scholarly journals TURKEY’S AGRICULTURAL EXPORT: AN APPLICATION OF THE GRAVITY MODEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 2964-2979
Author(s):  
Gökhan UZEL ◽  
Serkan GÜRLÜK
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Consumption Ratio ◽  
Model Method ◽  
Export Strategy ◽  
Policy Proposals ◽  
Distance Variable

The aim of this study is to determine the agricultural export structure of Turkey with the gravity model method and discuss possible policy proposals. In line with this aim an annual panel data of 16 selected countries Turkey export to for the period 2001-2030 has been used in the gravity model. According to the estimation results, GDP and population of the countries that Turkey export to are related to the agricultural exports positively while the distance variable is negatively. As the per capita animal protein consumption ratio increase, it can be said that new agricultural export areas can be opened for Turkey. At this point, it has been determined that Turkey needs to follow increasing domestic consumption trends and emerging markets. As a result, it is important for policy makers to take into account the relevant determinations of the export strategy of agricultural products.

scholarly journals Study on China's Agricultural Trade in the Context of Belt and Road

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Meiling Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Favorable Conditions

<p>At present, the strategy of “One Belt and One Road” can promote the development of China’s foreign trade of agricultural products, for agriculture’s “going out” has created favorable conditions. From the current situation of China’s agricultural trade, this strategy has an important impact on a series of problems existing in China’s agricultural export trade, such as high export risk, imperfect trade circulation system, single export structure and foreign trade mode of agricultural products. At the same time, it also helps to realize the diversification of China’s imports. Therefore, under the background of the implementation of “One Belt and One Road” strategy, in order to promote the “going out” of China’s agricultural products, China should reduce the export risk of agricultural product, improve the trade circulation system and optimize the export structure and foreign trade mode of agricultural products.</p>

scholarly journals Determinants of Egyptian Agricultural Exports: A Gravity Model Approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 134-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assem Abu Hatab ◽  
Eirik Romstad ◽  
Xuexi Huo
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Model Approach

Where now for equity and effectiveness policy?

2018 ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
Stephen Gorard
Keyword(s):  
Education Policy ◽  
Education System ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Specific Policy ◽  
Policy Proposals ◽  
Effective Education

This chapter considers solutions for a more effective education policy. Education mostly appears to reflect society, which suggests that the root cause of inequality is at least partly not educational. Education policy cannot be expected to solve issues such as child poverty alone, in the short term, or even at all. This means that education policy has to be humbler, but it still has important roles to play — in ensuring that inequalities are not worsened by the education system, and by promoting structures and interventions that can ‘compensate for society’, to some extent. In this light, this chapter provides examples of specific policy proposals, considers where policy-makers have erred, and shows how policy can work with research.

Efficiency of India’s Agricultural Exports

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Barma
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Export Policies ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
Stochastic Gravity

This article is an empirical study employing various time-invariant and time-varying specifications of a stochastic gravity model of trade. It enumerates the inefficiency component among the determinants of Indian agricultural export flows to 112 partner countries, over the years 2000–2013. The panel study finds empirical support for high yet decreasing home country inefficiency or ‘behind-the-border’ constraints to trade. Also significance of regional groups ASEAN, SAFTA and Africa shows that trade policy concentrating on developing countries have been successful export policies. Thus, the export efficiency scores help in articulating future policy initiatives for diversification of the country’s exports according to the significance and level of efficiency of partners. Nevertheless, literal interpretations of the efficiency scores are sensitive to the nature of modelling and their specifications.

Australia's Role in Feeding the World

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
The World ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
International Development Studies

Earth's human population currently exceeds 7 billion, and by the year 2050 our planet will have at least two billion more mouths to feed. When faced with providing food for so many people, the idea is often advanced that Australia will become the 'food bowl' of Asia. Australia currently grows enough food to feed about three times its population and agricultural exports are important to our economy; however, Australia's role in feeding the world needs careful consideration. This highly topical book draws together the latest intelligence on the sustainable production and distribution of food and other products from Australian farms. It examines questions that policy-makers, farmers, politicians, agricultural scientists and the general public are asking about the potential productivity of our arable land, the environmental and economic impacts of seeking to increase productivity, and the value of becoming cleaner and greener in our agricultural output. With chapters on the emergence of new markets, consumer trends in China, the biophysical constraints on agricultural expansion, and the various products of Australian agriculture and aquaculture, Australia's Role in Feeding the World provides valuable insight into the future of agriculture in this nation. The book is ideal reading for academics and students in agriculture, environmental sciences, economics, Australian studies, international development studies; agricultural practitioners; and the food production industry.

scholarly journals Impact of Russian Non-Tariff Measures on European Union Agricultural Exports

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Mingque ◽  
Alena Slisava
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

<p>Nowadays non-tariff measures become more and more widely used. Russia is one of world largest importers of agri-products. In order to protect domestic production different non-tariff measures (NTMs) are used, which create difficulties for the exporters because NTMs are strict, changeable and difficult to deal with. This article analyses Russian non-tariff measures and their influence on the European Union exports of agri-products by using gravity model. The results show that Russian trade resistance is weaker for EU agricultural products exporters than for the USA exporters but stronger than for Chinese agricultural products exporters. The results do not prove that Russia’s NTMs have bigger impact on the EU exports than on the other countries’ exports such as India, Kyrgyz Republic, and the Ukraine. The NTM of such countries as China and Mexico also have much greater influence on the EU exports of agri-products than Russian NTMs.</p>

A CGE framework to evaluate policy options for reducing air pollution emissions in Chile

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl O'Ryan ◽  
Sebastian Miller ◽  
Carlos J. de Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Export Strategy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
Pollution Emissions

Successful economic growth in Chile based on open market and export strategy, is characterized by a high dependence on natural resources, and by polluting production and consumption patterns. There is an increasing concern about the need to make potentially significant trade-offs between economic growth and environmental improvements. Additionally, policy makers have been reluctant to impose standards that could have regressive consequences, making the poor poorer. Using the CGE model ECOGEM-Chile we study the direct and indirect effects of imposing environmental taxes in Chile for PM-10 as well as taxes on fuels. We analyze the effects over macroeconomic variables as well as sectoral, distributive, and environmental variables. The results show that the most significant impacts are on emissions and sectoral outputs. There are winners and losers. Macroeconomic and distributional impacts are low when low emission reductions are required, however they can be significant if a 50% reduction in emissions are imposed.

