scholarly journals Visegrad Group in Light of Challenges 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Lyubov Shishelina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Core ◽  
National Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Mutual Support ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Visegrad Group ◽  
Visegrád Countries

The year 2020, despite the pandemic and quarantine, saw a wide range of important events of domestic and international significance for the Visegrad countries. Each of them, no matter how different they may seem, fit into an interesting mosaic of the revival of a new Central European identity. The fight against the coronavirus pandemic has revealed the inner core of the Visegrad countries, their understanding of the real hierarchy of priorities, in which no one has abolished the national level. The Visegrad solidarity and mutual support of Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic proved to be a very significant help in defending their rights in Brussels in allocating budget funds to help national economies to overcome the crisis. However, a number of other international developments have shown the flexibility of B4 as a regional factor. The Visegrad group, both from a practical and theoretical point of view, can be considered as a new form of regional European interaction that deserves the attention of other interstate associations for its experience and ability to find answers to current challenges quickly.

scholarly journals FOREIGN POLICY IMPERATIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISEGRAD GROUP AND UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Vitalii Koltsov ◽  
Yuliia Lomzhets
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Visegrad Group ◽  
Analytical Separation ◽  
Visegrád Countries

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main stages of creation and development of the Visegrad Group as a regional grouping, which is successfully developing when being a member of NATO and the European Union. This kind of research is especially relevant in connection with the exacerbation of the economic crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the research is to analyze the strategic stages of creation and development of various cooperative aspects of the Visegrad countries; such a format of interaction has not lost its relevance after accession to the European Union. Analytical separation of periodization of the stages of formation, identification of problems and solutions faced by the Visegrad group’s countries is important for creating a modern economic and political worldview of cooperation and indentifying the main areas of cooperation in Europe. Based on the use of documents, including protocols and declarations as a result of meetings at various levels within the Visegrad Group, the specific stages of its development and interaction with Ukraine in a wide range of components that are the essence of Euro-Atlantic integration are analyzed and identified. Specific examples illustrate that Ukraine has always been in the field of key interests of the Visegrad Four, getting effective assistance and support in various forms from it. There have been identified not only practical issues of regional cooperation and security, but also some aspects of the value and civilization dimension. The member countries of the Visegrad Group, having initiated the format of cooperation “V4 + Ukraine”, took an active part in the most important processes that Ukraine went through on its way. The assumption is proved that the experience of the Visegrad countries is relevant and useful for Ukraine on the way to the realization of its Euro-Atlantic integration aspirations. Despite the difficulties within the European Union, between Ukraine and some of the signatories of the 1991 Visegrad Declaration, cooperation with Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary is the most effective communication platform for intensifying a broad dialogue between Ukraine and the European Union.

CONCEPTUAL DIRECTIONS OF THE TAXATION THEORIES DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE REALIZING PRISM INTERESTS OF THE STATE AND TAXPAYERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-204
Author(s):  
Yulia G. TYURINA ◽  
Kristina A. BANNOVA
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Direct Taxation ◽  
Wide Range

Nowadays, direct taxation of personal income is used in almost all countries of the world, and to this day there are various changes that shift the share of revenue from these taxes towards increasing the state budget. The significance of the personal income tax in economic policy is also due to the fact that it affects the interests of almost the entire population of the country. A variety of disputes constantly arise around the personal income tax, which can be explained by a wide range of taxpayers in various social strata. The ongoing transformations in the tax area predetermine the construction of the individuals taxation fair system as the fulfillment of one of the conditions for improving the living standards of the population. The relevance of the study lies in the need to reform the tax system in Russia, namely, the taxation of personal income, in order to implement the principle of social justice, as well as to satisfy the fiscal component of this tax, respectively, to fulfill the interests of participants in tax relations. The purpose of the article is a theoretical understanding of the conceptual directions of the taxation theories development through the prism of realizing the interests of the state and taxpayers in the taxation system of personal income. The subject of this research is the set of economic relations between the state and individuals, formed in the process of taxation of personal income in Russia. The methodological basis was the conceptual provisions of the theories of taxation, scientific methods and methods of analysis. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the results of the methodological analysis of the taxation theories development through the prism of realizing the state interests and taxpayers will make it possible to solve from a theoretical point of view the issue of interests balance achieving of all parties, which will contribute to the development of practical measures to achieve a decent standard of living for the population.

scholarly journals Spatial polarity and spatial polarization in the context of supranational and national scales: regions of Visegrad countries after their accession to the EU

