Backwater Bureaucrat to Revolutionary Myth-Maker: Bernardo M. de León, Caciquismo, and Memory in Nayarit, 1920–1990

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-95
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Reform Effort ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas ◽  
Second Period

This article examines two episodes in the career of Bernardo M. de León, an agrarian reform leader and federal congressman from the state of Nayarit. During the first period, from 1920 to 1940, De León emerged as a local cacique responsible for both progressive politics and repressive maneuvers, particularly during the 1930s land reform effort undertaken by the administration of Lázaro Cárdenas. During the second period, from 1970 to 1990, he functioned largely as a political elder in Nayarit. In that capacity, he promoted the official history of the Revolution, at the same time that he manipulated collective memories of his own revolutionaryparticipation. In doing so, he helpedtodefine how successive generations of Mexicans remembered their Revolution and his role within it. Even after his death in 1991, the legacy of De León informed civic engagement in Nayarit, as various groups, ranging from ejido-seeking peasants to local political functionaries, invoked his memory in pursuit of their own political objectives.

The Agrarian Reform of Jacobo Arbenz

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Gleijeses
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

The cry for land is, without any doubt, the loudest, the most dramatic and the most desperate sound in Guatemala.’ So wrote the Guatemalan bishops in 1988. In their country's long history, the bishops stated, only one president – Jacobo Arbenz – had addressed the issue of land reform.1 Inaugurated in 1951, Arbenz presided over the most successful agrarian reform in the history of Central America. The reports of the US embassy bear testimony to the fact that within eighteen months land was distributed to 100,000 peasant families, amid little violence and without adversely affecting production.2 Praise for initiating the reform does not belong, however, solely to Arbenz. As his wife observed, ‘Alone, he could not have done it’. Praise should also be given to the Communist party of Guatemala, whose leaders were Arbenz's closest personal and political friends.3

scholarly journals Land Ownership Reform in Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ridwan Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Land Distribution ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ownership Reform

This article shows that Islam has laid the foundations of agrarian law reform or land reform, from the oppressive and exploitative pre-Islamic system of land ownership towards the fair, equitable and humanist-religious-based distribution of land ownership. The purpose of agrarian reform cannot be separated from the objectives of the law in general, that is to create justice, expediency and law certainty which describe the legal values either juridical, sociological or philosophical. To explain the idea of agrarian reform in Islamic law, there are some discussions proving the existence of the notion of land ownership reform in terms of the process of land right ownership and patterns of land distribution by the State based on the historical data, especially early history of Islam. Shifting paradigm from the feudalist pre-Islamic ownership system to the communalist-religious Islamic ownership system under the single authority of the head of state on the basis of the principle of fairness rests on the spirit to realize the ideals of public benefit.

Conflict, Land Reform, and Repatriation in the Mexicali Valley

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Castillo-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Reform Policy ◽  
Heads Of Household ◽  
Asian Migration ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas ◽  
Single Men

This chapter discusses Mexico's agrarian reform policy, one of the earliest land reform programs of its kind in Latin America. The labor unions that had formed in the 1920s became crucial to the movement for land reform in the 1930s. Under the two waves of agrarian reform, most land was distributed to single men and male heads of household. However, some women seized the limited opportunities they had to gain farmland. Anti-Chinese sentiment and President Lázaro Cárdenas' expropriation of U.S.-owned land in the Mexicali Valley ended the flow of Asian migration to the Valley's rural areas. Most Asian workers were excluded from obtaining communal farmland. Nevertheless, some Asian farmers purchased property and continued their commercial relationship with U.S.-owned companies on a smaller scale.

AGRARIAN REFORM UNDER THE REIGN OF JOKO WIDODO VIEWED FROM BASIC AGRARIAN LAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Rizka Refliarny ◽  
Herawan Sauni ◽  
Hamdani Ma'akir
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Reform Program ◽  
The Will ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Agrarian Law ◽  
Priority Program

This study raises the issue of agrarian reform draft under the reign of President Joko Widodo. Agrarian reform became a priority program in the RPJMN of 2015-2019. Based on this matter, the writer analyzes the concept of agrarian reform during the reign of Joko Widodo terms of BAL. The nature of the study was a normative research with statute approach, which was done in four ways, namely descriptive, comparative, evaluative and argumentative. The results showed that the agrarian reform draft during the reign of Joko Widodo is a concept of land stewardship and land reform. The economic system leads to a form of capitalism. It is necessary to conduct refinement of content and material of BAL implementation in order to achieve the justice and the welfare of the nation and the State. The agrarian reform program should be carried out in stages in order to obtain the desired results. It requires the will, ability and active involvement of all elements of the state.

