scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell to Chemicals by Using Bayah Natural Zeolites

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Endang Suhendi ◽  
Pipiet P.U. Naibaho ◽  
Eka R. Fauzan ◽  
Teguh Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Catalyst Activation ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Condensed Liquid

Palm kernel shell (PKS) is one of the biomass with high potential that can be converted into chemicals. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) was converted by pyrolysis method to produce condensed liquid products, gas, and solid. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of catalyst activation time on yields and characteristics of PKS waste pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis process was carried out at a temperature of 500oC. Based on the results obtained with the addition of catalysts at 7 hr of activation can reduce the yield of solid products by 1.5% wt and 9.01% wt of liquid and increase the yield of gas products by 10.51% wt. On the characteristics of solid product there is a decrease in volatile matter by 55.04% wt and an increase fixed carbon by 40.27% wt. The gas characteristics, the H2 and CO gas decreases by 5.43% v/v and 1.36% v/v and the increase in CH4 and CO2 gas by 1.07% v/v and 5.72% v/v. Characteristics of the liquid obtained an increase in the amount of acetic acid by 11.75% v/v and decrease phenol compounds by 13.08% v/v. The result liquid product can be applied as a chemical.

The lignin pyrolysis composition and pyrolysis products of palm kernel shell, wheat straw, and pine sawdust

2016 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 587-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guozhang Chang ◽  
Yanqin Huang ◽  
Jianjun Xie ◽  
Huikai Yang ◽  
Huacai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

scholarly journals Investigation of coal pyrolysis tar of Aduunchuluun deposit

2018 ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Ankhtuya A ◽  
Namkhainorov J ◽  
Battsetseg M ◽  
Batbileg S ◽  
Batkhishig D ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Coal Pyrolysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Organic Bases ◽  
Pyrolysis Tar ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Condensed Liquid ◽  
Optimal Heating

The generated products of heating of coal in airless condition are hard residue, condensed liquid and gas. The condensed liquid product or tar is one of the most important product of pyrolysis. Therefore detailed investigation on pyrolysis of brown coal and it is tar studies provide basic theoretical knowledge for further thermal processing and application of coal. Have been determined main technical characteristics and elemental composition of the analytical sample of Aduunchuluun coal. The pyrolysis experiments have been performed at different heating temperatures (550-600oC) and determined the yields of pyrolysis products. The optimal heating temperature of pyrolysis of Aduunchuluun coal was chosen 500oC in which the yield of tar was higher (32%). The purified tar was subjected for FTIR analysis. Also the tar organic bases and organic acids are separated from the tar and the residual neutral fractions of pyrolysis tar were divided in to several fractions including aliphatic, aromatic and polar. And these fractions analyzed by GC/MS analysis and the determined most important organic substances are derivatives of benzene, naphtha-lene, phenols and alcohols. Адуунчулууны ордын нүүрсний пиролизын давирхайн судалгаа Хураангуй: Нүүрсийг агааргүй орчинд халуун задралд оруулахад хатуу, шингэн болон хийн бүтээгдэхүүн үүсэх ба чухал бүтээгдэхүүн нь шингэн бүтээгдэхүүн болох давирхай юм. Пиролизын давирхайн нарийвчилсан судалгаа нь тухайн нүүрсний цаашдын боловсруулалт болон хэрэглээнд онолын суурь мэдлэг болж өгдөг. Адуунчулууны ордын нүүрсний техникийн шинжилгээ (үнс, чийг, дэгдэмхий, илчлэг), элементийн бүрэлдэхүүнийг тодорхойлж уг ордын нүүрсийг халуун задралд (пиролизд 550-600 оС температурт) оруулж хий, шингэн (давирхайн задралын усны гарц 32%), хатуу бүтээгдэхүүний гарцыг тодорхойлж гарган авсан шингэн бүтээгдэхүүн давирхайн бүлгийн бүрэлдэхүүн, нил улаан туяаны спектрийн арга (НУТС), мөн янз бүрийн температурын хязгаарт нэрж гарцыг тогтоов. Мөн түүнчлэн Адуунчулууны ордын нүүрсний пиролизын давирхайн органик хүчил, суурийг нь салгаад үлдсэн саармаг нэгдэлд колонкон хроматограф ашиглан алифатик, ароматик, туйлт нэгдэл гэж ялган хийн хроматограф/масс спектрометр GC/MS-ийн багажит анализын аргаар нүүрсустөрөгчдийн найрлагыг нь тодорхойлоход бензол, нафталин, түүний уламжлал болон спиртүүд ихээр агуулагдаж байгааг тодорхойлов. Түлхүүр үг: пиролиз, давирхай, ароматик, туйлт, саармаг тос

