Effect of Diets Containing a Controlled-Release Urea Product on Milk Yield, Milk Composition, and Milk Component Yields in Commercial Wisconsin Dairy Herds and Economic Implications

AbstractEnhanced milk composition can improve human health. The composition of milk determines its nutritional and market value. Therefore, in almost all pricing schemes the economic benefits obtained from raw milk sales are influenced by the milk yield and composition. The objective of this retrospective study was to quantify the average effects of supplementing extruded linseed, rich in α-linolenic acid, to dairy cows on milk yield and milk fat and protein content under field conditions. The study included test day records performed on cows from 1294 dairy herds during the period from 2008 to 2015 that were supplied at least 4 times with extruded linseed deliveries. Exposure statuses were defined according to the time sequence and the amount of extruded linseed distributed in the herd. The unexposed population was composed of cows being in a herd period when extruded linseed was not offered. In a linear dose-response relationship, every 100 g increase in exposure to EL was associated with an increased milk yield from 0.11 to 0.14 kg/day, decreased milk fat from 0.06 to 0.13 g/kg and decreased milk protein from 0 to 0.02 g/kg, according to the cow parity. This study provides information on the associations between estimated intakes of EL and milk production and composition using a large database obtained from commercial dairy herds.

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The effects of incomplete milking and increased milking frequency on milk production rate and milk composition1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz113 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (6) ◽

pp. 2424-2432 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jordan M Kuehnl ◽

Meghan K Connelly ◽

Alen Dzidic ◽

Megan Lauber ◽

Hannah P Fricke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Rate ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Milking Frequency ◽

Production Effects ◽

Plot Design

Abstract Increased milking frequency and incomplete milking have differential effects on milk yield and mammary gland physiology that are important for optimization of milking practices in dairy herds. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of increased milking frequency and incomplete milking on milk production rate (MPR) and milk composition and to determine if milking 3 times daily (3×) could rescue the negative production effects of incomplete milking. Twenty-two multiparous cows were enrolled onto this experiment beginning at 5 days in milk (DIM) and continuing through 47 DIM. A split-plot design was used to randomize the 2 treatments, which were milking frequency and incomplete milking. Eleven cows were randomly assigned to be milked 2 times (2×) daily and 11 cows were randomly assigned to be milked 3×. Within each cow, a contralateral half-udder was randomly assigned to be incompletely milked (30% milk remaining in the gland; IM), and the other half-udder was randomly assigned to be milked completely (CM). Quarter-level milk yields were recorded at each milking session. Milk samples from all quarters were collected twice weekly at the beginning of the morning milking for analysis. Cows milked 2× tended to have reduced MPR compared with 3× milked cows (1.81 ± 0.06 vs. 1.97 ± 0.06 kg milk/h; P = 0.06). Half-udders that were CM and IM produced 1.09 ± 0.03 and 0.80 ± 0.03 kg milk/h, respectively. There was an interaction between incomplete milking treatment and week of lactation (P = 0.04). No interaction was detected between milking frequency and incomplete milking for MPR or milk components. Cows milked 3× had increased milk fat percent (1.93 ± 0.09% vs. 1.65 ± 0.09%, P = 0.047), decreased milk lactose percent (4.80 ± 0.04% vs. 4.93 ± 0.04%, P = 0.04), and exhibited no differences in milk protein percent or milk somatic cell count (SCC) compared with cows milked 2×. Half-udders that were IM had increased milk fat percent (2.15 ± 0.07% vs. 1.43 ± 0.07%, P < 0.0001), decreased lactose percent (4.75 ± 0.03% vs. 4.99 ± 0.03%, P < 0.0001), increased milk log10SCC (4.22 ± 0.05 vs. 4.41 ± 0.05, P = 0.0004), and no differences in milk protein percent compared with CM half-udders. These results indicate that a 3× milking frequency in IM half-udders was not able to improve milk production compared with IM half-udders milked 2×. Our results indicate that 30% milk remaining in the gland had an irreversible impact on milk yield as increased milking frequency was not able to reverse the milk yield lost.

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Chronic subclinical mastitis reduces milk and components yield at the cow level

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029920000321 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 298-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Larissa Martins ◽

Melina Melo Barcelos ◽

Roger I. Cue ◽

Kevin L. Anderson ◽

Marcos Veiga dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Positive Culture ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Udder Health ◽

