Flavonol Synthase Activity and the Regulation of Flavonol and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis during Flower Development in Dianthus caryophyllus L. (Carnation)

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Stich ◽  
T. Eidenberger ◽  
F. Wurst ◽  
G. Forkmann
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Flavonol Synthase ◽  
Common Substrate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Maximum Expression

Flavonol synthase (FLS) was demonstrated in crude extracts from flower buds of Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation). The enzyme catalyzed the conversion of dihydrokaempferol and ihydroquercetin to kaempferol and quercetin, respectively. The reaction required 2-oxoglutarate, ferrous ion and ascorbate as co-factors and had a pH optimum at about 7.4. The demonstration of FLS activity allowed comparative studies on flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis during bud and flower development. Besides FLS the flavonoid enzymes chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FH T) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) were measured. DFR is specifically involved in anthocyanin synthesis, while CHS and FHT provide dihydroflavonol, the common substrate for both FLS and DFR . Maximum expression of CHS, FHT and FLS activity was already observed in small buds, whereas DFR activity started to increase much later and reached its highest level in opened flowers. A substantial correlation was observed between the time courses of FLS and DFR activity and the accumulation of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively. The competition of FLS and DFR for dihydroflavonols was found to be largely circumvented by different substrate specificities and by the sequential expression of the two enzymes. Both flavonols and anthocyanins are obviously not, or only to some extent, subject to degradation.

scholarly journals Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Rothenberg ◽  
Haijun Yang ◽  
Meiban Chen ◽  
Wenting Zhang ◽  
Lingyun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway

Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.

scholarly journals Genetic factors influencing a neurobiological substrate for psychiatric disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Till F. M. Andlauer ◽  
Thomas W. Mühleisen ◽  
Felix Hoffstaedter ◽  
Alexander Teumer ◽  
Katharina Wittfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Salience Network ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Common Substrate ◽  
The Common

AbstractA retrospective meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging voxel-based morphometry studies proposed that reduced gray matter volumes in the dorsal anterior cingulate and the left and right anterior insular cortex—areas that constitute hub nodes of the salience network—represent a common substrate for major psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the common substrate serves as an intermediate phenotype to detect genetic risk variants relevant for psychiatric disease. To this end, after a data reduction step, we conducted genome-wide association studies of a combined common substrate measure in four population-based cohorts (n = 2271), followed by meta-analysis and replication in a fifth cohort (n = 865). After correction for covariates, the heritability of the common substrate was estimated at 0.50 (standard error 0.18). The top single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17076061 was associated with the common substrate at genome-wide significance and replicated, explaining 1.2% of the common substrate variance. This SNP mapped to a locus on chromosome 5q35.2 harboring genes involved in neuronal development and regeneration. In follow-up analyses, rs17076061 was not robustly associated with psychiatric disease, and no overlap was found between the broader genetic architecture of the common substrate and genetic risk for major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia. In conclusion, our study identified that common genetic variation indeed influences the common substrate, but that these variants do not directly translate to increased disease risk. Future studies should investigate gene-by-environment interactions and employ functional imaging to understand how salience network structure translates to psychiatric disorder risk.

scholarly journals Recent Insights into Anthocyanin Pigmentation, Synthesis, Trafficking, and Regulatory Mechanisms in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Caryopsis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enerand Mackon ◽  
Guibeline Charlie Jeazet Dongho Epse Mackon ◽  
Yafei Ma ◽  
Muhammad Haneef Kashif ◽  
Niyaz Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Pigmented Rice ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Natural Colorants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anthocyanin Production ◽  
And Storage

