of chemical composition and moisture content for different materials on the attenuation of γ rays

AbstractIn the present work, materials, namely mud, sand mud, ferruginous sandstone and sandstone with different densities are used to evaluate the effect of chemical composition and moisture content on the self-attenuation coefficient factor at γ-energy range from 59.5 to 1332.5 keV. The results revealed that the attenuation coefficient increases with increasing the moisture content until the material saturate with moisture. The average value of increasing linear attenuation coefficients based on increasing moisture content are 14.3%, 16.0%, 18.2%, 28.1% and 24.8% at γ-energies 59.5, 356.0, 661.7, 1173.4 and 1332.5 keV, respectively. Chemical composition of material affected on the values of attenuation, i.e. the elements with high density have high attenuation coefficient. Significant effect of self-attenuation correction factor was observed at low γ-energies up to 500 KeV. Application of the calculated correction of environmental sample with low radioactivity content has been carried out.

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Role of the inhomogeneity angle in anisotropic attenuation analysis

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.3148439 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 74 (5) ◽

pp. WB177-WB191 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Jyoti Behura ◽

Ilya Tsvankin

Keyword(s):

Attenuation Coefficient ◽

Seismic Data ◽

Spectral Ratio ◽

Ratio Method ◽

Attenuation Coefficients ◽

Anisotropic Models ◽

High Attenuation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Anisotropy Parameters ◽

Attenuation Anisotropy

The inhomogeneity angle (the angle between the real and imaginary parts of the wave vector) is seldom taken into account in estimating attenuation coefficients from seismic data. Wave propagation through the subsurface, however, can result in relatively large inhomogeneity angles [Formula: see text], especially for models with significant attenuation contrasts across layer boundaries. Here we study the influence of the angle [Formula: see text] on phase and group attenuation in arbitrarily anisotropic media using the first-order perturbation theory verified by exact numerical modeling. Application of the spectral-ratio method to transmitted or reflected waves yields the normalized group attenuation coefficient [Formula: see text], which is responsible for amplitude decay along seismic rays. Our analytic solutions show that for a wide range of inhomogeneity angles, the coefficient [Formula: see text] is close to the normalized phase attenuation coefficient [Formula: see text] computed for [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. The coefficient[Formula: see text] can be inverted directly for the attenuation-anisotropy parameters, so no knowledge of the inhomogeneity angle is required for attenuation analysis of seismic data. This conclusion remains valid even for uncommonly high attenuation with the quality factor [Formula: see text] less than 10 and strong velocity and attenuation anisotropy. However, the relationship between group and phase attenuation coefficients becomes more complicated for relatively large inhomogeneity angles approaching so-called ‘‘forbidden directions.’’ We also demonstrate that the velocity function remains practically independent of attenuation for a wide range of small and moderate angles [Formula: see text]. In principle, estimation of the attenuation-anisotropy parameters from the coefficient [Formula: see text] requires computation of the phase angle, which depends on the anisotropic velocity field. For moderately anisotropic models, however, the difference between the phase and group directions should not significantly distort the results of attenuation analysis.

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Nilai Gizi dan Organoleptik Bakso Daging Ayam Yang Ditambahkan Tepung Kacang Koro Pedang (Canavalia gladianta)

Jurnal Sains Teknologi & Lingkungan ◽

10.29303/jstl.v6i2.174 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Ni Made Andry Kartika ◽

Alimuddin Alimuddin

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Crude Fiber ◽

Average Value ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Tapioca Flour

Meetball is a common food in society and has good nutritional volue. Sword koro can be used as a binder besides having better quality and protein than tapioca flour. This study aims to determine the effect koro pedang flour to the nutritional value and organoleptic value f chicken meatballs. The method used in the study was a completely randomized designconsisting of 5 teatments and repeated 5 times, namely: KO (control), K1 (chicken meatballs + koro pedang flour 20%), K2 (chicken meatballs + koro pedang flour 25%), K3 (chicken meatballs + koro pedang flour 30%) and K4 (chicken meatballs + + koro pedang flour 35%). The variables measured ware the nutritional value or chemical composition (moisture content, ash content, fat content, and crure protein), and the organoleptic value of chicken meatballs with the addition of koro pedang flour (Canavalia Gladiante). Analysis of the data used the analysis of variance based on completely randomized design CRD), from the results of different analyzes followed by the LSD test. The results showed that the nutritional value showed very significant results or all treatments (K1,K2,K3 dan K4) were significantly different(P>0.01) for crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and ash. Maenwhile, for the water content in this treatment, no significant results were found. The highest average value is shown in the K4 tretment for protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ash. The organoleptic value showed significant results (P<0.05) on the K1 treatment for taste, color, texture and acceptance. Maenwhile, the aroma is insignificant because the aroma of the meatballs added with koro flour has a very strong and distinctive aroma

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Backscatter Coefficient Measurements Using a Reference Phantom to Extract Depth-Dependent Instrumentation Factors

Ultrasonic Imaging ◽

10.1177/016173469001200105 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 58-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 121

Author(s):

Lin Xin Yao ◽

James A. Zagzebski ◽

Ernest L. Madsen

Keyword(s):