Fast Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Kernel Shell in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: The Effect of Biomass Size on the Yields of Pyrolysis Products

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 608-611
Author(s):  
Yoshimitsu Uemura ◽  
Ali Norizan ◽  
Hafizah Ahmad Afif ◽  
Norridah Osman ◽  
Wissam N. Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactor ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Benzene Toluene

This study investigates the effect of biomass size on the yields of char, liquid (organic compounds and water) and gas for fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS). Fast pyrolysis was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor of 108 mm in internal diameter operated at 450 °C using three different sizes of palm kernel shell (0.325, 0.75 and 1.5 mm). In specific the effect of biomass size on the yields of known and unknown organics in bio-oil was mainly investigated. The major organics include acetic acid, phenol and furfural. The minor ones include 2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, 2-methylnaphthalene, benzene, toluene and tetrahydrofurane (THF). Smaller biomass sizes were favorable for higher bio-oil yields.

OXIDATIVE TORREFACTION FOR PULVERIZED PALM BIOMASS USING AIR

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Aiman Adnan ◽  
Muhammad Ariff Hanaffi Mohd Fuad ◽  
Mohd Faizal Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Combustion Properties

Torrefaction is one of the promising ways to utilize abundant amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) while upgrading the combustion properties of both types of palm biomass. However, the supply of costly inert gas during torrefaction process such as nitrogen in large industrial sector may not be economical. Therefore, in the present study, air is used instead of nitrogen for the torrefaction process. The EFB and PKS were torrefied separately in a 60 mm diameter and 300 mm length of horizontal tubular reactor under various temperatures of 150°C to 190°C and 210°C to 250°C, respectively for 30 minutes using air. The torrefaction with nitrogen was also performed for comparison purpose. At the respective maximum temperature, energy yields of the torrefied EFB for the case of oxidative (air) torrefaction and nitrogen torrefaction are around 95% and 88%, respectively while energy yields of PKS for the case of oxidative(air) and nitrogen torrefaction are around 69% and 83%, respectively due to the weight loss after removal of volatile matter during torrefaction process. Besides that, the calorific values are enhanced after being torrefied with air (mere 4% for EFB and 18% for PKS when the respective maximum temperature was used).

scholarly journals Experiment analysis on the characteristic of empty fruit bunch, palm kernel shell, coconut shell, and rice husk for biomass boiler fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 8300-8309
Author(s):  
SIVABALAN KANIAPAN ◽  
H. Suhaimi ◽  
Y. Hamdan ◽  
Jagadeesh Pasupuleti
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Boiler Fuel ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Biomass Boiler

It has been a necessary option for most developing countries moving towards renewable energy options as part of the Paris Agreement, which minimizes conventional energy sources’ reliance. In Malaysia, biomass is a profitable renewable option compared to solar and hydro sources for energy production due to the abundance of agricultural biomass availability for immediate use. However, most of the biomass power plants in Malaysia depend on empty fruit bunch as fuel, causing problems when there is a shortage of fuel supply and other circumstances. Variations in the fuels’ properties provide a new challenge to the power plant output; however, mixing biomass fuels can overcome the issue. Hence, this article aims to study the empty fruit bunch (EFB) with other abundant biomass fuels like “palm kernel shell (PKS),” “rice husk (RH),” and “coconut shell (CS)” for biomass boiler fuel. Therefore, the biomass’s composition and characteristics need to be known, which was done through the proximate analysis (PA), ultimate analysis (UA), and high heating value (HHV). As a result of PA, UA, and HHV, RH is the least favourable fuel due to lowest ((moisture (4.92%), volatile matter (63.20%), carbon (42.50%), hydrogen (5.42%), nitrogen (0.43%) and sulphur (0.01%)) and highest ash content (18.19%), whereas CS exhibits the most favourable option with highest (carbon (50.25%) and oxygen (42.57%)) and second highest in HHV (20.53%) compared with PKS. Thus, the experiments have provided the least and highest favourable feedstock ratios option for biomass boiler fuel application.