Anthocyanins are antioxidants used as natural colorants and are beneficial to human health. Anthocyanins contribute to reactive oxygen species detoxification and sustain plant growth and development under different environmental stresses. They are phenolic compounds that are broadly distributed in nature and are responsible for a wide range of attractive coloration in many plant organs. Anthocyanins are found in various parts of plants such as flowers, leaves, stems, shoots, and grains. Considering their nutritional and health attributes, anthocyanin-enriched rice or pigmented rice cultivars are a possible alternative to reduce malnutrition around the globe. Anthocyanin biosynthesis and storage in rice are complex processes in which several structural and regulatory genes are involved. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the molecular and genetic mechanism of anthocyanins, and their synthesis is of great interest to researchers and the scientific community. However, limited studies have reported anthocyanin synthesis, transportation, and environmental conditions that can hinder anthocyanin production in rice. Rice is a staple food around the globe, and further research on anthocyanin in rice warrants more attention. In this review, metabolic and pre-biotic activities, the underlying transportation, and storage mechanisms of anthocyanins in rice are discussed in detail. This review provides potential information for the food industry and clues for rice breeding and genetic engineering of rice.

Development of Resistant Coating Systems Based on Polymer Binders

2014 ◽  
Vol 897 ◽  
pp. 262-265
Author(s):  
Michael Tupý ◽  
Vít Petranek ◽  
Jana Kosíková
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Coating ◽  
Chemical Resistance ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Polymer Binders ◽  
Physical Composition ◽  
Common Substrate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Secondary Materials ◽  
Glass Packaging

The aim of the work was to propose the application for waste secondary materials as filler in polymer coating systems. Authors decided to use two different water-based epoxide binders: Lena N141 and Lena N 121 and the waste suitable materials were chosen by its chemical and physical composition and properties. Used recycled materials were glass of windscreen, glass beads, screen, glass packaging and fluorescent glass. The particle size and scanning of grain were determined. The chemical resistance and the adhesion of coating materials to the common substrate were also tested. The chemical resistance was tested with substances: distilled water, oil, petrol, acetone, 20% water solution of NaCl, 50 % water solution of ethanol, 5 % and 30 % water solution of NaOH a 20 % water solution of H2SO4.

Latin sāpō ‘hair-dye, soap’, the Germanic Words for Soap, and the Common Substrate of Celtic and Germanic

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400
Author(s):  
Zsolt Simon
Keyword(s):  
Hair Dye ◽  
Common Substrate ◽  
The Common

Abstract This article argues that the traditional etymology of Latin sāpō as a loanword from the Germanic words for ‘soap’ is phonologically not possible. Instead, it proposes a phonologically regular explanation: a loanword in both Germanic and Latin from the common Celtic-Germanic substrate (with Gaulish transmission in the case of Latin).

scholarly journals PbCOP1.1 Contributes to the Negative Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Pear

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wu ◽  
Min Si ◽  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Linyan Song ◽  
Jianlong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Protein Sequence Alignment

The synthesis of anthocyanin in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit is regulated by light. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of pear fruit coloring mediated by upstream light-signaling regulators. Here, the photoresponse factors CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC (COP) 1.1 and 1.2 were cloned from ‘Red Zaosu’ peel to study their functions in pear fruit coloring. The overexpression vectors pBI121-PbCOP1.1 and pBI121-PbCOP1.2 were constructed to analyze their effects on anthocyanin synthesis in pear fruit. A protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PbCOP1 proteins are highly homologous with those of other species. An analysis of tissue differential expression showed that the greatest expression levels of PbCOP1s occurred in the leaves. Their expression levels increased in the leaves during development, when the leaves changed from red to green. The overexpression of PbCOP1s in the peel resulted in reduced anthocyanin synthesis at the injection sites. A quantitative PCR analysis of the injection sites showed that PbCOP1.1 significantly inhibited the expression of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes CHI, DFR, UFGT2, bHLH3, HY5 and GST. Based on the above results, we hypothesize that PbCOP1.1 is an anthocyanin synthetic inhibitory factor of pear coloration.

scholarly journals Exportin 1 Mediates Nuclear Export of the Kinetoplastid Spliced Leader RNA

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gusti M. Zeiner ◽  
Nancy R. Sturm ◽  
David A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Leptomycin B ◽  
Spliced Leader ◽  
Small Nuclear Rnas ◽  
Rna Biogenesis ◽  
Common Substrate ◽  
The Common

