scholarly journals The Strange (Hi)story of Particles and Waves

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
H. Dieter Zeh
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Configuration Space ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
General Readership ◽  
Boson Fields

AbstractThis is an attempt of a non-technical but conceptually consistent presentation of quantum theory in a historical context. While the first part is written for a general readership, Section 5 may appear a bit provocative to some quantum physicists. I argue that the single-particle wave functions of quantum mechanics have to be correctly interpreted as field modes that are “occupied once” (i.e. first excited states of the corresponding quantum oscillators in the case of boson fields). Multiple excitations lead to apparent many-particle wave functions, while the quantum states proper are defined by wave function(al)s on the “configuration” space of fundamental fields, or on another, as yet elusive, fundamental local basis.

Quantum Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Quantum Spin ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Symbolic Representations ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

The subject of Chapter 8 is the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the abstract extension of quantum mechanics. Two of the entities explored are kets and operators, with kets being representations of quantum states as well as a source of wave functions. The quantum box and quantum spin kets are specified, as are the quantum numbers that identify them. Operators are introduced and defined in part as the symbolic representations of observable quantities such as position, momentum and quantum spin. Eigenvalues and eigenkets are defined and discussed, with the former identified as the possible outcomes of a measurement. Bras, the counterpart to kets, are introduced as the means of forming probability amplitudes from kets. Products of operators are examined, as is their role underpinning Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. A variety of symbol manipulations are presented. How measurements are believed to collapse linear superpositions to one term of the sum is explored.

EPR Elements of Physical Reality in Quantum Mechanics

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (29) ◽  
pp. 5289-5303
Author(s):  
V. K. Thankappan ◽  
Ravi K. Menon
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Singlet State ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
The State ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of elements of physical reality (e.p.r.) in quantum mechanics as defined by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) is discussed in the context of the EPR–Bohm and the EPR–Bell experiments on a pair of spin 1/2 particles in the singlet state. It is argued that EPR's definition of e.p.r. is appropriate to the EPR–Bell experiment rather than to the EPR–Bohm experiment, and that Bohr's interpretation of e.p.r. is also consistent with such a viewpoint. It is shown that the observed correlation between the spins of the two particles in the EPR–Bell experiment is just a manifestation of the correlation that exists between the wave functions of the particles in the singlet state and a consequence of the fact that a Stern–Gerlach magnet does not change the state of a particle but only transforms its wave function into a representation defined by the axis of the magnet. As such, the correlation is suggested to be an affirmation of Einstein's concept of locality, and not an evidence for nonlocality.

HIGH FREQUENCY LIMITS OF THE TWO-ELECTRON PHOTOIONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 1161-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. KRIVEC ◽  
M. YA. AMUSIA ◽  
V. B. MANDELZWEIG
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Nuclear Charge ◽  
Principal Quantum Number ◽  
Dipole Approximation ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Initial State ◽  
First Order

Several cross sections of two-electron processes at high but nonrelativistic photon energies ω are considered, which are expressed solely via the initial state wave function of the ionized two-electron object. The new high precision and locally correct nonvariational wave functions describing the ground and several lowest excited states of H -, He and helium-like ions are used in calculations of different cross sections in the pure dipole approximation and with account of first order corrections in ω/c2, and a number of the cross sections' ratios. The dependencies of all these quantities on the nuclear charge Z and the principal quantum number n (for 1 < n < 5) of the initial state excitation are studied.

