Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Variegated Pink-Fleshed Lemon (Citrus x limon L. Burm. f.) and their Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Hamdan ◽  
Mohamed L. Ashour ◽  
Sri Mulyaningsih ◽  
Assem El-Shazly ◽  
Michael Wink

The volatile secondary metabolites of essential oils from fruit peel and leaves of variegated pink-fl eshed lemon (Citrus x limon) were investigated using GLC and GLC-MS (gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy). Altogether 141 compounds were identified and quantified, accounting for 99.59% and 96.33% of the total hydrodistilled peel and leaf oil, respectively. Limonene occurred in higher amounts in fruit peel (52.73%) than in leaf oil (29.13%). Neral (12.72%), neryl acetate (8.53%), ρ-menth-1-en-7-al (4.63%), β-pinene (6.35%), and nerol (4.42%) were the most abundant constituents in leaf oil, whereas γ-terpinene (9.88%), β-pinene (7.67%), geranial (4.44%), and neral (3.64%) dominated in the fruit peel oil. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitrypanosomal, and antimicrobial activities of the fruit peel essential oil were evaluated. The oil had a low antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of (26.66 ± 2.07) mg/ml as compared to the efficient antioxidant ascorbic acid [IC50 (16.32 ± 0.16) μg/ml]. The oil moderately inhibited soybean 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with an IC50 value of (32.05 ± 3.91) μg/ml and had moderate antitrypanosomal activity [IC50 (60.90 ± 0.91) μg/ml]. In addition, moderate antimicrobial activities were detected against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus capitis, Micrococcus luteus), one Gram-negative bacterium (Pseudomonas fluorescens), and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parapsilosis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chang Su ◽  
Kuan-Ping Hsu ◽  
Kuo-Feng Hua ◽  
Chen-Lung Ho

The chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaf and twig of Cupressus cashmeriana have been investigated. The essential oils were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS, respectively. The leaf oil mainly consisted of α-pinene (21.8%), epizonarene (8.0%), sabinene (7.9%), limonene (7.6%), γ-terpinene (7.0%), and allo-aromadendrene (7.0%); the twig oil was mostly carvacrol methyl ether (35.4%), manool (16.1%), carvacrol (14.2%), and (2 Z,6 E)-farnesol (6.9%). Twig oil, but not leaf oil, was able to reduce nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 without reducing the cell viability. In addition, twig oil showed better antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than leaf oil. The major ingredient of the twig oil that was responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was carvacrol.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3387
Author(s):  
Gugulethu Miya ◽  
Mongikazi Nyalambisa ◽  
Opeoluwa Oyedeji ◽  
Mavuto Gondwe ◽  
Adebola Oyedeji

The medicinal potential and volatile composition of different parts of three cultivars of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) were evaluated for their toxicity and anti-inflammatory activities. Fresh leaf and fruit peel were separately isolated by hydrodistillation for 4 h. The essential oils were subjected to GC/GC-MS analysis for chemical profile. Toxicity of the essential oils in mice were evaluated using Lorke’s method, while an anti-inflammatory assay was performed in a rat model using egg albumin-induced oedema. The oils obtained were light yellow in colour, and odour varied from strong citrus smell to mild. Percentage yield of fresh peel oil (0.34–0.57%) was greater than the fresh leaf oil yield (0.21–0.34%). D-limonene (86.70–89.90%) was the major compound identified in the leaf oil, while β-phellandrene (90.00–91.01%) dominated the peel oil. At a dosage level of 5000 mg/kg, none of the oils showed mortality in mice. An anti-inflammatory bioassay revealed that all the oils caused a significant (p < 0.05–0.01) reduction in oedema size when compared to the negative control group throughout the 5 h post induction assessment period. The study reveals that the oils are non-toxic and demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity. Our findings suggest that the leaf and peel oils obtained from waste parts of grapefruit plants can be useful as flavouring agents, as well as anti-inflammatory agents.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Hamza Ouakouak ◽  
Adel Benarfa ◽  
Mohammed Messaoudi ◽  
Samir Begaa ◽  
Barbara Sawicka ◽  
...  

