EPR Elements of Physical Reality in Quantum Mechanics

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (29) ◽  
pp. 5289-5303
Author(s):  
V. K. Thankappan ◽  
Ravi K. Menon
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Singlet State ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
The State ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of elements of physical reality (e.p.r.) in quantum mechanics as defined by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) is discussed in the context of the EPR–Bohm and the EPR–Bell experiments on a pair of spin 1/2 particles in the singlet state. It is argued that EPR's definition of e.p.r. is appropriate to the EPR–Bell experiment rather than to the EPR–Bohm experiment, and that Bohr's interpretation of e.p.r. is also consistent with such a viewpoint. It is shown that the observed correlation between the spins of the two particles in the EPR–Bell experiment is just a manifestation of the correlation that exists between the wave functions of the particles in the singlet state and a consequence of the fact that a Stern–Gerlach magnet does not change the state of a particle but only transforms its wave function into a representation defined by the axis of the magnet. As such, the correlation is suggested to be an affirmation of Einstein's concept of locality, and not an evidence for nonlocality.

scholarly journals Origin of Probability in Quantum Mechanics and the Physical Interpretation of the Wave Function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuming Wen
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Tunnelling Effect ◽  
Physical Particle ◽  
Objective System ◽  
Energy Quantum ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The theoretical calculation of quantum mechanics has been accurately verified by experiments, but Copenhagen interpretation with probability is still controversial. To find the source of the probability, we revised the definition of the energy quantum and reconstructed the wave function of the physical particle. Here, we found that the energy quantum ê is 6.62606896 ×10-34J instead of hν as proposed by Planck. Additionally, the value of the quality quantum ô is 7.372496 × 10-51 kg. This discontinuity of energy leads to a periodic non-uniform spatial distribution of the particles that transmit energy. A quantum objective system (QOS) consists of many physical particles whose wave function is the superposition of the wave functions of all physical particles. The probability of quantum mechanics originates from the distribution rate of the particles in a state in the QOS per unit volume at time t and near position r. Based on the revision of the energy quantum assumption and the origin of the probability, we proposed new certainty and uncertainty relationships, explained the physical mechanism of wave-function collapse and the quantum tunnelling effect, derived the quantum theoretical expression of double-slit and single-slit experiments.

scholarly journals Did bohr succeed in defending the completeness of quantum mechanics?

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Kunihisa Morita
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Mechanical Description ◽  
Quantum Mechanical Description ◽  
Completeness Of Quantum Mechanics

This study posits that Bohr failed to defend the completeness of the quantum mechanical description of physical reality against Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen’s (EPR) paper. Although there are many papers in the literature that focus on Bohr’s argument in his reply to the EPR paper, the purpose of the current paper is not to clarify Bohr’s argument. Instead, I contend that regardless of which interpretation of Bohr’s argument is correct, his defense of the quantum mechanical description of physical reality remained incomplete. For example, a recent trend in studies of Bohr’s work is to suggest he considered the wave-function description to be epistemic. However, such an interpretation cannot be used to defend the completeness of the quantum mechanical description.

scholarly journals The Strange (Hi)story of Particles and Waves

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
H. Dieter Zeh
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Configuration Space ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
General Readership ◽  
Boson Fields

AbstractThis is an attempt of a non-technical but conceptually consistent presentation of quantum theory in a historical context. While the first part is written for a general readership, Section 5 may appear a bit provocative to some quantum physicists. I argue that the single-particle wave functions of quantum mechanics have to be correctly interpreted as field modes that are “occupied once” (i.e. first excited states of the corresponding quantum oscillators in the case of boson fields). Multiple excitations lead to apparent many-particle wave functions, while the quantum states proper are defined by wave function(al)s on the “configuration” space of fundamental fields, or on another, as yet elusive, fundamental local basis.

scholarly journals The simplest possible bouncing quantum cosmological model

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (21) ◽  
pp. 1640006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Peter ◽  
Sandro D. P. Vitenti
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Spatial Curvature ◽  
Bianchi I ◽  
Contracting Phase

We present and expand the simplest possible quantum cosmological bouncing model already discussed in previous works: the trajectory formulation of quantum mechanics applied to cosmology (through the Wheeler–De Witt equation) in the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) minisuperspace without spatial curvature. The initial conditions that were previously assumed were such that the wave function would not change its functional form but instead provide a dynamics to its parameters. Here, we consider a more general situation, in practice consisting of modified Gaussian wave functions, aiming at obtaining a nonsingular bounce from a contracting phase. Whereas previous works consistently obtain very symmetric bounces, we find that it is possible to produce highly non-symmetric solutions, and even cases for which multiple bounces naturally occur. We also introduce a means of treating the shear in this category of models by quantizing in the Bianchi I minisuperspace.

scholarly journals On the Quantum Mechanical Wave Function as a Link Between Cognition and the Physical World: A Role for Psychology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Michael Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Mechanical Wave ◽  
Empirical Level ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Empirical Demonstration

A straightforward explanation of fundamental tenets of quantum mechanics concerning the wave function results in the thesis that the quantum mechanical wave function is a link between human cognition and the physical world. The reticence on the part of physicists to adopt this thesis is discussed. A comparison is made to the behaviorists’ consideration of mind, and the historical roots of how the problem concerning the quantum mechanical wave function arose are discussed. The basis for an empirical demonstration that the wave function is a link between human cognition and the physical world is provided through developing an experiment using methodology from psychology and physics. Based on research in psychology and physics that relied on this methodology, it is likely that Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen’s theoretical result that mutually exclusive wave functions can simultaneously apply to the same concrete physical circumstances can be implemented on an empirical level. Original article in The Journal of Mind and Behavior is on JSTOR at https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43853678.pdf?seq=1 . Preprint on CERN preprint server at https://cds.cern.ch/record/569426 .

