scholarly journals Die Vermögenswirtschaft der Stadt im Zeitalter des Dualismus

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Imre Gábor Nagy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Fourth Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wealth Management ◽  
Urban Buildings ◽  
State Compensation ◽  
The City ◽  
Excise Duties

In the annuel budgets of the city of Pécs between 1872 and 1914, revenues from city property were divided into five groups. The first group included revenues from the city’s property – the hundreds of acres of Megyer-puszta, urban pastures, urban factories, and urban buildings. The second group included revenues from the city’s 4,262 cadastral hungarian acres forests. The third group included interest on the city’s cash and securities. The fourth group included excise, duties and fees levied by the city with the permission of the state. The most important of these were incomes from the sale of spirits, wine, beer, the holding of markets and fairs, and the use of roads and railways. The fifth group included the income that arose after the pub law was acquired by the state in 1890: state compensation and various city tax supplements. Overall, revenues from urban property in the years 1870-1880 approached, and sometimes even exceeded, 60% of budget revenues. In the 1890s, their proportion fell below 40%, increased to nearly 50% by the turn of the century, and then gradually decreased to about 30% by 1914. The result of urban wealth management has been future urbanization and infrastructure investiments, with the inevitable indebtedness at a disadvantage.

Prologue

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
City State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This prologue provides an overview of the history of early and medieval West Africa. During this period, the rise of Islam, the relationship of women to political power, the growth and influence of the domestically enslaved, and the invention and evolution of empire were all unfolding. In contrast to notions of an early Africa timeless and unchanging in its social and cultural categories and conventions, here was a western Savannah and Sahel that from the third/ninth through the tenth/sixteenth centuries witnessed political innovation as well as the evolution of such mutually constitutive categories as race, slavery, ethnicity, caste, and gendered notions of power. By the period's end, these categories assume significations not unlike their more contemporary connotations. All of these transformations were engaged with the apparatus of the state and its progression from the city-state to the empire. The transition consistently featured minimalist notions of governance replicated by successive dynasties, providing a continuity of structure as a mechanism of legitimization. Replication had its limits, however, and would ultimately prove inadequate in addressing unforeseen challenges.

City Profile: Madurai, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-330
Author(s):  
Debolina Kundu ◽  
Baishali Lahiri ◽  
Arvind Pandey ◽  
Pragya Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Third ◽  
Old City ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Shrinking City ◽  
The City

Madurai city, in the state of Tamil Nadu, is one of the ancient temple cities of India and has been existing since two millennia. It is the second largest city in terms of area and the third largest in terms of population in the state. Despite this, the city’s population and economy is shrinking. In 2010, the city’s boundary expanded to cover the entire urban agglomeration. But even after 9 years of integration, differences exist between the newly merged areas and the old city. The spatial division in provision of basic services coupled with the characteristics of a shrinking city has posed fundamental challenges in the path of sustainable development. This article discusses the development of Madurai city with regard to its history, demography, economy, health and education infrastructure. It also offers insights into the unique challenges faced by the city and discusses the policy implications for reversal of the retardation of the city to that of holistic progress.

scholarly journals FRAGMENTS OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC FROM NIGIN

Iraq ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Davide Nadali ◽  
Lorenzo Verderame
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Dynasty ◽  
The City

The ancient city of Nigin in the State of Lagash is largely attested in the epigraphic sources of the rulers of the First Dynasty of Lagash. Conversely, the archaeological evidence of the Early Dynastic Period is so far very scanty and limited. This paper presents a small group of documents to be dated to the Early Dynastic Period IIIb that were found out of context, but that nevertheless point to a phase of occupation of Nigin in the third millennium BC and are coherent with the information we already know about history of the city and the State of Lagash.

ASCENT AND DESCENT: THE PHILOSOPHER'S REGRET

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-69
Author(s):  
Allan Silverman
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Rational Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
Introductory Section ◽  
The City ◽  
In Virtue Of

The aim of this long essay is to explain why the philosopher-ruler of Plato's Republic descends “with regret” or having been “compelled” from his contemplation of the Forms to rule the state. It offers a new, optimistic interpretation of his goal in so descending, namely to try to make everyone into a philosopher. After a brief introductory section, I turn to the argument of the Republic to show both that the philosopher's understanding of the Good causes him to try to maximize the amount of good in the cosmos, and that, since every rational person is capable, in virtue of his rational soul, of becoming a philosopher, this amounts to adopting the aforementioned goal. In the third section, I argue that the source of his regret cannot be that he sacrifices his own happiness in descending. Here the vehicle is a consideration of the “Plotinian” reading of the Republic, whose conclusion is that once he has achieved knowledge of the Forms, the philosopher can neither increase his happiness by further study, nor lose his happiness. Hence, if he is true to his goal, he has to try to improve the lot of others. In the next section, I argue that the Timaeus' account of the Demiurge's construction of the cosmos helps us to understand both the nature of the ruler's attempts to make everyone a philosopher and why he also understands that he will inevitably fail. Here the key idea is to link the Timaeus' account of Necessity or the Wandering Cause with the circumstances facing the philosopher in ruling the state. In the conclusion, I sketch how this account of the philosopher's reason for descending suggests that the best or ideal city in the Republic is not the tripartite kallipolis, but is rather a version of the City of Pigs.