Grand Total ◽

Three Samples ◽

Milk Component ◽

Major Pathogens

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of chronic subclinical mastitis (CSM) caused by different types of pathogens on milk yield and milk components at the cow level. A total of 388 Holstein cows had milk yield measured and were milk sampled three times at intervals of two weeks for determination of SCC and milk composition, and microbiological culture was performed. Cows were considered healthy if all three samples of SCC were ≤200 000 cells/ml and were culture-negative at the third milk sampling. Cows with one result of SCC > 200 000 cells/ml were considered to suffer non-chronic subclinical mastitis whereas cows with at least 2 out of 3 results of SCC > 200 000 cells/ml had CSM. These latter cows were further sorted according to culture results into chronic negative-culture or chronic positive-culture. This resulted in four udder health statuses: healthy, non-chronic, chronicNC or chronicPC. The milk and components yields were evaluated according to the udder health status and by pathogen using a linear mixed effects model. A total of 134 out of 388 cows (34.5%) were chronicPC, 57 cows (14.7%) were chronicNC, 78 cows (20.1%) were non-chronic and 119 cows (30.7%) were considered healthy, which resulted in a grand total of 1164 cow records included in the statistical model. The healthy cows produced more milk than each of the other groups (+2.1 to +5.7 kg/cow/day) and produced higher milk component yields than the chronicPC cows. The healthy cows produced more milk than cows with chronicPC caused by minor (+5.2 kg/cow/day) and major pathogens (+7.1 kg/cow/day) and losses varied from 5.8 to 11.8 kg/cow/day depending on the pathogen causing chronicPC mastitis. Chronic positive-culture cows had a reduction of at least 24.5% of milk yield and 22.4% of total solids yield.

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Growth, productive performance, and udder health of crossbred Holstein x Simmental cows and purebred Holstein cows

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2597 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 2597 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deise Aline Knob ◽

Dileta Regina Moro Alessio ◽

André Thaler Neto ◽

Fabrício Desconsi Mozzaquatro

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Dairy Herd ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Udder Health ◽

South Of Brazil ◽

Solids Content

The crossbreeding between dairy cow breeds has been used as an alternative to improve some characteristics such as milk composition, udder health, and reproductive aspects on dairy herds. The aim was to compare growth, milk yield and composition, and mammary gland health of crossbred Holstein x Simmental and purebred Holstein cows. Data were gathered from a farm located in Santa Catarina state, south of Brazil. Cow growth was assessed by weighing calves and heifers monthly. Yet for milk yield and udder health, data were taken from records of the official Dairy Herd Improvement Program carried out in the evaluated farm. These data were subjected to variance analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS statistical software. Non-linear regressions were used to adjust the data to the growth curves. The crossbred Holstein x Simmental cows produced more milk than did purebreds (31.8 kg/day vs. 30.4 kg/day; p < 0.05), with higher contents of lactose (4.63% vs. 4.53%) and protein (3.14% vs. 3.03%), but no differences in fat content (3.00 vs. 2.96). Purebred cows had higher somatic cell score (SCS) 4.49 vs. 2.93 (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, no differences were found for the growth of calves and heifers. In conclusion, crossbred Holstein x Simmental cows have higher energy corrected milk as the Holstein ones, whit greater uncorrected milk yield only for cows with three or more lactations. Crossbreeds cows produce milk with better quality, indicated by lower SCS and higher solids content, besides showing a lower SCS and no differences regarding weight gain of calves and heifers.

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Accuracy of simplified sampling procedures for estimating milk composition in dairy ewes

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029905001573 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M Houcine Othmane ◽

J Angel Fuertes ◽

Carlos Gonzalo ◽

L Fernando De La Fuente ◽

Fermín San Primitivo

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Total Solid ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Dairy Ewes ◽

Milk Component ◽

Component Traits ◽

Preceding Interval ◽

Fat Yield ◽

Sampling Procedures

Simplified designs of milk-composition recording, based on information from a single monthly milking, adjusted or not for interval between milkings and for milk yield, were simulated and evaluated for 2553 ewe-test-day records belonging to 155 lactations of Churra dairy ewes. Accuracy of simplified methods was evaluated by comparing estimated trait values (fat, protein, casein and total solid yields) with those observed both in a reference plan, where the two daily milkings were recorded at weekly intervals (A1), and in the official A4 milk recording (monthly records of the two daily milkings). Trait yields per lactation were estimated and adjusted to the only milking period (days in milk 30–120). Estimates of milk component traits were less precise when monthly designs, including the A4 design, were compared with a weekly sampling of both a.m. and p.m. milkings, with fat yield being the most difficult trait to estimate. All options with one daily milking every month were more accurate when the corresponding plan was based on, or began with, the a.m. milking. Adjustment for the preceding interval between milkings or milk yield did not improve sampling accuracy. The design alternating a.m. and p.m. milkings every month, without adjustment, is suggested for recoding milk component traits in dairy ewes.

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Use of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System and rumen-protected methionine to maintain milk production in cows receiving reduced protein diets

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a99-007 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 397-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk ◽

Mary Lou Swift ◽

J. A. Shelford

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Control Diet ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Protein System ◽

Protein Model ◽

Milk Component ◽

Protein Diets

Twenty-two primiparous and forty-eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a production trial. Cowswere randomly assigned to two treatments to assess the effects of formulating a lower crude protein (CP) diet using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein Model (CNCPS), which included rumen-protected methionine and a bypass protein on group feed intake, milk yield, milk composition and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) status. Those animals receiving the lower CP diet were able to maintain milk production (P > 0.05) and milk component yield (P > 0.05) when compared with the animals receiving the control diet. Although no statistical analysis could be undertaken on the dry matter intake data, due to insufficient degrees of freedom, group intakes appeared to be similar. Multiparous cows were also observed with the cows receiving the diet supplemented with bypass methionine and bypass protein had significantly lower BUN levels when compared with the control cows. These results indicate that the CNCPS model can be used as a tool for formulating lower CP diets since cows receiving the bypass methionine and bypass protein were able to maintain milk production. Key words: Dairy cattle, milk yield, bypass methionine, bypass protein, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System

