The Technological Basis of Egalitarian Economic Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-393
Author(s):  
Samuel Cohn ◽  
Michael Upchurch
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
Global North ◽  
Monopoly Rents

This paper offers an alternative to the view that high technology promotes development and low technology inhibits development. We differentiate between monopoly technology and accessible technology. Monopoly technology produces growth by producing monopoly rents. As a byproduct, it also produces substantial inequality, both within nations and globally. Accessible technology produces growth without monopoly simply by increasing the volume of production in a lucrative business. We illustrate this first with a consideration of successful agrarian-based development in the global North that was based on agricultural products that were not particularly monopolized. We then move to a detailed consideration of fishing in nineteenth-century Norway. Norway’s economic development depended on proceeds from fishing exports. Norwegian fishing had a distinctive technology that made it particularly low-tech and egalitarian. It produced substantial wealth for the nation while producing very little social inequality.

Determinants of socio-economic transformations of technological systems: theoretical and methodical aspects

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
Svitlana Shults ◽  
Olena Lutskiv
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Member States ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Technological Paradigm ◽  
Technological Paradigms ◽  
The Eu

Technological development of society is of unequal cyclic nature and is characterized by changing periods of economic growth, stagnation phases, and technological crises. The new wave of technological changes and new technological basis corresponding to the technological paradigm boost the role of innovations and displace the traditional factors of economic growth. Currently, intellectual and scientific-technical capacity are the main economic development resources. The use of innovation and new knowledge change the technological structure of the economy, increase the elements of the innovative economy, knowledge economy, and digital economy, i.e. the new technological paradigm is formed. The paper aims to research the basic determinants of technological paradigms’ forming and development, and determining their key features, as well as to analyze social transformations of the EU Member States and Ukraine. The paper focuses attention on the research of the features of social transformations. The structural transformations are analyzed based on the Bertelsmann Transformation Index that estimates the quality of democracy, market economy, and political governance. The transformation processes are assessed on the example of the EU Member States and Ukraine. The authors argue that social transformations and structural changes in the economy are related to the change of technological paradigms that boost the economic modernization and gradual progressive development of humanity in general. The nature and main determinants of 5 industrial and 2 post-industrial technological paradigms are outlined. Their general features and main areas of basic technologies implementation emerging in the realization of a certain technological paradigm are explained. The conclusions regarding the fact that innovative technologies and available scientific-technological resources define the main vector of economic development are made. The new emerging technological paradigm is of strategic importance for society development.

scholarly journals Measuring Nineteenth Century Regional Economic Growth: Historiography and Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-268
Author(s):  
Dmitry Yu. Karasev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Regional Economic Growth ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
National Values

Introduction. The scope of regional economic inequality, its causes and consequences are relevant issues in the economic history. High regional inequality impedes representative estimation of national economic development and international comparison. The end of 19th and beginning of 20th centuries was the time when industrialization, states’ economic and political integration led to their regional divergence/convergence. Methods. The main challenge of measuring and accounting for 19th century regional economic growth is a scarcity of regional historical and economic statistics. Thus, the paper concerns with historiographical analysis of successful attempts to face this challenge in economic history. Results. It can be distinguished three approaches to historical regional economies accounting depending of relevant statistics availability: 1) for countries with high regional-data integrity, GRP can be estimated as a sum of its residents’ incomes (R. Easterling’s method); 2) for countries with moderate regional statistics being saved, it is possible to estimate GRP through distributing known GDP totals across regions on the basis of indicators of regional sectors’ shares (Geary-Stark method); 3) for countries with poor regional historical statistics it fits only short-cut approach on the basis of indirect regional economic indicators (Crafts’ approach and Good–Ma method). Furthermore, the paper deals with following methods and models used in quantitative explorations of unequal regional economic development: shift-share analysis, β and σ-convergence. Discussion. It appears that historical statistics from the Governors reports makes possible to distribute known national values added in the first and secondary sectors across provinces of the late-nineteenth century Russian Empire in the line with Geary–Stark methodology. The contribution of tertiary sector to the provinces’ economic growth could be estimated on the basis of indirect indicators from the same historical source and the other sources, following Good–Ma methodology. Finally, the cross-checking of the GRP to be calculated is possible through comparison with A. Markevich estimates for 1897.