This study describes the chemical composition, antitumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the plant Thymus algeriensis Boiss. Essential oils (EOs) were collected in different periods (before, during, and after flowering stage) from the El-Guetfa region, M’sila, Algeria. The EOs extraction was achieved using three distinguishing techniques: hydro (Clevenger trap), steam, and microwave distillations, targeting different aerial parts of the plant (stems, flowers, and leaves). The EOs chemical components were estimated using GC-FID and GC-MS apparatuses. The resulting yield of the extracted oil was moderate and ranged between 0.84 and 1.53% (wt/vol). In total, eighty-five components were identified, in which the oxygenated monoterpenes family formed the main portion, starting from 40.56 up to 70.66%. The obtained essential oil was dominated by five major components that varied from low to quite moderate percentages: camphor (17.45–32.56%), borneol (11.16–22.2%), camphene (7.53–12.86%), 1.8-cineole (5.16–11.21%), and bornyl acetate (3.86–7.92%). The biological results of this oil pointed out that the EOs extracted from the leaves part exposed a weak radical scavenging activity afterward using two well-known antioxidant assays DPPH (IC50 = 8.37 mg/mL) and ABTS (10.84 mg/mL). Meanwhile, this oil presented strong inhibition activity against colon cancer cell line HCT116 (LC50 = 39.8 µg/mL) and a moderate inhibitory against hepatocellular cancer cells HePG2 (LC50 > 100 µg/mL). In addition, this oil antimicrobial activity was quite important against Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus), Staphylococcus aureus CIP 7625, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4226, Candida albicans IPA200, Candida tropicalis (Ct), and Candida glabrata (Cg) after using Amoxicillin and Itraconazole as references.


2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1300800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shariha Jusoh ◽  
Hasnah Mohd Sirat ◽  
Farediah Ahmad

The essential oils from the leaves, pseudostems, rhizomes and fruits of Alpinia rafflesiana were isolated by hydrodistillation. The oils were analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The most abundant components in the leaf oil were trans-caryophyllene (32.61%), caryophyllene oxide (8.67%), (2 E,6 Z)-farnesol (4.91%) and α-terpineol (4.25%), while 1,8-cineole (32.25%), myrcene (13.63%), α-terpineol (9.90%) and trans-caryophyllene (9.80%) were the main constituents in the pseudostem oil. The rhizome constituted of tetracosane (42.61%), τ-cadinol (7.46%), α-terpineol (6.71%) were the major components, whereas tetracosane (13.39%), (2 E,6 E)-farnesol (7.31%), α-terpineol (8.51%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.05%) were the main components in the fruit oil. Antimicrobial assay revealed that all the essential oils showed moderate to weak inhibition against the tested microorganisms. The leaf oil was the most active and inhibited both S. aureus and E. coli with MIC values of 7.81 μg/mL and 15.6 μg/mL, respectively.


2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh ◽  
Farediah Ahmad ◽  
Khong Heng Yen

The study was designed to examine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of three Piper species: Piper abbreviatum, P. erecticaule and P. lanatum, all from Malaysia. GC and GC/MS analysis showed qualitative and quantitative differences between these oils. GC and GC-MS analysis of P. abbreviatum, P. erecticaule and P. lanatum oils resulted in the identification of 33, 35 and 39 components, representing 70.5%, 63.4% and 78.2% of the components, respectively. The major components of P. abbreviatum oil were spathulenol (11.2%), ( E)-nerolidol (8.5%) and β-caryophyllene (7.8%), whereas P. erecticaule oil mainly contained β-caryophyllene (5.7%) and spathulenol (5.1%). Borneol (7.5%), β-caryophyllene (6.6%) and α-amorphene (5.6%) were the most abundant components in P. lanatum oil. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution method against nine microorganisms. All of the essential oils displayed weak activity towards Gram-positive bacteria with MIC values in the range 250–500 μg/mL. P. erecticaule oil showed the best activity on Aspergillus niger (MIC 31.3 μg/mL), followed by P. lanatum oil (MIC 62.5 μg/mL). This study demonstrated that the essential oils have potential as antimicrobial agents and may be useful in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100
Author(s):  
Yu-Chang Su ◽  
Kuan-Ping Hsu ◽  
Chen-Lung Ho

The chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus konishii has been investigated. The essential oil was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS. Sixty-six compounds were identified, representing 100% of the oil. The main components identified were α-pinene (33.9%), β-pinene (13.9%), and thymol (12.0%). The leaf oil was able to reduce nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 without reducing the cell viability. In addition, the leaf oil showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The major ingredient of the oil that was responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was thymol.