Attenuation Coefficient ◽

Time Domain ◽

Reduction Method ◽

Processing Technique ◽

Processing Method ◽

Backscatter Coefficient ◽

Attenuation Coefficients ◽

Reference Phantom ◽

Dependent Signal ◽

Data Reduction Method

In previous work, we demonstrated that accurate backscatter coefficient measurements are obtained with a data reduction method that explicitly accounts for experimental factors involved in recording echo data. An alternative, relative processing method for determining the backscatter coefficient and the attenuation coefficient is presented here. This method involves comparison of echo data from a sample with data recorded from a reference phantom whose backscatter and attenuation coefficients are known. A time domain processing technique is used to extract depth and frequency dependent signal ratios for the sample and the reference phantom. The attenuation coefficient and backscatter coefficient of the sample are found from these ratios. The method is tested using tissue-mimicking phantoms with known scattering and attenuation properties.

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Theoretical Study of the Photon Interaction for Zirconium Alloy at 1 keV to 100 MeV

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.730 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 675-676 ◽

pp. 730-733

Author(s):

Chumphon Khobkham ◽

W. Chaiphaksa ◽

P. Limkitjaroenporn ◽

P. Prongsamrong ◽

P. Wiwatkanjana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attenuation Coefficient ◽

Total Mass ◽

Zirconium Alloy ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Mass Attenuation Coefficient ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Electron Densities ◽

Attenuation Coefficients ◽

Effective Atomic Numbers ◽

Mass Attenuation

In this work, the total mass attenuation coefficient and partial interactions of the zirconium alloy have been calculated by WinXCom program at 1 keV-100 MeV gamma ray energies. Zr2(Fe,Ni) alloys was studied for the mass attenuation coefficients, photoelectric absorption, incoherent, coherent and pair production processes. The effective atomic numbers and electron densities were also calculated. The calculated results show that the total mass attenuation coefficient decreased with increasing of gamma rays energy. The value of total mass attenuation coefficient of each material was different, which depend on chemical compositions of alloy. The partials interactions, effective atomic numbers and electron densities were also calculated and discussed.

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Relationship between the Optical Properties and Chemical Composition of Urban Aerosol Particles in Lithuania

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2018/8674173 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julija Pauraite ◽

Kristina Plauškaitė ◽

Vadimas Dudoitis ◽

Vidmantas Ulevicius

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Organic Aerosol ◽

Single Scattering ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Spectra Analysis ◽

Average Value ◽

Aerosol Mass ◽

In Situ Investigation

In situ investigation results of aerosol optical properties (absorption and scattering) and chemical composition at an urban background site in Lithuania (Vilnius) are presented. Investigation was performed in May-June 2017 using an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), a 7-wavelength Aethalometer and a 3-wavelength integrating Nephelometer. A positive matrix factorisation (PMF) was used for the organic aerosol mass spectra analysis to characterise the sources of ambient organic aerosol (OA). Five OA factors were identified: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass-burning OA (BBOA), more and less oxygenated OA (LVOOA and SVOOA, respectively), and local hydrocarbon-like OA (LOA). The average absorption (at 470 nm) and scattering (at 450 nm) coefficients during the entire measurement campaign were 16.59 Mm−1 (standard deviation (SD) = 17.23 Mm−1) and 29.83 Mm−1 (SD = 20.45 Mm−1), respectively. Furthermore, the absorption and scattering Angström exponents (AAE and SAE, respectively) and single-scattering albedo (SSA) were calculated. The average AAE value at 470/660 nm was 0.97 (SD = 0.16) indicating traffic-related black carbon (BCtr) dominance. The average value of SAE (at 450/700 nm) was 1.93 (SD = 0.32) and could be determined by the submicron particle (PM1) dominance versus the supermicron ones (PM > 1 µm). The average value of SSA was 0.62 (SD = 0.13). Several aerosol types showed specific segregation in the SAE versus SSA plot, which underlines different optical properties due to various chemical compositions.

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Pickle and Chutney Development from Fresh Hog Plum (Spondias dulcis)

Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources ◽

10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14604 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 67-72

Author(s):

MHR Bhuiyan

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Storage Stability ◽

Sugar Concentration ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

Overall Acceptability ◽

Sorption Characteristics of Bulgarian Penny Buns (Boletus Edulis)

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202018003008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 180 ◽

pp. 03008

Author(s):

Albena Durakova

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Bet Model ◽

Monolayer Moisture Content ◽

Desorption Isotherms ◽

Monolayer Moisture ◽

Model Linearization ◽

Sorption Characteristics

The present study determined the sorption characteristics of Bulgarian penny buns (Boletus) for eight water activities in the 10 % 90 % range and at three temperatures, of 10 °С, 25 °С and 40 °С. The coefficients of the modified Oswin, Chung-Pfost, Halsey and Henderson models were obtained statistically. The modified Halsey model is recommended as a description of adsorption and desorption isotherms since it corresponds to the criteria for model assessment and suitability. Via BET model linearization, the values of the monolayer moisture content for water activity of aw > 0.5 and temperatures of 10 °С, 25 °С and 40 °С were established. The approximate physico-chemical composition of Bulgarian penny buns (Boletus) – moisture content – 10.80 %, protein – 32.23 %, carbohydrate 0.99 %, fat – 6.62 %, ashes – 6.20 % - was also determined.

