Conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: An Unimplemented Accord and Continued Violence

Asian Survey ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1052-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranab Kumar Panday ◽  
Ishtiaq Jamil
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Chittagong Hill Tracts ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Peace Accord

This article analyzes the dynamics of the conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh. This study argues that violations of human rights by law enforcement agencies and Bangali settlers against indigenous people continue even after the signing of the 1997 peace accord. Furthermore, peace remains elusive because of the "top-down" nature of that accord.

scholarly journals The Protection of the Rights to Life and Health in Emergencies: An Examination of the Handling of Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-279
Author(s):  
BONTUR LUGARD Sunday
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is inarguably the most disrupting occurrence in human affairs since the World War II. This virus left governments, communities and systems with the legal, social and moral duties to protect from its impacts. However, some of the approaches adopted towards protecting the victims, potential victims, and the entire society, especially in Nigeria, caused more harm than the disease itself. This work reviews the impact of the curtailment measures adopted by governments in Nigeria and their adverse bearing on human rights, especially the right to life as a sacrosanct and universal right. It further examines how law enforcement agencies’ operations - within the confines of the institutional and international best practices - their non-adherence to the rules of engagement or principles of ethical operations have resulted in the violation of human rights, rather than protecting them. It also analyses the impact of the virus on the right to health and access to medical facilities in times of emergencies in Nigeria and concludes that both rights were either violated or not realized within the context of the ‘war’ against the COVID-19 pandemic. This work advocates for the continuous training on human rights responsibilities of law enforcement agents, a more rigorous recruitment process with a minimum qualification from school certificate to ordinary national diploma, the use of video camera in the course of operations, among others that would help safeguard the rights of citizens in times of emergencies like the COVID-19.

scholarly journals “Divine Violence” After the Kharotabad Killings

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Syed Sami Raza
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Suicide Bombing ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Local Media ◽  
Politics Of Aesthetics ◽  
Divine Violence ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cover Up

In 2011 the law enforcement agencies of Pakistan killed a group of foreigners traveling across Pakistan-Afghanistan border. The agencies then tried to cover up the incident by calling it a potential suicide-bombing attack. However, they could not succeed in the cover-up plan primarily due to a photograph of one of the killed aliens—a woman—that appeared on local media. In this photograph the alien woman is shown lying on the ground near a sandbag-covered check-post waving for mercy/justice. The photograph becomes viral on both electronic news and social media and impels the government to order an inquiry. In this article, I engage the concept of “divine violence” and explore the photograph’s politics of aesthetics, which I argue contextualizes the photograph’s meaning during a creative moment for human rights.

scholarly journals State Service in the Prosecutor’s Office in the System of State Service in the Law Enforcement Sphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-209
Author(s):  
ANDREI V. SMIRNOV
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
State Service ◽  
Moral Principles

Introduction: the paper analyzes current Russian legislation regulating the functioning of the institute of state service. Aim: to study federal legislative acts containing provisions that define the list of state bodies that are classified as law enforcement agencies, and to look into the reasons why the legislator abandons the term “law enforcement service”. Methods: general scientific and special methods, including comparative legal, comprehensive, logical methods, analysis and synthesis. Results: we reveal certain inconsistencies in the regulatory framework that make it difficult to establish common features and specifics of administrative and legal status of such bodies; these inconsistencies also impede further development of the theory of administrative law when studying the institution of state service. Conclusion: based on the analysis of the types of functional activities of state bodies, we conclude that the service in the prosecutor’s office is classified as the state service related to law enforcement activity; we note its similarity and difference in relation to the service in other state bodies that perform law enforcement functions, including institutions and bodies of the penal system. In line with the methodology of integrative legal understanding, we define the service in the prosecutor’s office as the professional activity carried out on behalf of the state by employees holding positions in authorized federal state bodies and empowered by law to apply state enforcement measures aimed at protecting law and order, human rights and freedoms, public and state interests, combating crimes and other offenses, or the professional activity related to the performance of the functions of internal administration and staffing of these bodies. We emphasize that such service is implemented in strict accordance with the rules established by administrative and legal norms, and on the basis of ethical principles and moral principles that form the orientation of employees toward achieving socially useful goals and interests of the state itself. Scientific and practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the conclusions made in it can be used in scientific, educational and law-making activities. Key words: state service; law enforcement agencies; law enforcement activities; control and supervisory activities; human rights activities; prosecutor’s office agencies; prosecutor’s office employees.