Opportunistic Colorectal Cancer Screening using Colonoscopy. Comparative Results between two Historical Cohorts in Bucharest, Romania

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Mirela Ionescu ◽  
Tudor Nicolaie ◽  
Serban Ion Gologan ◽  
Ana Mocanu ◽  
Cristina Ditescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Advanced Adenoma ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Organized Screening Program ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Second Period

Background & Aims: Even though Romania has one of the highest incidence and mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC) in Europe, there is currently no organized screening program. We aimed to assess the results of our opportunistic CRC screening using colonoscopy.Methods: A single center retrospective study to include all opportunistic screening colonoscopies performed in two 18 month periods (2007-2008 and 2012-2013) was designed. All asymptomatic individuals without a personal or family history of adenoma or CRC and with complete colonoscopy performed in these two time periods were included.Results: We included 1,807 individuals, 882 in the first period, 925 in the second period. There were 389 individuals aged below 50, 1,351 between 50 and 75 and 67 older than 75 years. There were 956 women (52.9%), with a mean age of 58.5 (median 59, range 23-97). The detection rates were 12.6% for adenomas (6.1% for advanced adenoma) and 3.4% for adenocarcinoma. Adenoma incidence (4.9% in subjects under 50, 14.7% in those aged 50 to 75, and 16.4% in those older than 75, p<0.0001) and size (6.3mm in subjects younger than 50, 9.2mm in those 50 to 75 and 10.8mm in those older than 75, p=0.015) significantly increased with age. Adenoma incidence increased in the second period (14.8% vs. 10.3%, p=0.005), while adenoma size decreased in the second period (8.4mm vs. 10mm, p=0.006). There were no procedure related complications.Conclusions: The neoplasia detection rate was 16% (12.6% adenoma, 3.4% adenocarcinoma). Adenoma incidence and size increased with age in both cohorts. In the second screening period significantly more and smaller adenomas were detected.

scholarly journals Agrarian policy of the Ukrainian State on the journals of the meetings of the Council of Ministers

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Dmytro Volodymyrovych Arkhireyskyi
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Agrarian Policy ◽  
Policy Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Command ◽  
Council Of Ministers

The information content of the journals (minutes) of the meetings of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian State (1918) is investigated, which makes it possible to clarify the specifics of governmental agrarian policy. Information on the influence of the German and Austro-Hungarian military command on the agrarian policy of Ukraine, the peculiarities of land ownership and agrarian relations, the food and price policy of the Ukrainian government, and attempts at agrarian and land reform are discussed. The journals of the meetings of the Council of Ministers contain information about the emergence of a peasant rebel movement, caused in general by the unsuccessful agrarian activity of Hetman P. Skoropadsky, and also about government measures aimed at suppressing this movement. The investigated documentary complex should be recognized as an important source on the history of not only the Ukrainian State, its agrarian policy, but also the insurrectional movement and the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917−1921 generally.

scholarly journals The THE CONCEPT OF THE LAND REFORM IN CUSTOMARY LAW OF THE JAVANESE COMMUNITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Author(s):  
Widhiana Hestining Puri
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Individual Property ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Community Regulation ◽  
The Village

