scholarly journals Independent and Interactive Effects of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Social Network Characteristics on Problem Drinking After Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy A. Mericle ◽  
Lee A. Kaskutas ◽  
Doug L. Polcin ◽  
Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Disadvantaged Neighborhoods ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Reduced Drinking

Socioecological approaches to public health problems like addiction emphasize the importance of person-environment interactions. Neighborhood and social network characteristics may influence the likelihood of relapse among individuals in recovery, but these factors have been understudied, particularly with respect to conceptualizing social network characteristics as moderators of neighborhood disadvantage. Drawing from a larger prospective study of individuals recruited from outpatient treatment (N = 451) and interviewed 1, 3, 5, and 7 years later, the aim of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of neighborhood and social network characteristics on continued problem drinking after treatment. Models using generalized estimating equations controlling for demographic and other risk factors found the number of heavy drinkers in one's network increases risk of relapse, with the effects being significantly stronger among those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods than among those in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods. No independent effects were found for neighborhood disadvantage or for the number of network members supporting reduced drinking. Future research is needed to examine potential protective factors in neighborhoods which may offset socioeconomic disadvantage as well as to investigate the functions that network members serve in helping to improve long-term treatment outcomes.

Efficacy and safety of lurasidone in children and adolescents: Recommendations for clinical management and future research

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Amerio ◽  
Costanza Giacomini ◽  
Laura Fusar-Poli ◽  
Andrea Aguglia ◽  
Alessandra Costanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Antipsychotic Agent ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
M1 Receptors

: Lurasidone is a novel azapirone derivative, and atypical antipsychotic agent with a high binding affinity for dopaminergic (D2), serotoninergic (5-HT2A), and 5-HT7 receptors (antagonist), a moderate affinity for 5-HT1A receptors (partial agonist), and no appreciable affinity for histaminergic (H1) and muscarinic (M1) receptors. It was recently included by the European Medication Agency among the in-label pharmacological treatments for children and adolescents affected by early onset schizophrenia. As a dopamine and serotonin antagonist, lurasidone acts on a variety of receptors and showed its efficacy both as an antipsychotic and an activating compound. Administered with food or within 30 minutes from a meal, it presents sufficient bioavailability and does not interact ith most of the other drugs during metabolism. With little effects on hormones and weight gain, potential procognitive profile due to its 5-HT7 antagonism, and reduced extrapyramidal side effects, lurasidone could be a good choice in terms of both effectiveness and tolerability, particularly for patients headed towards a long-term treatment. This article aims to summarize the available scientific evidence from the literature on the use of lurasidone in children and adolescents and to provide recommendations for clinical management and future research.

Treatment of conduct disorder: Progress and directions in psychotherapy research

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 277-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan E. Kazdin
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Psychotherapy Research ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Treatment Research

AbstractThe present paper charts the course for future research on the treatment of conduct disorder. The course builds on current advances both in understanding conduct disorder and its treatment and in the clinical care provided to youth and their families. The paper highlights substantive and methodological advances in contemporary research on both treatment and developmental psychopathology more generally. In light of the current status of treatment research, several priorities are identified, which include expanding the criteria used to evaluate outcome, expanding the range of research questions asked about treatment, testing a broader range of treatments and treatment combinations, evaluating long-term treatment effects, and expanding the models to develop and to evaluate treatment. A plan is presented to guide the progression of research to identify and to develop effective interventions. The special opportunities that a developmental perspective provides for designing treatments for youth of different ages and stages of development are also discussed.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation in HIV-Related Neuropathic Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan-Jun Lu ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Fu ◽  
Qian-Qi Wei ◽  
Zhi-Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Peripheral Sensitization ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Hiv Envelope