Institutions and the Ottoman Past

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-89
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Proximate Causes

This chapter looks at the role of institutions in economic development and the evolution of Ottoman institutions before the nineteenth century. It argues that while institutions are not the only things that matter, it is essential to examine their role in order to understand Turkey's experience with economic growth and human development during the last two centuries. The economics and economic history literature has been making a related and important distinction between the proximate and deeper sources of economic growth. The proximate causes refer to the contributions made by the increases in inputs, land, labor, and capital and the productivity increases. The deeper causes refer to the social, political, and economic environment as well as the historical causes that influence the rate at which inputs and productivity grow.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF CHINA'S REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXPORT TRADE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
FENGHE ZHANG ◽  
VIKTORIIA MEDVID
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
The Impact

Since the reform and opening up, especially since its accession to the WTO, China has become an important agricultural trade country in the world. As China's agriculture and the entire national economy share the benefits of global economic integration, they must also meet the impact of fierce market competition, price fluctuations and industrial restructuring caused by this. This study puts the export trade of agricultural products into the national economic growth system and explores the impact and contribution of agricultural export trade to China's economic growth. Based on the theory of international trade in agricultural products and economic growth, the paper analyzes the analysis framework of the impact of international trade in agricultural products on China's regional economic growth. First, based on the realistic understanding of the development of China's agricultural export trade, comprehensive and systematic analysis of the characteristics of China's agricultural export trade development to determine the future trend of it. Secondly, the correlation analysis of SPSS software is used to verify the impact of agricultural export trade on economic growth. Third, based on the test and analysis of the research results, systematically evaluate the contribution of agricultural export trade to China's economic growth. Studies have shown that the increase in agricultural export trade has made great contributions to China's economic development and has become increasingly prominent in economic development. This paper uses the economic data from 2010 to 2017. According to China's 31 administrative divisions and the three economic divisions of the eastern, central and western regions, the technical methods such as absolute value increment analysis and correlation analysis are used to explain the promotion of regional agricultural products to economic development. To this end, China needs to increase investment in agricultural science and technology, promote the development of agricultural industrialization, improve the circulation of agricultural products, reduce the transaction costs of agricultural products, improve the efficiency of international trade in agricultural products, and continuously improve the comprehensive production capacity and international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products. Keywords: China, regional agricultural products, exports, economic growth, correlation analysis, impact.

scholarly journals Socio economic impact, coastal land use pattern and livelihood status of Shyamnagar upazila, Satkhira, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al Mamun Siddiqui ◽  
Md Abul Kashem ◽  
Md Atiqul Islam Mondal ◽  
Md Masum Billah ◽  
Shariful Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Socio Economic Development

Shyamnangar upazila one of the potential developing upazila of Satkhira district. Addressing social aspects is very important for any sorts of development effort. The best possible use of land resources; therefore, the socio-economic aspects of Shyamnangar upazila have to be addressed to gain optimum economic benefits from agriculture, forestry, fisheries, tourism and industrial sector. The socio-economic transformation of this upazila significantly depends on the performance of the agricultural sector. Besides agriculture, fisheries, tourism, industry, weaving and livestock farming are also playing vital roles in the socio-economic development of this upazila. Although this upazila has not yet been experienced in planned industrialization but, there are some small and medium industries which are contributing largely to the socio-economic development. Over the last 10 years, the socio-economic condition of the upazila is gradually rising. The growing of small & medium industries, business associated with agricultural products are the key element of socio-economic growth of Shyamnagar. Over the last 10 years, the socio-economic condition of the upazila is gradually rising. The growing of small & medium industries, business associated with agricultural products are the key element of socio-economic growth of Shyamnagar. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2020, 4 (2), 31-40