scholarly journals AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE US AND THE TALIBAN: START A DIALOGUE

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Aitzhanov ◽  
◽  
L.N. Nursultanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us

The authors of the article analyze the situation in Afghanistan: establishing dialogue with Taliban and signing an agreement on a ceasefire, timing of withdrawal of the US military, the economic situation and the protracted political crisis. The role of Russia, China, Iran and Pakistan in addressing this issue is touched. The positions of Russia and China on Afghanistan are similar: strengthening of national army, law enforcement agencies, as well as respect for human rights and freedoms. Iran fears that Pakistan will be able to intervene in Afghanistan’s domestic policy and is therefore taking steps to establish cooperation with the Taliban. The main goal of Pakistan in Afghanistan is to further strengthen its influence in this country and prevent a strong rapprochement with India.

scholarly journals Registration of Second FIR (First Information Report) in Sughran Bibi Case: A Landmark Judgement of the Supreme Court of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Rais Nouman Ahmad ◽  
Faiz Bakhsh ◽  
M. Danyal Khan ◽  
Sidra Kanwal
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Criminal Trial ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Police Report ◽  
The Status

The registration of First Information Report (FIR) has remained a challenging area for the judicial system of Pakistan; the multiplicity of the FIRs means separate investigation and separate police report. Precedents were available far and against the second FIR which had been creating perplexity and nuisance for law enforcement agencies. First Information Report is contaminated by the inclusion of exaggerated facts by the aggrieved parties. Moreover, there are several allegations on the working of police in Pakistan for drafting the FIR arbitrarily. Although FIR is a mere document to report the incident, however, it has gained a significant role in deciding the fate of a criminal trial in Pakistan. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the status of FIR in criminal-trail framework of Pakistan. To do this, Sughran Bibi Case is very significant in interpreting the status of multiplicity of FIRs in the criminal trail framework. Seven judges of esteemed Supreme Court decided the fate of second FIR in this human rights case. The study investigates the doctrinal aspects of the judgement by presenting a theoretical examination of the status of FIR, its evidentiary value, and effectiveness in the criminal trial framework.  

Ensuring human rights in activities of law enforcement agencies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Альфия Акмалова ◽  
Alfiya Akmalova ◽  
Владимир Капицын ◽  
Vladimir Kapitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual

In the textbook on the basis of consideration of international standards and national legislation in the field of the rights and freedoms of the individual are considered main mechanisms of their law-enforcement agencies. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the requirements to the law enforcement practice of public authorities concerning the rights of separate categories of citizens. The tutorial is intended for professionals studying in the direction of training "law Enforcement" and anyone involved in human rights activities, asked about the situation of the individual in society and the state.

Extra-judicial killings and human rights law: Bangladesh perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1116-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Sazzad Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Human ◽  
The Right

Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to explore the extra-judicial killing situation in Bangladesh by analyzing both national and international human rights law. In addition, this paper will also identify the remedy that is available for the victim’s family for extra-judicial killing by law enforcement agencies, especially the Rapid Action Battalion of Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative research where both primary and secondary sources have used to identify the situations of extra-judicial killings in Bangladesh, the human rights instruments and the judicial activism to protect human rights. Findings This paper will show impunity of the law enforcement agencies increasing the number of extra-judicial killings of citizens, by violating the Constitutional and International human rights law that deal with “right to life”. The state sovereignty is not hindering the implementation of the international law, but the judiciary of Bangladesh needs to be more efficient in protecting citizens’ human rights, along with bringing criminal prosecution against members of the law enforcement agencies, by providing “effective and adequate” remedy to the victim’s family. Research limitations/implications While analyzing the “right to life” under the International Human Rights Conventions, this paper will only deal with the UDHR and the ICCPR, as Bangladesh has ratified those Conventions. Originality/value This paper will add value to identify the present rights of the citizen under domestic and international law and to incorporate new legislation through finding the lack of present legislation to protect the right to life and remedy for extra-judicial killings in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals The ethics of facial recognition technologies, surveillance, and accountability in an age of artificial intelligence: a comparative analysis of US, EU, and UK regulatory frameworks

AI and Ethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Almeida ◽  
Konstantin Shmarko ◽  
Elizabeth Lomas
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
The Usa

AbstractThe rapid development of facial recognition technologies (FRT) has led to complex ethical choices in terms of balancing individual privacy rights versus delivering societal safety. Within this space, increasingly commonplace use of these technologies by law enforcement agencies has presented a particular lens for probing this complex landscape, its application, and the acceptable extent of citizen surveillance. This analysis focuses on the regulatory contexts and recent case law in the United States (USA), United Kingdom (UK), and European Union (EU) in terms of the use and misuse of FRT by law enforcement agencies. In the case of the USA, it is one of the main global regions in which the technology is being rapidly evolved, and yet, it has a patchwork of legislation with less emphasis on data protection and privacy. Within the context of the EU and the UK, there has been a critical focus on the development of accountability requirements particularly when considered in the context of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the legal focus on Privacy by Design (PbD). However, globally, there is no standardised human rights framework and regulatory requirements that can be easily applied to FRT rollout. This article contains a discursive discussion considering the complexity of the ethical and regulatory dimensions at play in these spaces including considering data protection and human rights frameworks. It concludes that data protection impact assessments (DPIA) and human rights impact assessments together with greater transparency, regulation, audit and explanation of FRT use, and application in individual contexts would improve FRT deployments. In addition, it sets out ten critical questions which it suggests need to be answered for the successful development and deployment of FRT and AI more broadly. It is suggested that these should be answered by lawmakers, policy makers, AI developers, and adopters.

scholarly journals Interaction of the human-rights ombudsman in the Russian Federation with human rights law enforcement (on the example of the prosecutor’s office and the investigative committee)

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 03023
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Petrovna Demina ◽  
Nikita Vladimirovich Babich
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Quality Of Protection ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Systemic Problems

The purpose of the study is to analyze some systemic problems in the organization and activities of the institution of the Human-Rights Ombudsman in Russia, bodies of the Prosecutor’s Office, the Investigative Committee of Russia, as well as the conditions of interaction between the Human-Rights Ombudsman and law enforcement and human rights bodies. The methodological basis of the study was the use of system-structural and dialectical methods of scientific knowledge. For a more detailed study of the problems, the methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization were applied. For the study of normative legal regulations, special methods of document analysis in the field of knowledge under study were applied. The result of the study was the conclusion that the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is an integral part of a developed democratic state governed by the rule of law. The authors believe that in order to improve the quality of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms it is necessary, first, to reform a large number of elements of the state system. Particular attention in all this must be paid, first and foremost, to the organization, activities, and legal status of the institution of the Human-Rights Ombudsman in Russia, as well as the bodies of the Russian Prosecutor’s Office and the Russian Investigative Committee. The second stage should be the creation of optimal conditions for interaction between the Russian Human-Rights Ombudsman and the Russian Prosecutor’s Office, the Russian Investigative Committee, and other law enforcement agencies in order to protect human and civil rights and freedoms. The novelty of the study is in the author’s approach to the consideration of these problems, as well as in the development of appropriate proposals to address them.

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