In the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection around the world, chronic complications are becoming a new problem along with the prolonged life expectancy. Chronic pain is widespread in HIV infected patients and even affects those with a low viral load undergoing long-term treatment with antiviral drugs, negatively influencing the adherence to disease management and quality of life. A large proportion of chronic pain is neuropathic pain, which defined as chronic pain caused by nervous system lesions or diseases, presenting a series of nervous system symptoms including both positive and negative signs. Injury caused by HIV protein, central and peripheral sensitization, and side effects of antiretroviral therapy lead to neuroinflammation, which is regarded as a maladaptive mechanism originally serving to promote regeneration and healing, constituting the main mechanism of HIV-related neuropathic pain. Gp120, as HIV envelope protein, has been found to be the major toxin that induces neuropathic pain. Particularly, the microglia, releasing numerous pro-inflammatory substances (such as TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6), not only sensitize the neurons but also are the center part of the crosstalk bridging the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes together forming the central sensitization during HIV infection, which is not discussed detailly in recent reviews. In the meantime, some NRTIs and PIs exacerbate the neuroinflammation response. In this review, we highlight the importance of clarifying the mechanism of HIV-related neuropathic pain, and discuss about the limitation of the related studies as future research directions.

scholarly journals Home-Based Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Interventions in Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Systematic Review

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1915
Author(s):  
Ladislav Batalik ◽  
Petr Winnige ◽  
Filip Dosbaba ◽  
Daniela Vlazna ◽  
Andrea Janikova
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Supportive Cancer Care ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Cancer is a chronic disease requiring long-term treatment. Exercise interventions are increasingly being recognized as an important part of treatment and supportive cancer care for patients and survivors. Previous reviews have evaluated the benefits of exercise interventions in populations of patients under supervision at a center, but none have explored the possibilities of a home-based (HB) approach in exercise during cancer rehabilitation and the period immediately following the end of cancer treatment. The aim of this descriptive systematic review was to identify the literature focusing on the health effects of HB exercise interventions in cancer survivors and to evaluate the methodological quality of the examined studies. Relevant studies were identified by a systematic search of PubMed and the Web of Science until January 2021. Nine randomized controlled trials were included. Most studies were on aerobic and resistance exercises, and the frequency, duration, intensity, and modality varied across the different interventions. Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical activity (PA) levels, fatigue, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and body composition have been reported. However, all the studies were limited in methodology and the reporting of results. Nevertheless, the evidence in this new area, despite the methodological limitations of the studies, suggests that HB exercise interventions are feasible, and may provide physiological and psychological benefits for cancer survivors during the rehabilitation period. A methodologically rigorous design for future research is essential for making progress in this field of study.

scholarly journals Flavonoids: New Frontier for Immuno-Regulation and Breast Cancer Control

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Sudhakaran ◽  
Sagar Sardesai ◽  
Andrea I. Doseff
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Role ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Breast cancer (BC) remains the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the US, despite advances in detection and treatment. In addition, breast cancer survivors often struggle with long-term treatment related comorbidities. Identifying novel therapies that are effective while minimizing toxicity is critical in curtailing this disease. Flavonoids, a subclass of plant polyphenols, are emerging as promising treatment options for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Recent evidence suggests that in addition to anti-oxidant properties, flavonoids can directly interact with proteins, making them ideal small molecules for the modulation of enzymes, transcription factors and cell surface receptors. Of particular interest is the ability of flavonoids to modulate the tumor associated macrophage function. However, clinical applications of flavonoids in cancer trials are limited. Epidemiological and smaller clinical studies have been largely hypothesis generating. Future research should aim at addressing known challenges with a broader use of preclinical models and investigating enhanced dose-delivery systems that can overcome limited bioavailability of dietary flavonoids. In this review, we discuss the structure-functional impact of flavonoids and their action on breast tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, with an emphasis on their clinical role in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

Regeneration of P-Saturated Substrates in Constructed Wetland

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 505-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan He ◽  
Shao Yuan Bai ◽  
Zhi Xin Song
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Phosphorus Adsorption ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Future Research Directions

Phosphorus removal by substrates in constructed wetland has been widely accepted as the most important way. However, as the substrates of constructed wetland will be saturated with phosphorus adsorption after the long-term treatment of sewage, the effect of phosphorus removal and adsorption by substrates is limited. To improve phosphorus retention ability of substrates and extend the lifetime of full-scale constructed wetland system, this paper systematically summarized the researches of P-saturated substrates regeneration in constructed wetland. And the concern with future research directions encompasses several major topics were also prospected in this paper.