Dag Hammarskjöld Seminar on the Development and Promotion of Tourism in Africa

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christer Montén ◽  
Vijislav Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Dag Hammarskjold

Faced with declining earnings from the export of agricultural products, with rising population, and with an urgent need for accelerated economic growth and structural change, many African countries are today searching for new channels through which they can supplement their foreign-exchange earnings. One source of rapidly growing importance is tourism, which already plays a decisive role in the economic development of some countries.

scholarly journals Seven Centuries of European Economic Growth and Decline

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Fouquet ◽  
Stephen Broadberry
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
European Economies

This paper investigates very long-run preindustrial economic development. New annual GDP per capita data for six European countries over the last seven hundred years paint a clearer picture of the history of European economic development. We confirm that sustained growth has been a recent phenomenon, but reject the argument that there was no long-run growth in living standards before the Industrial Revolution. Instead, the evidence demonstrates the existence of numerous periods of economic growth before the nineteenth century—periods of unsustained, but raising GDP per capita. We also show that many of the economies experienced substantial economic decline. Thus, rather than being stagnant, pre-nineteenth century European economies experienced a great deal of change. Finally, we offer some evidence that, from the nineteenth century, these economies increased the likelihood of being in a phase of economic growth and reduced the risk of being in a phase of economic decline.

Economic Development and Institutional Change, 1820–1914

2018 ◽  
pp. 134-155
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
World War ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter studies the record in economic growth, income distribution, and human development for the areas within present-day borders of Turkey in both absolute and relative terms. Turkey's economy opened to foreign trade and foreign investment and specialization in agriculture increased during the nineteenth century. While the share of manufacturing activities declined, agricultural production for markets, both domestic and foreign, expanded, especially in the coastal regions. The chapter shows that the spread of industrialization around the world was quite uneven during the nineteenth century. The extent to which industrialization proceeded in different parts of the world can help explain much of the variation in economic growth observed worldwide until World War I.

Militarism and Economic Development in Nineteenth Century Yoruba Country: The Ibadan Example

1973 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bọlanle Awẹ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Full Development ◽  
British Rule ◽  
The Military

The ingredients for economic development were certainly present in the Yoruba country in the nineteenth century: land was available; labour was cheap and some of the towns like Ibadan were well placed for trade. But for this economic growth, militarism was a double-edged weapon. The needs of a military state, such as Ibadan, certainly gave it tremendous impetus; trade, agriculture, arts and crafts developed in response to the demands of the military, who constituted the new leadership. But in the final analysis all these economic activities needed peace for their full development; Ibadan, by the very nature of its birth and its commitment to military ideals and military solutions to the problems confronting the Yoruba country, could not, however, guarantee this peace. On the contrary, in its struggle for power and leadership within that country, it took actions which jeopardized the chances of peaceful economic development in Ibadan and other parts of the Yoruba country. Moreover the intermittent warfare, which characterized this country generally in the nineteenth century, injected an element of discontinuity into its economic growth, and placed some constraint on lasting economic development. The fact that agriculture, trade and industry still flourished in the Yoruba country, particularly in Ibadan, can therefore only be regarded as a pointer to the country's economic potentialities, rather than as an evidence of normal economic growth. But with the restoration of peace at the end of the century, and the introduction of British rule, Ibadan and the rest of the Yoruba country were poised for rapid economic development.

State Institutions and Economic Performance in Nineteenth-Century Egypt

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Blaydes ◽  
Safinaz El Tarouty
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Societal Actors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This article examines the relationship between state institutions and economic development in nineteenth-century Egypt. Leading theories in political economy suggest that centralized, yet constrained, state institutions are essential prerequisites for generating high levels of economic growth and prosperity. The article considers the ways in which centralizing reforms in nineteenth-century Egypt concentrated power in the hands of the khedives, damaging the capacity for other societal actors to constrain the executive. The relative lack of constraints on the Egyptian khedives permitted excessive borrowing that paved the way for European colonial intervention, with implications for economic development.

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