Post-stroke recrudescence—a possible connection to autoimmunity?

Abstract Early recanalization of the occluded vessel is the only efficient intervention that improves outcome after ischemic stroke. In contrast, interventions for chronic issues facing stroke patients are limited. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have shown a correlation between upregulated immune responses to brain antigens and post-stroke recrudescence (PSR), post-stroke fatigue (PSF), and dementia (PSD); all of which are associated with poor long-term stroke outcome. Recent retrospective studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between the onset of PSR and acute infection during acute stroke, suggesting some adaptive immune system mediated pathology. This review will discuss the mechanisms and epidemiology of PSR based on the current clinical and pre-clinical evidence. Accordingly, PSR does appear correlated with populations that are prone to autoimmunity, infection, and subsequent triggers, which corroborate autoimmune responses to self-brain antigens as an underlying mechanism. Moreover, PSR as well as PSF and PSD seem to be partly explained by the development of a neuro-inflammatory response to brain antigens. Therefore, the future of improving long-term stroke outcome could be bright with more accurate pre-clinical models focusing on the role of adaptive immune-mediated post stroke neuroinflammation and more clinical studies of PSR.

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Obesity, a major risk factor for immunity and severe outcomes of COVID-19

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20210979 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Tohidul Amin ◽

Kaniz Fatema ◽

Sayama Arefin ◽

Fahad Hussain ◽

Dipty Rani Bhowmik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Immune System ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Related Risk ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Short Time

An influenza-like virus named SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for COVID-19 disease and spread worldwide within a short time. COVID-19 has now become a significant concern for public health. Obesity is highly prevalent worldwide and is considered a risk factor for impairing the adaptive immune system. Although diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and renal failure are considered the risk factors for COVID-19, obesity is not yet well-considered. This study approaches establishing a systemic association between the prevalence of obesity and its impact on immunity concerning the severe outcomes of COVID-19 utilizing existing knowledge. Overall study outcomes documented the worldwide prevalence of obesity, its effects on immunity, and a possible underlying mechanism covering obesity-related risk pathways for the severe outcomes of COVID-19. Overall understanding from the present study is that being an immune system impairing factor, the role of obesity in the severe outcomes of COVID-19 is worthy.

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Tuning cancer fate: the unremitting role of host immunity

Open Biology ◽

10.1098/rsob.170006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 170006 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

B. Calì ◽

B. Molon ◽

A. Viola

Keyword(s):

Immune Cells ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Tumour Progression ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Adaptive Immune Cells ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Immune Cell Subsets ◽

Therapeutic Protocols

Host immunity plays a central and complex role in dictating tumour progression. Solid tumours are commonly infiltrated by a large number of immune cells that dynamically interact with the surrounding microenvironment. At first, innate and adaptive immune cells successfully cooperate to eradicate microcolonies of transformed cells. Concomitantly, surviving tumour clones start to proliferate and harness immune responses by specifically hijacking anti-tumour effector mechanisms and fostering the accumulation of immunosuppressive immune cell subsets at the tumour site. This pliable interplay between immune and malignant cells is a relentless process that has been concisely organized in three different phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In this review, we aim to depict the distinct immune cell subsets and immune-mediated responses characterizing the tumour landscape throughout the three interconnected phases. Importantly, the identification of key immune players and molecules involved in the dynamic crosstalk between tumour and immune system has been crucial for the introduction of reliable prognostic factors and effective therapeutic protocols against cancers.

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Adipocytes, Innate Immunity and Obesity: A Mini-Review

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.650768 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Alecia M. Blaszczak ◽

Anahita Jalilvand ◽

Willa A. Hsueh

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Lymphoid Cells ◽

Innate Immune Cells ◽

Adaptive Immune

The role of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in obesity and its multiple related-complications is a rapidly expanding area of scientific interest. Within the last 30 years, the role of the adipocyte as an endocrine and immunologic cell has been progressively established. Like the macrophage, the adipocyte is capable of linking the innate and adaptive immune system through the secretion of adipokines and cytokines; exosome release of lipids, hormones, and microRNAs; and contact interaction with other immune cells. Key innate immune cells in AT include adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s). The role of the innate immune system in promoting adipose tissue inflammation in obesity will be highlighted in this review. T cells and B cells also play important roles in contributing to AT inflammation and are discussed in this series in the chapter on adaptive immunity.