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (41) ◽  
pp. 59-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Matlovič ◽  
Radoslav Klamár ◽  
Ján Kozoň ◽  
Monika Ivanová ◽  
Miloslav Michalko
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
National Level ◽  
The West ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Scale Shift ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Visegrád Countries ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The paper focuses on the evaluation of some aspects of the spatial organization of economic development of regions in the V4 countries after their accession to the EU. It focuses on the confirmation or confutation of the application of two principles of spatial organization based on the context of polarization theories, namely the polarity between western and eastern regions (i.e. the West–East gradient) and the polarity between the capital and other regions of the country (i.e. the national metropolitan gradient) at national and supranational levels. In the evaluation of the spatial polarity, the remoteness of various regions of the V4 countries from the economic core area (the Blue Banana, respectively the capital of the country) acts as the independent variable, whereby two economic indicators, i.e. the average monthly wage and the unemployment rate were chosen as the dependent variables. The analysis showed that on the supranational scale of the research in the monitored period, the increase of spatial polarisation was recorded. The increasing role of the West–East gradient and declining role of the national metropolitan gradient in the dynamics of spatial polarity has also been confirmed. The analysis has not confirmed the scale shift of polarity according to the West–East gradient to the national level, but at the same time it has pointed out the significant influence of the national metropolitan gradient in Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary at this assessment level.

scholarly journals e-Learning trends in Central Europe: The case of the Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
pp. 375-387
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
E Learning

The paper deals with expert predictions on the development of e-learning in the Czech Republic, a country in Central Europe. The first part of the paper describes the development of e-learning with specific feature in the Czech Republic in relation to the implementation of Information and communication technologies (ICT) to schools and the business sector. The second part of the paper presents a survey with selected experts, conducted in the years 2012 and 2013 in the Czech Republic, aiming at identifying the trends of e-learning. Special attention is paid to applying e-learning in the corporate sector. Our survey provides a better understanding of the current and future trends of e-learning to a wide range of stakeholders interested in using e-learning. Understanding the existing and future state of e-learning should be a starting point for further development of any e-learning strategy, in both education and corporate sectors. Therefore, the findings of our survey have important practical implications. The survey also proves that identification of the e-learning trends at the national level is influenced by political, economic, social and technological factors.

Study of the properties of materials under complicated conditions of low cycle deformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
N. A. Makhutov ◽  
М. M. Gadenin ◽  
О. F. Cherniavsky ◽  
A. О. Cherniavsky
Keyword(s):  
Initial Data ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Complex Loading ◽  
Time Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Deformation Diagrams

Operational integrity of structures under complex combined modes of a loading depends on a significant number of combinations of operational parameters of thermomechanical impacts in part of loads, temperatures, duration, number of cycles, and deformation rates. The main laws governing the deformation of structural materials under complex loading are determined in conditions of combined standard, unified and special tests in laboratories. Using representative substantiations of physical and mechanical models for deformation diagrams in a wide range of loading conditions, taking into account the different scales of models, the structure of materials and the responsibility of structures, a stepwise consideration of the corresponding types of deformation is proposed: elastic, sign-variable flow, progressing accumulation of strains and their combination. At the same time, calculations of the structures can be carried out in the form of a hierarchical system in which each next level specifies the boundaries of permissible impacts towards expansion of the range of acting loadings, temperatures, rates and modes of deformation, which entails an increase in the bulk of the required initial data and complicates the calculations. The proposed methods of schematization of the physicomechanical properties and types of the equations of state for description of the deformation curves take into account the requirements of compactness of the initial data and the need of using both standard and unified methods for determining the characteristics of cyclic inelastic deformation and special methods as well. To describe the kinetics of deformation diagrams under aforementioned conditions both from the theoretical point of view and from the point of view of practical applications, power equations appeared most suitable; to reflect the role of the temperature factor exponential dependences should be used; whereas power dependences are useful to take into account time factors, strain rate, and conditions of two-frequency loading. The refined calculations at the higher and more complicated steps of the considered hierarchy providing the maximum possible use of the deformation and strength reserves of the materials and structures are to be based on the kinetic laws describing processes of low cycle deformation under complex modes of loading.

scholarly journals Balance and forms of zinc in soil and its uptake by plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Šárka Poláková ◽  
Miroslav Florián
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
National Level ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Zinc Fractions ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Zinc Balance

In this paper, zinc flows in arable soils of the Czech Republic and zinc fractions in arable soils are studied. Furthermore, a zinc uptake by agricultural plants is focused. Based on a database of the programme The basal soil monitoring system (BSMS) a static zinc balance for arable soils on the national level was assessed. This programme is carried out by The Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (CISTA) in Brno. As a representative for the zinc balance calculation, 121 monitoring plots were chosen. The Czech Republic net zinc fluxes ranged from –1250 g.ha– 1.y– 1 to +5595 g.ha– 1.y– 1, median +453 g.ha– 1.y– 1. The maximum zinc fluxes are typical of plots with manure applications. An atmospheric deposition is the most important input of zinc into arable soils. It makes 96,6% of the whole inputs. Leaching and run-off are neglected in this zinc balance by reason of missing credible data. The project Examination of zinc availability in dependence on its form in soil was established to provide more information about behavior of zinc in soil. The first step was starting a greenhouse pot experiment, which was focused on comparison of several extraction agents (AR, 2M HNO3, 0.43M HNO3, Mehlich III, DTPA, CAT, 1M NH4NO3, 0.01M CaCl2). Four soils with increasing zinc content were picked out for this experiment (Domanínek, Chrlice, Kutná Hora, Hlízov). Total zinc contents in these selected soils ranged from 156.8 to 583.7 ppm in dry matter (Aqua regia extraction). Contents in plants were in wide range from 20.7 to 273 ppm in dry matter according to the plant variety and used soil. Strong correlations between 0.43M HNO3, Mehlich III, DTPA and CAT were proved. Using of weaker extraction agents enabled to distinguish geogenic and anthropogenic origin of the contamination.