MACROSCOPICITY AND CLASSICALITY OF QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS IN DE SITTER SPACE

1988 ◽  
Vol 03 (10) ◽  
pp. 929-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUMIO WADA
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Fluctuations ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
De Sitter Spacetime ◽  
Probabilistic Interpretation ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Sitter Spacetime ◽  
Matter Fields

On the basis of the non-probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, we define “macroscopicity” and “classicality” of quantum fluctuations as closely related but separate concepts. Then these properties are examined in quantum states (wave functions) of matter fields in de Sitter spacetime.

scholarly journals THE POINT PROCESSES OF THE GRW THEORY OF WAVE FUNCTION COLLAPSE

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 155-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
RODERICH TUMULKA
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Existence And Uniqueness ◽  
Joint Distribution ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Point Processes ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Wave Function Collapse ◽  
Relativistic Version

The Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber (GRW) theory is a physical theory that, when combined with a suitable ontology, provides an explanation of quantum mechanics. The so-called collapse of the wave function is problematic in conventional quantum theory but not in the GRW theory, in which it is governed by a stochastic law. A possible ontology is the flash ontology, according to which matter consists of random points in space-time, called flashes. The joint distribution of these points, a point process in space-time, is the topic of this work. The mathematical results concern mainly the existence and uniqueness of this distribution for several variants of the theory. Particular attention is paid to the relativistic version of the GRW theory that was developed in 2004.

INTERPRETATION AND PREDICTABILITY OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM COSMOLOGY

1988 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUMIO WADA
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Physical Meaning ◽  
Quantum Cosmology ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Probabilistic Interpretation ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Classical Picture

A non-probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics asserts that we get a prediction only when a wave function has a peak. Taking this interpretation seriously, we discuss how to find a peak in the wave function of the universe, by using some minisuperspace models with homogeneous degrees of freedom and also a model with cosmological perturbations. Then we show how to recover our classical picture of the universe from the quantum theory, and comment on the physical meaning of the backreaction equation.

scholarly journals General Quantum Theory: II ----Measuring & Identical Theorems, Origins & Classifications of Entanglements and Solution to Crisis of Wave Collapse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Huang ◽  
Yong-Chang Huang ◽  
Yi-You Nie
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Particle System ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Classical Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Wave Collapse ◽  
Modern Physics

This paper derives measurement and identical principles, then makes the two principles into measurement and identical theorems of quantum mechanics, plus the three theorems derived earlier, we deduce the axiom system of current quantum mechanics, the general quantum theory no axiom presumptions not only solves the crisis to understand in current quantum mechanics, but also obtains new discoveries, e.g., discovers the velocities of quantum collapse and entanglement are instantaneously infinitely large. We deduce the general Schrȍdinger equation of any n particles from two aspects, and the wave function not only has particle properties of the complex square root state vector of the classical probability density of any n particles, but also has the plane wave properties of any n particles. Thus, the current crisis of the dispute about the origin of wave- particle duality of any n microscopic particles is solved. We display the classical locality and quantum non-locality for any n particle system, show entanglement origins, and discover not only any n-particle wave function system has the original, superposition and across entanglements, but also the entanglements are of interactions preserving conservation or correlation, three kinds of entanglements directly give lots of entanglement sources. This paper discovers, one of two pillars of modern physics, quantum mechanics of any n particle system is a generalization ( mechanics ) theory of the complex square root ( of real density function ) of classical statistical mechanics, any n particle system&rsquo;s quantum mechanics of being just a generalization theory of the complex square root of classical statistical mechanics is both a revolutionary discovery and key new physics, which are influencing people&rsquo;s philosophical thinking for modern physics, solve all the crisises in current quantum theories, quantum information and so on, and make quantum theory have scientific solid foundations checked, no basic axiom presumption and no all quantum strange incomprehensible properties, because classical statistical mechanics and its complex square root have scientific solid foundations checked. Thus, all current studies on various entanglements and their uses to quantum computer, quantum information and so on must be further updated and classified by the new entanglements. This and our early papers derive quantum physics, solve all crisises of basses of quantum mechanics, e.g., wave-particle duality &amp; the first quantization origins, quantum nonlocality, entanglement origins &amp; classifications, wave collapse and so on.Key words: quantum mechanics, operator, basic presumptions, wave-particle duality, principle of measurement, identical principle, superposition principle of states, entanglement origin, quantum communication, wave collapse, classical statistical mechanics, classical mechanics

scholarly journals General Quantum Theory No Axiom Presumption: II ----Measuring and Identical Theorems, Origins & Classifications of Entanglements and Solution to Crisis of Wave Collapse