THE CONCEPT OF THE LAND REFORM IN CUSTOMARY LAW OF THE JAVANESE COMMUNITY   Widhiana H. Puri Phd Student at Law Fakulty of Gadjah Mada University and Lecture in National Land Academy, Indonesia. Email [email protected] Research Highlights   Land reform is a state effort to overcome the imbalance of land tenure in the community (Wiradi, 2000 # 1). Customary law in the Javanese community recognizes the existence of a mechanism of welfare distribution through the ownership and joint use of land in community togetherness bonds based on territorial factors as well as the concept of land reform. The existence of customary land as pekulen land is land owned by the village whose use rights can be requested by the villagers with a rotating utilization mechanism among the villagers in need (Luthfi, 2010 # 2). The study found that indigenous peoples in Java had a welfare distribution mechanism that was the essence of land reform or agrarian reform through a mechanism of land communalization and distribution of its use carried out on a shared land / communal land of the village in rotation.     Research Objectives This research was conducted in order to understand the phenomena of the implementation of law that developed in the community. The existence of community law or so-called non state law, informal law, or customary law in Indonesia is very numerous. The reality of this law is that the majority is still far from the attention and order of a positive and formal state legal arrangement. The community regulation model is an effort to meet the needs of its legal ideals in the midst of limited state positive law arrangements that tend to be more static and less responsive (Puri, 2017 # 16). The community regulation mechanism is a manifestation of unity in the village community where the distribution of land use is carried out among community members who have a concept in line with the national agrarian policy of the country called land reform. The regulatory model initiated from the local level becomes the learning material for how the land regulation mechanism is not always top down, but can be bottom up based on customary law that is proven effective and in accordance with the characteristics of the local community.     Methodology This research was carried out through an empirical legal research model with research locations in villages in Pituruh Subdistrict, Purworejo Regency, Central Java Province. This research is a kind of analytical descriptive research that is directed to get an idea of ​​how the implementation of Javanese traditions in land management has a concept similar to land reform or agrarian reform. In order to analyze existing traditions, a socio-legal approach is carried out, namely a study of the law using the approach of law and social sciences in order to analyze it (Irianto, 2012 # 17). The legal approach referred to is not only to see aspects of norms that are built on the provisions of customary law alone but by looking at their relevance to the regulation of the positive law of the country as the territory of the enactment of the community regulation. This is to see the common thread and the interrelationship between the two and avoid the release of the phenomenon of legal pluralism that is within the scope of national law. So that the legal norms of the community can be assessed as the model of regulation that can be applied in other regions.     Results Javanese people in Indonesia have a land regulation mechanism that has a concept similar to that of land reform or agrarian reform by the state. The customary law of the Javanese community has a common bond based on territorial factors or similarity in the area of ​​residence (Taneko, 2002 # 11). Customary law communities with their customary rights can own and control land both in the concept of individual property rights and communal / communal property rights. The concept of shared property / communal rights illustrates the existence of ownership rights by all members of the community embodied in village control (Susanto, 1983 # 18). One form of joint ownership is the right of possession which can be controlled by community members with the permission of the village government to be used for the benefit of themselves and their families with a rotating mechanism. At present, land is experiencing strengthening and individualization, but the character of togetherness and social function of land is maintained through the distribution of utilization rights of speculative land which has the status of individual property rights, in village settings.     Findings Land reform or agrarian reform is a land policy that aims to overcome the imbalance of land tenure through the distribution of land to people in need. Land reform or agrarian reform can be extended not only to the concept of distribution of land ownership but also to the control and use of land. The limitations of the number of land parcels and the need for land can be overcome through a model of tenure and shared use of land based on the concept of joint property / communal rights over land.    

From Desamortization to Agrarian Reform in Mexico, 1856–1940

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Tortolero Villaseñor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas

The first phase of the development of land tenure in Mexico, from the desamortization laws in 1856 to agrarian reform, was completed in 1940 by the Lázaro Cárdenas administration. While between 1856 and 1910 property reforms served to concentrate land and stimulate latifundio, from the violent Mexican Revolution of 1910–1917 until 1992 a policy of social justice was implemented that sought to give land to peasant families, thereby generating a better distribution of land, though without improving its productivity. This signifies that if postrevolutionary modernity assumed, echoing neo-institutionalism or old trends such as positivism or regeneracionismo, that land redistribution was a necessary condition to generate economic growth, in reality it was the social dimension and not the economic that gave character to Mexican agrarian reform between 1920 and 1992. As a backdrop to this, the analysis of literature and history shows a truncated and limited agrarian reform in which traditional figures such as the cacique persisted. The traditional and official vision of the agrarian reform is misguided, in which it is understood as a product of restitutive justice, the result of peasants regaining the lands from which they had been evicted due to the desamortization laws and the greed of landowners hungry for land who had annexed the land of the pueblos. To the contrary, agrarian reform is distributive, allocating land to peasants who requested it, while the hacienda was not the source of all the evils that gave rise to the revolution. Nor can the situation of the Mexican countryside be portrayed as the fight of the peones against the hacendados or caciques hungry for land. This erroneous vision of the Mexican countryside should be demystified, because it does not take into account that agrarian reform became the touchstone to give an agrarian nature to a very diversified Mexican Revolution and convert it into an instrument for the postrevolutionary governments to champion the peasant struggle in 20th-century Mexico, becoming the key to economic growth and social justice in the rural Mexican world.

Latinx Basketball

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Government Reforms ◽  
Sociopolitical Structures ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas

Research on Latinx athletes and their communities is a significant contribution to sports studies. Recent studies on sports in Latinx communities have highlighted regional teams, transnational relationships, race and ethnicity, and sociopolitical structures. Still, the need continues for more attention on Latinx sport identity and community. Although basketball originated in the United States, the sport played a significant political role in regions throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. For example, in Mexico, President Lázaro Cárdenas (r. 1934–1940) introduced government reforms that included promoting sports; thus, in Oaxaca, Catholic missionaries used basketball as a socialization tool to strengthen relationships in rural communities (see Rios 2008 [cited under Society and Culture]). Rios 2019 (cited under Society and Culture) and Garcia 2014 (cited under History and Geography) are the primary texts dedicated to the history of basketball in Latin America and the importance of basketball to Latinx communities in the United States.

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