scholarly journals Origin of Probability in Quantum Mechanics and the Physical Interpretation of the Wave Function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuming Wen
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Tunnelling Effect ◽  
Physical Particle ◽  
Objective System ◽  
Energy Quantum ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The theoretical calculation of quantum mechanics has been accurately verified by experiments, but Copenhagen interpretation with probability is still controversial. To find the source of the probability, we revised the definition of the energy quantum and reconstructed the wave function of the physical particle. Here, we found that the energy quantum ê is 6.62606896 ×10-34J instead of hν as proposed by Planck. Additionally, the value of the quality quantum ô is 7.372496 × 10-51 kg. This discontinuity of energy leads to a periodic non-uniform spatial distribution of the particles that transmit energy. A quantum objective system (QOS) consists of many physical particles whose wave function is the superposition of the wave functions of all physical particles. The probability of quantum mechanics originates from the distribution rate of physical particles in a state in the QOS per unit volume at time t and near position r. Based on the revision of the energy quantum assumption and the origin of the probability, we proposed new certainty and uncertainty relationships, explained the physical mechanism of wave-function collapse and the quantum tunnelling effect, derived the quantum theoretical expression of double-slit and single-slit experiments.

Quantum system: Wave function, entanglement and the uncertainty principle

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150222 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Melkikh
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum System ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Identical Particles ◽  
Quantum Particles ◽  
System Of Particles ◽  
Definition Of

A definition of entanglement based on the overlap of wave functions of identical particles is proposed. A definition of a quantum system of particles related to their entanglement with each other and the environment is proposed. It is shown that in the general case, the uncertainty principle cannot be formulated for a system of quantum particles in the form of a single inequality.

Quantum mechanical reality according to Copenhagen 2.0

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (14n15) ◽  
pp. 1630014
Author(s):  
Allan M. Din
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Space Region ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Bounded Geometry ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Standard Wave ◽  
Definition Of

The long-standing conceptual controversies concerning the interpretation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics are argued, on one hand, to be due to its incompleteness, as affirmed by Einstein. But on the other hand, it appears to be possible to complete it at least partially, as Bohr might have appreciated it, in the framework of its standard mathematical formalism with observables as appropriately defined self-adjoint operators. This completion of quantum mechanics is based on the requirement on laboratory physics to be effectively confined to a bounded space region and on the application of the von Neumann deficiency theorem to properly define a set of self-adjoint extensions of standard observables, e.g. the momenta and the Hamiltonian, in terms of certain isometries on the region boundary. This is formalized mathematically in the setting of a boundary ontology for the so-called Qbox in which the wave function acquires a supplementary dependence on a set of Additional Boundary Variables (ABV). It is argued that a certain geometric subset of the ABV parametrizing Quasi-Periodic Translational Isometries (QPTI) has a particular physical importance by allowing for the definition of an ontic wave function, which has the property of epitomizing the spatial wave function “collapse.” Concomitantly the standard wave function in an unbounded geometry is interpreted as an epistemic wave function, which together with the ontic QPTI wave function gives rise to the notion of two-wave duality, replacing the standard concept of wave-particle duality. More generally, this approach to quantum physics in a bounded geometry provides a novel analytical basis for a better understanding of several conceptual notions of quantum mechanics, including reality, nonlocality, entanglement and Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation. The scope of this analysis may be seen as a foundational update of the multiple versions 1.x of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which is sufficiently incremental so as to be appropriately characterized as Copenhagen 2.0.

scholarly journals The “noncausal causality” of quantum information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Probability Density Distribution ◽  
Information Function ◽  
Classical Physics ◽  
Physical Description ◽  
Probabilistic Causality ◽  
Random Probability

The paper is concentrated on the special changes of the conception of causalityfrom quantum mechanics to quantum information meaning as a background the revolution implemented by the former to classical physics and science after Max Born’s probabilistic reinterpretation of wave function. Those changes can be enumerated so: (1) quantum information describes the general case of the relation of two wave functions, and particularly, the causal amendment of a single one; (2) it keeps the physical description to be causal by the conservation of quantum information and in accordance with Born’s interpretation; (3) it introduces inverse causality, “backwards in time”, observable “forwards in time” as the fundamentally random probability density distribution of all possible measurements of any physical quantity in quantum mechanics; (4) it involves a kind of “bidirectional causality” unifying (4.1) the classical determinism of cause and effect, (4.2) the probabilistic causality of quantum mechanics, and (4.3) the reversibility of any coherent state; (5) it identifies determinism with the function successor in Peano arithmetic, and its proper generalized causality with the information function successor in Hilbert arithmetic.

Unified theory of classic mechanics and quantum mechanics

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (38) ◽  
pp. 2030022
Author(s):  
Hong-Xing Li
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Fuzzy Systems ◽  
Mass Point ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Countably Infinite

In this paper, I review one of the most important and interesting parts of my new book “Fuzzy Systems to Quantum Mechanics” (see Ref. 1). Several conclusions in this part are worth introducing here. First of all, the motion of a mass point in classic mechanics has also waviness and the wave function of the motion of a mass point is composed of wave functions of countably infinite microscopic particles. Secondly, based on the waviness of the motion of a mass point we surely know the new conclusion described as the wave-mass-point dualism in classic mechanics. And thirdly, by using the closed relation between the wave-mass-point dualism in classic mechanics and the wave-particle dualism in quantum mechanics, unified theory of classic mechanics and quantum mechanics is naturally formed.

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