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Relationship between metabolic profile, diseases, productive and reproductive performance in high- producing Holstein cows in the postpartum period

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 3449-3462

Author(s):

Eloize Jaqueline Askel ◽

◽

Tiago Andre Frigotto ◽

Rodrigo Barros Navarro ◽

Ivan Roque de Barros Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Postpartum Period ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Metabolic Profile ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Solids Content ◽

Daily Milk Yield

The present study aimed to monitor Holstein cows in the postpartum period, and to evaluate the occurrence of clinical diseases and their relationship with metabolic profile, milk yield and composition, and reproductive performance. One hundred and five Holstein cows, 32 primiparous and 73 multiparous, from two dairy herds in Arapoti, Paraná State, were clinically monitored up to ten days after calving. The clinical occurrences diagnosed were: dystocia, metritis, retained placenta, clinical hypocalcemia, displaced abomasum, mastitis, pneumonia, and digital dermatitis. Blood samples were collected at one, two, five, and ten days postpartum for analysis of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and total calcium. Individual milk yield was measured up to 100 days in milk (DIM), and the first test-day was evaluated for milk composition. Statistical analyses were conducted using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and the fixed effects of farm (A and B), parity (primiparous and multiparous), and occurrence of clinical diseases (sick and healthy cows) were included. Forty-eight cows (45.7%) had one or more clinical occurrences. In these sick cows, the BHB concentration at five DIM was higher (P = 0.06) than in healthy cows; 0.78 and 0.57 mmol L-1, respectively. Regarding milk yield, cows with one or more clinical occurrences had lower (P < 0.01) daily milk yield up to 30 DIM, and had a tendency of lower (P = 0.09) accumulated production up to 100 DIM than healthy cows. Sick cows had a tendency to show lower (P = 0.08) milk total solids content than healthy cows; 12.04 and 12.60%, respectively. There were no significant differences between sick and healthy animals in the remaining milk components, or the reproductive parameters assessed. The differences observed for days in the first artificial insemination (AI), AI number, and days open occurred due to the effect of the herd.

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Optimization of Pan Coating Process for Increased Efficiency of Controlled-Release Urea Fertilizer

Materiale Plastice ◽

10.37358/mp.20.4.5433 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 333-342

Author(s):

Trung Huu Nguyen ◽

Tran Nguyen Minh An ◽

Mahboob Alam ◽

Duc Hoai Tran ◽

Nghi Tran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Release Time ◽

Coating Process ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Sauter Mean Diameter ◽

Urea Fertilizer ◽

The Relationship ◽

Central Composite ◽

Controlled Release Urea

The goal of the research is to develop an experimental mathematical model of pan coating process effect on the biodegradable polymer and to determine optimal process parameters. The polymer solution was conducted with phosphated di-starch phosphate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylic acid and performed as material coating for the controlled-release urea fertilizer. The image analysis method has been used to determine the particle size distribution, Sauter mean diameter of the particle and layer thickness that is novel. The central composite rotatable design has been selected to determine the regression models of the process, which described the relationship between two objective variables as layer thickness, release time with angle of pan, spray flow, and coating time. The statistical analysis results indicate the fitness of model.

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Effect of Herbal Galactogogue (Sanjivani biokseera) on Milk Yield and Milk Constituents in Lactating Kankrej Cattle at Organised Farm

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.15.2.10 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (02) ◽

pp. 39-41

Author(s):

H H Panchasara ◽

A B Chaudhari ◽

D A Patel ◽

Y M Gami ◽

M P Patel

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Nutritional Requirements ◽

Not Given ◽

Distinct Effect ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Group I ◽

Effect Of Feeding

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding herbal galactogogue preparation (Sanjivani biokseera) on the milk yield and milk constituents in lactating Kankrej cows. Thirty-two lactating Kankrej cows in their 1st to 6th lactation were taken for the experiment from 3 days after calving up to 52 days postpartum. All the animals were fed as per the standard seasonally available roughages and concentrates to meet their nutritional requirements. The cows were randomly divided into two uniform groups of 16 cows in each according to initial milk yield and milk composition. The animals in group-I were not given any supplement and served as control. The animals in group-II were given Sanjivani biokseera (Naturewell Industries) @ 60 g per day for 1-month, commencing 3 days after calving, in addition to the usual feeds/fodders. A clear difference was observed in milk yield from day 8 onward of experiment between groups with significant (plessthan0 0.05) higher values from day 16-52 in cows fed herbal galactogogue as compared to control, but no such distinct effect on milk constituents was observed on day 52 when analyzed. The use of herbal galactogogue significantly (p lessthan 0.05) increased the overall average of 52 days milk production, which was 9.34 ± 0.21 lit/day in supplemented as compared to 7.75 ± 0.26 lit/day in control animals. It was concluded that herbal galactogogue (Sanjivani biokseera) could increase milk yield in lactating dairy cows through its galactopoetic property and improved rumen environment.

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