ABSTRACT The kinetoplastid protozoan spliced leader (SL) RNA is the common substrate pre-mRNA utilized in all trans-splicing reactions. Here we show by fluorescence in situ hybridization that the SL RNA is present in the cytoplasm of Leishmania tarentolae and Trypanosoma brucei. Treatment with the karyopherin-specific inhibitor leptomycin B was toxic to T. brucei and eliminated the cytoplasmic SL RNA, suggesting that cytoplasmic SL RNA was dependent on the nuclear exporter exportin 1 (XPO1). Ectopic expression of xpo1 with a C506S mutation in T. brucei conferred resistance to leptomycin B. A reduction in SL RNA 3′ extension removal and 5′ methylation of nucleotide U4 was observed in wild-type T. brucei treated with leptomycin B, suggesting that the cytoplasmic stage is necessary for SL RNA biogenesis. This study demonstrates spatial and mechanistic similarities between the posttranscriptional trafficking of the kinetoplastid protozoan SL RNA and the metazoan cis-spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs.

scholarly journals Mapping and Identifying a Candidate Gene Plr4, a Recessive Gene Regulating Purple Leaf in Rice, by Using Bulked Segregant and Transcriptome Analysis with Next-Generation Sequencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Gao ◽  
Gaoxing Dai ◽  
Weiyong Zhou ◽  
Haifu Liang ◽  
Juan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
Flower Organs ◽  
Purple Leaf

The anthocyanin biosynthesis of rice is a major concern due to the potential nutritional value. Purple appears in various organs and tissues of rice such as pericarp, flower organs, leaves, leaf sheaths, internodes, ligules, apex, and stigma. At present, there are many studies on the color of rice pericarp, but the gene and mechanism of other organs such as leaves are still unclear, and the gene regulatory network of specific organ coloring has not been systematically understood. In this study, genetic analysis demonstrated that the purple leaf traits of rice were regulated by a recessive gene. The green leaf cultivar Y58S and purple leaf cultivar XianHongB were used to construct the mapping population. A set of near isogenicline (NIL) (BC3F1) was bred via crossing and back-crossing. The generations of BC3F2 appeared to separate four phenotypes, pl1, pl2, pl3, and pl4, due to the occurrence of a purple color in different organs. We constructed three bulked segregant analysis (BSA) pools (pl1–pl2, pl1–pl3, and pl1–pl4) by using the separated generations of BC3F5 and mapped the purple leaf gene plr4 to the vicinity of 27.9–31.1 Mb on chromosome 4. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) for pl3 and pl2 was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes in the localization interval, where 12 unigenes exhibited differential expression in which two genes (Os04g0577800, Os04g0616400) were downregulated. The two downregulated genes (Os04g0577800 and Os04g0616400) are possible candidate genes because of the recessive genetic characteristics of the purple leaf genes. These results will facilitate the cloning of plr4 and illustrate the molecular mechanisms of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway.

Flower development inPisum sativum: From the war of the whorls to the battle of the common primordia

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ferr�ndiz ◽  
C. Navarro ◽  
M.D. G�mez ◽  
L.A. Ca�as ◽  
J.P. Beltr�n
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
The Common

Roles of hydrogen gas in plants: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changxia Li ◽  
Tingyu Gong ◽  
Biting Bian ◽  
Weibiao Liao
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System ◽  
Future Work

Hydrogen gas (H2) was first identified as a unique molecular messenger in animals. Since H2 was reported as a novel antioxidant, it has been proven effective in treating many diseases. However, the studies concerning H2 in plants are just beginning to emerge. Here, two paths of H2 production in plants have been reported, namely, hydrogenase and nitrogenase. H2 has positive effects on seed germination, seedling growth, adventitious rooting, root elongation, harvest freshness, stomatal closure and anthocyanin synthesis. H2 also can enhance plant symbiotic stress resistance commonly through the enhancement of antioxidant defence system. Moreover, H2 shows cross talk with nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and other signalling molecules (for example, abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonate acid). H2 can regulate the expression of responsive genes under abiotic stress and during adventitious roots formation and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Future work will need to focus on the molecular mechanism of H2 and its crosstalk with other signalling molecules in plants. With its promising application in agriculture, hydrogen agriculture will be welcomed in the near future.

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