The Republic

2008 ◽  
pp. 359-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Scott
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Important Work ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
The Republic ◽  
City State ◽  
The City ◽  
Poetry And Music

The Republic happens to be Plato's most important work. The article throws light on Plato's Magnum Opus. The debate rages over the idea of a city; rather an ideal city state comprising three classes—producers, auxiliaries, and guardians. The first to provide for the material needs of the state, the second for its defence, and the third to rule. Each has a specific function of its own, and none is to interfere with the others. Above all, the just city will be unified, ordered, and harmonious. The rulers and auxiliaries, the two classes Socrates discusses at most length, will be dedicated to protecting the good of the state as a whole, and every aspect of their education, as well as the conditions, under which they live, will be minutely engineered to ensure they fulfil their roles as best they can. In a particularly famous passage, Socrates devotes considerable attention to the arts, proposing radical censorship of the kinds of poetry and music to which will be applicable in the city-state or the Republic that Plato has idealized.

United States Library of Congress: Expanding in Three Directions

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Deanna B. Marcum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Library Of Congress ◽  
Us Army ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
The City

Visitors to the United States Library of Congress will find it in the midst of major expansions of three kinds – expansions to preserve what otherwise might be lost, to protect what it already has, and to make what it has more readily and widely accessible. One current kind of expansion takes the form of constructing a new complex of four buildings in the side of a mountain near the city of Culpeper in the state of Virginia, about an hour's drive from the library's main facilities in Washington, DC. This complex, named the Library of Congress Packard Center for Audio-Visual Conservation, will provide safe storage and new preservation and access systems for the film, video, and sound collections – 5.7 million items – administered by the library's Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division. The library's second major current expansion consists of constructing off-site storage modules for other collections on the site of Fort Meade, a US Army installation in the state of Maryland, less than an hour's drive from Washington, DC. On this site, the library and its partners are finishing the third and fourth of a projected 13, high-density storage modules, designed to extend the life of parts of the library's holdings by a factor of six. The third major current expansion of the Library of Congress is on the Internet, where the library's website now offers some 10 million digitized items. Through financial and other partnerships, the library will continue to add to its online resources, and is working with UNESCO on a project to create a World Digital Library. This will be a collaborative virtual repository through which libraries worldwide provide access to rare, primary source materials, illustrating cultures in all parts of the globe, for the potential benefit of people everywhere.

scholarly journals Optimizing Confiscation of Assets in Accelerating the Eradication of Corruption

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Elwi Danil ◽  
Iwan Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Transparency International ◽  
The Third ◽  
State Compensation ◽  
State Finance ◽  
Severe Punishment ◽  
Democratic Life ◽  
Length Of Sentence

Nowadays, corruption is still the most and biggest problem facing by Indonesian, due to its impacts on the nation. It caused huge loss to the state finance and even to the democratic life in this country. Various efforts have been resorted to fight corruption, but the results are unfruitful. Until recently, Indonesia is still the third most corrupt country in Asia according to the survey of Transparency International Indonesia (TII) in 2015, with the Corruption Perceptions Index of 36 points. The fight in eradicating corruption cannot be separated from the effort to deter the criminals through severe punishment. However, ICW’s most recent data shows otherwise. During the first half of 2014, there were 261 accused of corruption, with 242 of them were convicted guilty by the Corruption Courts. Among them, 193 were sentenced lenient (between 1-4 years imprisonment), 44 moderate (4-10 years), and only 4 with over 10 years imprisonment. The average length of sentence is therefore 2,9 years. The lenient sentence can also be found in criminal restitution. Only in 87 of the total cases state compensation is imposed, amounting 87.04 billion rupiahs in total. The amount is only 0.022% of the total financial loss of 3.863 trillion rupiahs. The weak penalty triggered then the idea of impoverishing corruptors as a strategic step to accelerate the eradication of corruption while restoring the loss to the state. In contrast to the criminal restitution, which is restricted only to the state loss caused by the perpetrators, criminal confiscation of assets has no limit in amount.