scholarly journals Integration of Monetary and Fiscal Policy of the Countries of the Visegrad Group

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-213
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kappel ◽  
Jan Janků
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Monetary And Fiscal Policy ◽  
Visegrad Group

Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate mutual interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in the countries of the Visegrad group, i.e. in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. The relationship of monetary and fiscal policy - their coordination, cooperation or mutual antagonism - are basic determinants of successful implementation for economic policy of the state. Fiscal and monetary policies usually have different aims, and some conflict situations may arise in practical economic and political decision- making. Each policy has to make its decision with regard to the other one. Methodical approaches of this contribution are based on the game theory, which deals with the analysis of a wide range of decision situations with more participants (players) and it is primarily focused on the conflict situations. This game-theoretical approach is responsible for creating the theoretical model which is then dealt with in the empirical analysis. We find a distinctly stabilizing role of monetary policy and relatively problematic stabilizing role of fiscal policy in the analyzed countries. The dominant role of monetary policy is statistically confirmed in the case of the Czech Republic and Hungary.

scholarly journals No clear association emerges between intergenerational relationships and COVID-19 fatality rates from macro-level analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Arpino ◽  
Valeria Bordone ◽  
Marta Pasqualini
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Intergenerational Ties ◽  
Robust Evidence

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, originated in Wuhan (China) at the end of 2019, rapidly spread in more than 100 countries. Researchers in different fields have been working on finding explanations for the unequal impact of the virus, and deaths from the associated disease (COVID-19), in different geographical areas. Demographers and other social scientists, have hinted at the importance of demographic factors, such as age structure and intergenerational relationships. The goal of this article is to reflect on the possible link between intergenerational relationships and COVID-19 cases in a critical way. We show that with available aggregate data it is not possible to draw robust evidence to support such a link. In fact, at the country-level higher prevalence of intergenerational co-residence and contacts is broadly positively associated with number of COVID-19 cases (per 100,000 persons), but the opposite is generally true at the sub-national level. While this inconsistent evidence neither demonstrates the existence nor the inexistence of a causal link between intergenerational relationships and the prevalence of COVID-19 cases, we warn against simplistic interpretations of the available data which suffer from many shortcomings. Only retrospective individual level data will provide robust evidence on the role of intergenerational ties. We conclude arguing that intergenerational relationships are not only about physical contacts between family members. From a theoretical point of view, different forms of intergenerational relationships may have causal effects of opposite sign on the diffusion of COVID-19. Policies devoted at fighting the spread of COVID-19 should also take into account that intergenerational ties are a source of instrumental and emotional support, which may favor compliance to the lockdown and “phase-2” restrictions and may buffer their negative consequences on mental health.

scholarly journals Childcare for Children under Three Years of Age from Mothers’ Point of View within the International Context

Pedagogika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Grůzová ◽  
Zora Syslová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
International Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Depth Interviews

The present study brings a discussion on institutional care and education for children under three into the professional discourse. In the introduction, the authors introduce the historical context of care for children under the age of three in the Czech Republic and compare it with the situation elsewhere in the European Union. The core of the article was mothers’ viewpoint on facilities for children under three in the Czech Republic. A qualitative probe answers the question, “How do mothers perceive facilities for children under three years of age?” In-depth interviews revealed that the mothers who were addressed have a wide range of motives for deciding to place a child under three years of age in institutional care. Ultimately, however, they seek to satisfy the needs of their child. The situation of the sample that was monitored is in many respects comparable to foreign studies, even though the Czech situation regarding these services has specific features because of its historical development. Keywords: early childhood education, day care institutions in the Czech Republic, state family policy, mothers

scholarly journals De Nederlanse casus: Een politiek gevecht om de grondwetsherziening

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Jan Pelle Erasmus
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
National Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Legal Intervention ◽  
International Context ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Political Impact

The political struggle leading up to the Dutch Constitution of 19831 is an empirical theoretical relevant case.  A particular theoretical point of view (called the theoretical perspective of scientific legal intervention) appears to be important with respect to knowledge about contitution building.  A preponderating identical habitus of constitutional law intervention was characteristic for all political actors involved on the Dutch national level.  In revising the Dutch Constitution of 1983 these actors have been influenced by the international context.  However, 'the' international context does not exist.  Instead there have been four international politically relevant contexts in the case of the Netherlands between 1945 and 1983.  These contexts provoked national political issues and could have a strong political impact.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document