scholarly journals Hamlet’s augury: how to manage discontinuation of mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204512532110006
Author(s):  
Mutahira M. Qureshi ◽  
Allan H. Young
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Medication Discontinuation ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Research has generated good quality evidence about the treatment and management of bipolar disorder in acute and, to some degree, sub-acute/continuation phases. This has informed various guidelines about the treatment and management of bipolar disorder (BD). However, for the long-term or maintenance phase of illness, most guidelines peter out and, in the absence of sufficiently high-quality research evidence, remain vague. This is particularly evident for the important clinical question of discontinuing mood stabilizing pharmacological agents after a period of remission has been achieved. The aim of this review is to put together current existing evidence about discontinuing mood stabilizers after a period of remission in order to come up with a structured and coherent strategy for managing such discontinuation and to make recommendations for future research. To this end, we reviewed the main relevant treatment guidelines and subsequent evidence following the publication of these guidelines. The current recommended long-term treatment of BD is usually considered within the same principles applicable to any chronic health condition (e.g. hypertension or diabetes) where the focus is on continuing treatment at minimum effective medication dose often life-long, switching to alternative choice of medication due to side-effects and very few, if any, indications for complete cessation. However, in the absence of strong evidence on long-term treatment and the high rate of non-concordance in BD, medication discontinuation is a very important aspect of the treatment that should be given due consideration at every aspect of the treatment.

scholarly journals Delayed Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Psilocybin in Male Mice Are Supported by Acute Glucocorticoid Release

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan T Jones ◽  
Zarmeen Zahid ◽  
Sean M Grady ◽  
Ziyad W Sultan ◽  
Zhen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractDespite observed correlations between acute glucocorticoid release, self-reported anxiety, and long-term treatment outcomes for human studies using psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy approaches, the mechanistic relationship between psychedelic-dependent stress and subsequent behavioral responses remains unclear. Using rodents, direct manipulation of stress-associated hormone responses can be achieved with established pharmacologic models for the assessment of antidepressant and anxiolytic therapeutics. Here, chronic oral corticosterone-induced suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is used to assess the relevance of drug-induced glucocorticoid release on the acute, post-acute, and long-term effects of psilocybin in male C57BL/6J mice. In these studies, psilocybin-induced acute anxiogenesis was found to be correlated to post-acute anxiolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Psilocybin also displayed acute increases in plasma corticosterone, but a post-acute anxiolytic effect in the novelty suppressed feeding test. Both effects were lost when psilocybin was administered in animals pre-exposed to chronic oral corticosterone. A similar long-term interaction between chronic corticosterone and psilocybin administration was observed in an open field test occurring one week after drug administration. Psilocybin administration alone led to more time spent in the center of the arena, but animals spent less time in the center with chronic corticosterone exposure. Intriguingly, these interactive effects were absent in animals exposed to brief isoflurane anesthesia after drug treatment. Overall, these experiments identify acute glucocorticoid release as a relevant biological modifier for the post-acute and long-term behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice. Rodent studies are thus suggested as a tractable means to address neuroendocrine mechanisms supporting context-dependent psychedelic effects in mammalian species.

Methylphenidate in treatment of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Biederman ◽  
T. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Dose Dependent

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can persist into adulthood with a continuation of the pattern of childhood psychopathology, cognition and functioning. Adult comorbidities include substance use disorders, antisocial personality disorder, anxiety and depression. Studies have shown that as in children, methylphenidate treatment for adults can lead to a robust, dose-dependent improvement in ADHD symptoms. Future research is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with methylphenidate (MPH).

Gossip and Reputation in Social Networks

2019 ◽  
pp. 434-457
Author(s):  
Lea Ellwardt
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Local Structures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Constraint Structure

This contribution suggests and defends two propositions. First, gossip and reputation are coevolving relational phenomena, which conceptually overlap and empirically reinforce one another. Second, this coevolution is shaped by the opportunity and constraint structure of the social networks (e.g., organizations) in which these phenomena are typically embedded. The chapter presents theorizing, measures, and empirical findings on information sharing along three analytical levels. At the macro level, global structures describe overall network characteristics, such as density; at the meso level, local structures concern triadic configurations, like transitivity and clustering; at the micro level, individual structures cover ego-centric measures, including actor centrality and betweenness. The overview closes with three major suggestions for future research avenues on the study of gossip and reputation from a social network perspective.

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