scholarly journals Os Jovens de Americano do Brasil e a Perspectiva de projetos de Vida: Estudo de Caso

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Sergio Caruso ◽  
Leila Maria Ferreira Salles
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Local School ◽  
The Third ◽  
The City ◽  
Life Projects

Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar como os jovens do município de Americano do Brasil, interior do Estado de Goiás, constroem seus projetos de vida procurando identificar os eixos centrais, que os norteiam e sua relação com a localidade onde vivem. Para tanto foram realizados três grupos focais com jovens do município. O primeiro grupo foi constituído por jovens matriculados na escola local, o segundo grupo por jovens que apenas estavam trabalhando no momento da entrevista e o terceiro por jovens, que não estudavam e nem trabalhavam. Foi solicitado aos jovens que respondessem ao questionário socioeconômico e participassem dos grupos focais. Foi solicitado aos participantes, que se posicionassem nas entrevistas focais frente a suas expectativas de vida futura. Procurou-se incentivar a discussão entre eles. Os depoimentos foram organizados em categorias temáticas. Os posicionamentos e os eixos centrais, que norteiam a construção de seus projetos de vida refletem, predominantemente, as questões do cotidiano em que vivem e pelo qual transitam. Ao entender como esses jovens constroem seus projetos de vida, por meio de suas experiências e seus relacionamentos com a sociedade, esta investigação fez um registro das principais referências que norteiam esses projetos, destacando o trabalho como a diretriz principal para os projetos de vida desses jovens. Palavras-chave: Projetos de Vida. Grupos Focais. Perspectivas de Futuro. AbstractThis study aims to investigate how young people from the city of Americano do Brazil in the interior of the state of Goiás, construct their life projects in order to identify the central axes that guide them and their relationships with the locality where they live. For this purpose, three focus groups were carried with young people from the municipality. The first group consisted of young people enrolled in the local school, the second group by young people who were only working at the time of the interview and the third by young people who neither studied nor worked. These youths were asked to respond to a socioeconomic questionnaire and participate in focus groups. Participants were asked to take a stand in the focal interviews against their expectations of future life. They tried to encourage the discussion among  them. The statements were organized in thematic categories. The positions and the central axes that guide the construction of their projects of life reflect predominantly  the questions of the daily life in which they live and through which they transit. By understanding how these Young people construct their life projects, through their experiences and their relationships with society, this research made a record of  the main references that guide these projects, highlighting work as the main guideline for the life projects of these young people. Keywords: Life Projects. Focus Groups. Future Prospects.  Keywords: Life Projects. Focus Groups. Future Prospects.

scholarly journals Certification proposal for the traditional professional cook of the state of Puebla

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
José Ángel Perea-Balbuena ◽  
Víctor Josaphat Carrasco-Romero ◽  
María de los Dolores Zamora-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
The State ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Culinary Knowledge ◽  
Food Identity ◽  
The City

Eating is a biological act and cooking, a cultural act; the gastronomy in Mexico, for the culinary variety is the third in the world. The cuisine is made up of indigenous, spanish and asian elements, making it one of the most representative of the country, which consolidates its legitimate pride of identity. A good part of tourism moves, to a large extent, in search of gastronomic delights, find these in the typical markets of a province, a place or a good inn; allowing to interact with the popular gastronomic identity. The objective is to create a certification for the traditional professional cook of the markets of the city of Puebla in order to have the knowledge and technical tools to offer food with the best possible quality, thus allowing to generate an identity of gastronomic culture. In order to substantiate this certification, a study was carried out in the markets of the city having generated results that allowed the realization of the first training courses, which shall lay down the basis for the relevant certification. The kitchens in Puebla, have been laboratories of the food culture, the traditional professional cook, possess a culinary knowledge that contribute to the intangible cultural heritage, for this reason it is necessary that they possess a certification that gives them certainty of value in the activities that they carry out to frame in food identity.

scholarly journals XXV. Transcripts of Three Papers from Manuscripts in the British Museum: communicated in a Letter from Sir Henry Ellis, Secretary, to W. R. Hamilton, Esq. V.P.

Archaeologia ◽  
1846 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 385-397
Author(s):  
Henry Ellis
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City

In the absence of other communications, I beg to lay before our Society, through your hands, transcripts of two or three papers, each having some interest in their contents.The first relates to the purchase of chantry lands by the corporate bodies of the city of London.The second is a letter of a priest to the Earl of Arundel, in 1588, whom he had falsely accused whilst undergoing the punishment of the rack in the Tower.The third relates to the state and affairs ecclesiastical of the isles of Guernsey and Jersey from the Reformation to the time of James the First.

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