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KUALITAS PAPAN KOMPOSIT LIMBAH KULIT BATANG SAGU (Metroxylon sp) DAN PLASTIK POLIPROPILENA BERDASARKAN JUMLAH LAPISAN PENYUSUN

Jurnal TENGKAWANG ◽

10.26418/jt.v7i1.23665 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mayang Archila ◽

Farah Diba ◽

Dina Setyawati ◽

. Nurhaida

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Internal Bonding ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Composite Board ◽

Average Value ◽

Composite Layers ◽

Sago Bark

The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of the number of composite layers on the quality of the composite board from sago bark waste and plastic waste, and the number of composite layers that produce the best quality on composite board. The composite board is made with size 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm. The composition and division of the material was carried out manually with the polypropylene distribution divided into three parts: the front and rear respectively of 15%, and the center 70% of the plastic weight. Target density of composite boards was 0.7 g / cm3. The treatment used is based on the number of layers composing, which is 5 layers, 7 layers, 9 layers, 11 layers and 13 layers. After mixed the sago bark particle and waste of polypropylene, the materials then compressed with hot press at 180oC with pressure about ± 25 kg / cm2 for 10 minutes. The composite boards then tested the quality included physical and mechanical properties. Testing of physical and mechanical properties refers to JIS A 5908-2003 standard. Physical properties consist of density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption. Mechanical properties consist of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding, and modulus of screw holding strength. The study used a completely randomized design experiment consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed the average value of composite density was range between 0.6962 – 0.7896 g/cm3, the moisture content was range between 4.3388 % - 6.8066%, the thickness swelling was range between 8.2605% - 11.9615%, and water absorption was range between 17.2380% - 22.3867%. The average value of modulus of rupture was range between 60,0632 kg/cm2 – 64,4068 kg/cm2, the modulus of elasticity was range between 17935,1813g/cm2 – 32841,8278 kg/cm2, the internal bonding was range between 1,9268 kg/cm2 - 5,4119 kg/cm2, and the modulus of screw holding strength was range between 78,2530 kg/cm2 – 92,9677 kg/cm2. The composite board made from sago stem bark waste and polypropylene waste plastic with 13 layers treatment is the best composite board and fulfilled the JIS A 5908-2003 standard. Keywords: bark of sago, composite boards, layer of composite, polypropylenes plastic, waste

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KOMPOSISI KIMIA, SENYAWA BIOAKTIF DAN ANKGA LEMPENG TOTAL PADA RUMPUT LAUT Gracillaria edulis

MEDIA TEKNOLOGI HASIL PERIKANAN ◽

10.35800/mthp.5.3.2017.16865 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 90

Author(s):

Susanti Musa ◽

Grace Sanger ◽

Henny Adeleida Dien

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Ash Content ◽

Plate Count ◽

Test Results ◽

Gracilaria Edulis ◽

Average Value ◽

Total Plate Count

This study was conducted to determine the proximate composition, bioactive compound and total plate count (TPC) in Gracilaria edulis seaweed. This research used descriptive explorative method. The results showed the average value of moisture content (77.7%); protein content (39.4%); fat content (8.1%); carbohydrates by difference (71.7%); ash content (20.7%) and very low bacterial count. Phytochemical test results show this seaweed contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids compounds. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui komposisi proksimat, senyawa bioaktif dan angka lempeng total (ALT) pada rumput laut Gracilaria edulis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif eksploratif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai rata-rata kadar air (77,7%); protein (39,4%); kadar lemak (8,1%); karbohidrat (71,7%); kadar abu (20,7%) dan jumlah bakteri yang sangat rendah. Hasil uji fitokimia menunjukkan rumput laut ini mengandung senyawa alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, dan triterpenoid.

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Gamma Ray Attenuation Coefficient Measurement in Energies 1172 keV and 1332 keV for Neutron Absorbent Saturated Solutions

Volume 5: Safety and Security; Low Level Waste Management, Decontamination and Decommissioning; Nuclear Industry Forum ◽

10.1115/icone14-89090 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Majid Jalali

Keyword(s):

Attenuation Coefficient ◽

Gamma Rays ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Neutron Absorption ◽

Attenuation Coefficients ◽

Neutron Sources ◽

Coefficient Measurement ◽

Gamma Ray Attenuation ◽

Mass Attenuation Coefficients ◽

Saturated Solutions

The compounds, Na2B4O7, H3BO3, CdCl2 and NaCl and their solutions, attenuate gamma rays in addition to neutron absorption. These compounds are widely used in shielding of neutron sources, reactor control and neutron converters. Mass attenuation coefficients of gamma related to saturated solutions of the above four compounds, in energies 1172 keV and 1332 keV have been measured by NaI detector and agree very well with the results obtained by Xcom code. Experiment and computation show that, H3BO3 has the highest gamma ray attenuation coefficient among the aforementioned compounds.

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