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The Role of Interferons in Driving Susceptibility to Asthma Following Bronchiolitis: Controversies and Research Gaps

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.761660 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Heidi Makrinioti ◽

Andrew Bush ◽

James Gern ◽

Sebastian Lennox Johnston ◽

Nikolaos Papadopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Future Research ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Asthmatic Children ◽

Recurrent Wheeze ◽

The Relationship

Bronchiolitis is the most common cause of hospitalization in infancy and is associated with a higher risk for the development of childhood asthma. However, not all children hospitalized with bronchiolitis will develop asthma. The mechanisms underlying asthma development following bronchiolitis hospitalization are complex. Immune responses to respiratory viruses may underlie both bronchiolitis severity and long-term sequela (such as asthma). Interferons (IFNs) are important components of innate immune responses to respiratory viruses and could influence both asthma development and asthma exacerbations. However, the nature of the relationship between interferon production and wheezing illnesses is controversial. For example, low peripheral blood IFN responses at birth have been linked with recurrent wheeze and asthma development. In contrast, there is evidence that severe illnesses (e.g., hospitalization for bronchiolitis) are associated with increased IFN responses during acute infection (bronchiolitis hospitalization) and a higher risk for subsequent asthma diagnosis. Furthermore, mechanistic studies suggest that bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic children have impaired IFN responses to respiratory viruses, which may enable increased viral replication followed by exaggerated secondary IFN responses. This review aims to discuss controversies around the role of IFNs as drivers of susceptibility to asthma development following bronchiolitis hospitalization. Past evidence from both mechanistic and cohort studies are discussed. We will highlight knowledge gaps that can inform future research study design.

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A Role of Inflammation and Immunity in Essential Hypertension—Modeled and Analyzed Using Petri Nets

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21093348 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 3348

Author(s):

Dorota Formanowicz ◽

Agnieszka Rybarczyk ◽

Marcin Radom ◽

Piotr Formanowicz

Keyword(s):

Essential Hypertension ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Low Grade ◽

Kinin System ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Key Enzyme ◽

Kallikrein Kinin System ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Recent studies have shown that the innate and adaptive immune system, together with low-grade inflammation, may play an important role in essential hypertension. In this work, to verify the importance of selected factors for the development of essential hypertension, we created a Petri net-based model and analyzed it. The analysis was based mainly on t-invariants, knockouts of selected fragments of the net and its simulations. The blockade of the renin-angiotensin (RAA) system revealed that the most significant effect on the emergence of essential hypertension has RAA activation. This blockade affects: (1) the formation of angiotensin II, (2) inflammatory process (by influencing C-reactive protein (CRP)), (3) the initiation of blood coagulation, (4) bradykinin generation via the kallikrein-kinin system, (5) activation of lymphocytes in hypertension, (6) the participation of TNF alpha in the activation of the acute phase response, and (7) activation of NADPH oxidase—a key enzyme of oxidative stress. On the other hand, we found that the blockade of the activation of the RAA system may not eliminate hypertension that can occur due to disturbances associated with the osmotically independent binding of Na in the interstitium. Moreover, we revealed that inflammation alone is not enough to trigger primary hypertension, but it can coexist with it. We believe that our research may contribute to a better understanding of the pathology of hypertension. It can help identify potential subprocesses, which blocking will allow better control of essential hypertension.

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Role of immune cells in the ocular manifestations of pemphigoid diseases

Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/2515841419868128 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 251584141986812

Author(s):

Tanima Bose

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Γδ T Cells ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Ocular Manifestations ◽

Different Types ◽

Ocular Distribution

Pemphigoid disease is classified according to the phenotypical location of the disease and the presence of different types of antibodies. The ocular distribution of pemphigoid mainly occurs in patients with bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane pemphigoid. Several immune cells, including the cells of the innate immune system (neutrophils and γδ T cells) and the adaptive immune system (T and B cells), are involved in pemphigoid disease. The treatment of pemphigoid is still wide-ranging, and the most utilized treatment is the use of immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. In this scenario, it is absolutely important to screen the immune cells that are involved in this group of diseases and to determine if a targeted treatment approach is plausible. In conclusion, this review will identify some newer treatment possibilities for the whole spectrum of pemphigoid diseases.

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Role of the adaptive immune system in hypertension

Current Opinion in Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.coph.2010.01.006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 203-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

David G Harrison ◽

Antony Vinh ◽

Heinrich Lob ◽

Meena S Madhur

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Adaptive Immune

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Role of T Lymphocytes in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetes-Associated Inflammation

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2017/6494795 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Chang Xia ◽

Xiaoquan Rao ◽

Jixin Zhong

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Critical Role ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Metabolic Inflammation ◽

Adaptive Immune

Although a critical role of adaptive immune system has been confirmed in driving local and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and promoting insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Inflammatory regulation has been focused on innate immunity especially macrophage for a long time, while increasing evidence suggests T cells are crucial for the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance since 2009. There was growing evidence supporting the critical implication of T cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. We will discuss the available effect of T cells subsets in adaptive immune system associated with the procession of T2DM, which may unveil several potential strategies that could provide successful therapies in the future.

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