scholarly journals Hydrocracking of Coconut Oil on the NiO/Silica-Rich Zeolite Synthesized Using a Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Heru Susanto ◽  
Widayat Widayat ◽  
Adi Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

NiO/silica-rich zeolite catalysts were used for coconut oil hydrocracking. The catalyst was prepared with a mixture of Na2SiO3, Al(OH)3, NaOH, and quaternary ammonium surfactants. The surfactant was varied of types like as tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The acidity of the silica-rich sodalite zeolites enhances with the increase in nickel oxide added through a wet impregnation. The hydrocracking process was carried out by a semi-batch method. Liquid products were analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed that the addition of surfactants increased the catalyst surface area and acidity. Meanwhile, the presence of nickel oxide increases the acidity of the catalyst. The hydrocracking results showed an increase in gas products when the surface area was high, i.e., 23.781% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite without template (Z), 32.68% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite with tetrapropylammonium (ZTPA), and 39.673% in silica-rich sodalite zeolite with cetyltrimethylammonium (ZCTA). The presence of NiO increased the liquid product and the selectivity of the bioavtur fraction (C10-C15), where the highest percentage of liquid product was 60.07% at NiO/ZTPA.

scholarly journals Torrefaction of Palm Kernel Shell and Petcoke Blends for Various Mixing Ratios and Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 477-484
Author(s):  
Mohd Faizal Hasan ◽  
Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma ◽  
Mohd Rosdzimin Abdul Rahman ◽  
Norazila Othman ◽  
Norhayati Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Solid Biofuels

In the present study, torrefaction of palm kernel shell (PKS) and petcoke blends was performed for the production of solid biofuels with high energy density. The torrefaction process was performed for mixtures with various mixing ratios (by weight) from 90:10 to 60:40 (PKS:petcoke). For torrefaction under various temperatures of 250℃ to 300℃, the mixing ratio of 60:40 was used. Meanwhile, residence time and nitrogen flow rate were fixed at 30 minutes and 1 l/min, respectively. In general, the fixed carbon and ash contents increased, while the moisture and volatile matter contents decreased after torrefaction. It has been elucidated that mass yield is a dominant factor that affects the energy yield of torrefied mixtures rather than the higher heating value (HHV) ratio. Based on the energy yield and ultimate analysis, it was found that a higher amount of petcoke and higher temperature give better performance, thus causing the torrefied mixture to become very close to coals region in Van Krevelen diagram. In this case, the mixture with a mixing ratio of 60:40 torrefied under the temperature of 300℃ gives the best performance. It was also found that this mixture is thermally stable than the mixture torrefied at 250℃.

A COMPARISON STUDY OF WATER FILTERING MATERIALSMADE FROM EXTRACTED PALM FRUIT FIBREAND PALM KERNEL SHELL

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2657-2663
Author(s):  
Jamaliah Idris ◽  
Siti Fadira Osman ◽  
Eyu Gaius ◽  
Chukwuekezie Christian
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on volatile products from hazelnut shells: products characteristics and antioxidant activity assessment of liquid products

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391
Author(s):  
Chenxi Zhao ◽  
Yupeng Xing ◽  
Wei Lv ◽  
Juhui Chen ◽  
Xiaogang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Activity Assessment ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Hazelnut Shells

Abstract It is being considered to pyrolyze lignin-rich biomass samples (hazelnut shells, HSs) into bio-fuels and chemicals to solve energy shortages and environmental concerns, volatile products (including liquid products and gas products) were produced and characterized from HSs pyrolysis at 400–1000 °C. With the temperature increases, the maximum output of liquid products was up to 35.79% produced at 700 °C, gas products yields increased from 21.82 to 55.46%. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) study indicated that liquid products from HSs riched in phenolic compounds, exceed 42% of liquid products and increased as the temperature rises. The application experiment showed that HSs liquid products had a significant role in antioxidant activity, and revealed that not limited to phenols, all compounds containing phenolic hydroxyl structure act as antioxidant. Composition analysis of gas products showed that more combustible gases were produced at the higher temperature, resulted in the significant increase in gas products higher heating value (HHV) from 6.21 to 24.36 MJ/kg.

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