2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0900400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huguette Agnaniet ◽  
Thomas Makani ◽  
Raphaël Bikanga ◽  
Louis Clément Obame ◽  
Jacques Lebibi ◽  
...  

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from air dried leaves, bark and roots of Glossocalyx staudtii Engl. grown in Gabon was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil content was 0.84% (w/w), 0.28% (w/w), and 0.74% (w/w), respectively. The leaf oil was characterized by a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (64.8%), with β-pinene (30.6%) and α-pinene (22.6%) as the major constituents. The oil obtained from the bark contained 30.5% of oxygenated monoterpenes with cryptone as the main constituent (11.5%) and 28.9% of aliphatic compounds, with 9.3% of 2-tridecanone; in the roots oil, the main component was 2-tridecanone (55.2%). The antimicrobial activity of the oils was studied by means of the agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The Gram positive bacteria were the most sensitive to the essential oils. A significant anticandidal effect of the bark essential oil was observed.


2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh ◽  
Farediah Ahmad ◽  
Khong Heng Yen ◽  
Razauden Mohamed Zulkifli

This study was designed to examine the chemical compositions of essential oils from Beilschmiedia glabra and their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antityrosinase, acetylcholinesterase and anti-inflammatory activities. In total, 47 components were identified in the essential oils, which made up 86.8% and 89.7% of the leaf and bark oils, respectively. The leaf oil is composed mainly of β-eudesmol (15.4%), β-selinene (12.2%), caryophyllene oxide (8.1%) and γ-gurjunene (5.2%), while the bark oil contains high percentages of β-eudesmol (19.3%), β-selinene (16.9%), δ-cadinene (15.8%), germacrene D (9.8%) and β-caryophyllene (5.5%). Antioxidant activity showed that the leaf oil has the highest phenolic content at 233.4 mg GA/g, while the bark oil showed potent activity in the β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. However, both oils showed weak activity in the DPPH and ABTS assays. For antimicrobial activity, the leaf and bark oils displayed strong activity against Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with MIC values of 31.3 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. Percentage inhibitions against tyrosinase (leaf 73.7%; bark 76.0%) and acetylcholinesterase (leaf 48.1%; bark 45.2%) were tested at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, while anti-inflammatory activity (leaf 59.7%; bark 48.9%) was evaluated at a concentration of 100 μM. Evaluation of these assays indicated moderate levels of activity.


2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000501
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Pino ◽  
Mauricio Gaviria ◽  
Juana Quevedo-Vega ◽  
Laura García-Lesmes ◽  
Clara E. Quijano-Celis

The chemical composition of the volatile compounds from the leaves of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Asteraceae) from Colombia was studied by GC and GC/MS. Eighty-eight volatile compounds were identified, of which the major ones were (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (21.7%), β-caryophyllene (12.4%), and 6-demethoxy-ageratochrome (14%). The leaf oil presented antimicrobial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintia Miranda dos Santos ◽  
Jaqueline Ferreira Campos ◽  
Helder Freitas dos Santos ◽  
José Benedito Perrella Balestieri ◽  
Denise Brentan Silva ◽  
...  

Stingless bees produce geopropolis, which is popularly described for its medicinal properties, but for which few scientific studies have demonstrated pharmacological effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the geopropolis ofMelipona quadrifasciata anthidioidesand to evaluate its antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The composition of the hydroethanolic extract of geopropolis (HEG) included di- and trigalloyl and phenylpropanyl heteroside derivatives, flavanones, diterpenes, and triterpenes. HEG showed antioxidant action via the direct capture of free radicals and by inhibiting the levels of oxidative hemolysis and malondialdehyde in human erythrocytes under oxidative stress. HEG also reduced the frequency of gene conversion and the number of mutant colonies ofS. cerevisiae. The anti-inflammatory action of HEG was demonstrated by the inhibition of hyaluronidase enzyme activity. In addition, HEG induced cell death in all evaluated gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts, including clinical isolates with antimicrobial drug resistance. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential ofM. q. anthidioidesgeopropolis for the prevention and treatment of various diseases related to oxidative stress, mutagenesis, inflammatory processes, and microbial infections.


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