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Huang ◽  
Yong-Chang Huang ◽  
Yi-You Nie
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Particle System ◽  
Quantum Nonlocality ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
General Quantum ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Wave Collapse

This paper derives measurement and identical principles, then makes the two principles into measurement and identical theorems of quantum mechanics, plus the three theorems derived earlier, we deduce the axiom system of current quantum mechanics, the general quantum theory no axiom presumptions not only solves the crisis to understand in current quantum mechanics, but also obtains new discoveries. We deduce the general Schrȍdinger equation of any n particles, and the wave function not only has particle properties of the square root state vector of the classical probability density of any n particles, but also has the plane wave properties of any n particles. Thus, the current crisis of the dispute about the origin of wave-particle duality of any n microscopic particles is solved. This paper displays the classical locality and quantum non-locality for any n particle system, shows entanglement origins, and discovers not only any n-particle wave function system has the original, superposition and across entanglements, but also the entanglements are of interactions preserving conservation or correlation, the three kinds of entanglements directly gives lots of entanglement sources. This paper discovers, one of two pillars of modern physics, quantum mechanics is a generalization ( mechanics ) theory of the square root ( of density function ) of classical statistical mechanics. Thus, all current studies on various entanglements and their uses to quantum computer, quantum communications and so on must be further updated and classified by the three kinds of entanglements. Finally, this papers and our previous paper together solve the crisises of basses of quantum mechanics, e.g., wave-particle duality &amp; the first quantization origins, quantum nonlocality, entanglement origins &amp; classifications, wave collapse and so on.

scholarly journals Schrodinger Wave Equation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron C.H. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Wave Equation ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
System Change ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Erwin Schrödinger ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

The father of quantum mechanics, Erwin Schrodinger, was one of the most important figures in the development of quantum theory. He is perhaps best known for his contribution of the wave equation, which would later result in his winning of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933. The Schrodinger wave equation describes the quantum mechanical behaviour of particles and explores how the Schrodinger wave functions of a system change over time. This project is concerned about exploring the one-dimensional case of the Schrodinger wave equation in a harmonic oscillator system. We will give the solutions, called eigenfunctions, of the equation that satisfy certain conditions. Furthermore, we will show that this happens only for particular values called eigenvalues.

ON ASYMPTOTICS OF THREE-BODY BOUND STATE RADIAL WAVE FUNCTIONS OF HALO NUCLEI NEAR THE HYPERANGLE φ~0 AND φ~π/2 IN THE CONFIGURATION SPACE AND THREE-BODY ASYMPTOTIC NORMALIZATION FACTORS FOR 6He NUCLEUS IN THE (n+n+α)-CHANNEL

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (07) ◽  
pp. 1561-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. YARMUKHAMEDOV ◽  
M. K. UBAYDULLAEVA
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Configuration Space ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Halo Nuclei ◽  
Asymptotic Normalization ◽  
Radial Wave ◽  
Asymptotic Expressions ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Normalization Factors

Asymptotic expressions for the bound state radial partial wave functions of three-body (nnc) halo nuclei with two loosely bound valence neutrons (n) are obtained in explicit form, when the relative distance between two neutrons (r) tends to infinity and the relative distance between the center of mass of core (c) and two neutrons (ρ) is too small or vice versa. These asymptotic expressions contain a factor that can strongly influence the asymptotic values of the three-body radial wave function in the vicinity of the hyperangle of φ~0 except 0 (r→∞ and ρ is too small except 0) or φ~π/2 except π/2 (ρ→∞ and r is too small except 0) in the configuration space. The derived asymptotic forms are applied to the analysis of the asymptotic behavior of the three-body (nnα) wave function for 6He nucleus obtained by other authors on the basis of multicluster stochastic variational method using the two forms of the αN-potential. The ranges of r (or ρ) from the asymptotical regions are determined for which the agreement between the calculated wave function and the asymptotics formulae is reached. Information about the values of the three-body asymptotic normalization factors is extracted.

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