Managing Trade through Productive Integration

2020 ◽  
pp. 236-265
Author(s):  
Richard Kozul-Wright ◽  
Piergiuseppe Fortunato
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Export Strategy ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Trade And Investment

This chapter reviews the debates around trade and industrial policy and discusses how the composition of trade and investment flows, as well as the spread and form of participation in GVCs, affects structural transformation. It focuses on three characteristics that have been identified in the literature as critical to assessing the export structure of an economy and its potential to accelerate industrialization: the diversification of production, the level of sophistication of the exported products and upgrading of productive capacities/capabilities required to sustain the production and export of increasingly sophisticated goods, and the establishment of linkages within and across sectors. The chapter also discusses the critical components of a national export strategy which could support the insertion of national firms in international markets, adopt a strategic approach to attracting FDI and enable constant upgrading along global (and regional) value chains. Because, success comes not simply from shifting resources from primary activities to labour-intensive manufactures but also anticipating future challenges in these industries (as costs rise and new competitors emerge) and nurturing new linkages and more sophisticated products. An effective national export strategy depends on active industrial policies, targeted support for upgrading, and regional economic arrangements.

scholarly journals PENGARUH VOLATILITAS NILAI TUKAR TERHADAP KINERJA EKSPOR UTAMA PERTANIAN INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-186
Author(s):  
Eka Dewi Satriana ◽  
Harianto ◽  
Dominicus Savio Priyarsono
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
Garch Model ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Agricultural Exports

Abstrak Nilai tukar merupakan salah satu aspek yang memengaruhi daya saing ekspor. Pada tahun 2013 hingga tahun 2015, volatilitas nilai tukar mengalami kenaikan, khususnya pada triwulan akhir tahun 2015 yaitu sebesar 16,90%. Kondisi ekspor utama pertanian Indonesia pada tahun tersebut rata-rata mengalami penurunan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh volatilitas nilai tukar terhadap kinerja ekspor utama pertanian Indonesia ke negara mitra dagang utama dengan menggunakan gravity model. Ekspor utama pertanian yang dianalisis yaitu karet alam, kopi, udang, dan Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Model ARCH-GARCH digunakan untuk mengukur volatilitas nilai tukar. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa volatilitas nilai tukar berpengaruh negatif terhadap ekspor karet alam, kopi, dan udang Indonesia. Artinya, semakin fluktuatif nilai tukar rupiah maka akan menurunkan ekspor karet alam, kopi, dan udang Indonesia ke negara mitra dagang utama. Pengaruh negatif tersebut juga menunjukkan adanya penghindaran risiko yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha. Beberapa rekomendasi hasil kajian yang dapat dilakukan Pemerintah Indonesia adalah menjaga stabilitas nilai tukar, kemudahan akses ke lembaga keuangan, penerapan lindung nilai (hedging), kontrak jangka panjang (longterm contracts), dan menjaga pertumbuhan produksi komoditas. Kata Kunci: Volatilitas Nilai Tukar, Ekspor Utama Pertanian, Model ARCH-GARCH   Abstract The exchange rate is one aspect that affects export competitiveness. From 2013 to 2015, exchange rate volatility increased, especially in the final quarter of 2015, which was 16.90%. Indonesia's main agricultural export conditions in the year on average experienced a decline. This paper analyzes the effect of exchange rate volatility on the performance of Indonesia's main agricultural exports to major trading partner countries using the gravity model. The main agricultural exports analyzed were natural rubber, coffee, shrimp, and Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The ARCH-GARCH model is used to measure exchange rate volatility. The analysis shows that exchange rate volatility harms on Indonesia's exports of natural rubber, coffee, and shrimp. This means, the more the rupiah exchange rate fluctuates will reduce Indonesia's natural rubber, coffee and shrimp exports to the main trading partner countries. The negative influence also indicates the existence of risk aversion by business actors. Some recommendations for the Government of Indonesia based on the study findings are maintaining exchange rate stability, easy access to financial institutions, implementing hedging, long-term contracts, and maintaining commodity production growth. Keywords: Exchange Rate Volatility, Main Agricultural Exports, ARCH-GARCH Model JEL Classification: F14, F31, F41, Q17

scholarly journals AGRICULTURE EXPORT STIMULANT TO THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PAK

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-580
Author(s):  
Shaikh Muhammad Saleem ◽  
Muhammad Asif Shamim ◽  
Sayma Zia ◽  
Syed Waqar-ul-Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Cumulative Sum ◽  
Agricultural Export ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Long Run

Purpose: The study examines how agricultural exports boost the economic growth of Pakistan in the long run and suggest policy implications during 1995-2018 using time series data. Methodology: Principal Component Analysis is used to construct an agricultural export index consisting of rice, raw cotton, fruits, and vegetables as variables. This quantitative study checked the structural stability of the model with cumulative-sum & cumulative-sum of the square. Rolling window analysis highlights the long-run yearly effect of the coefficient of the model. The result of variance decomposition method proof bidirectional causality where robust result proof using Fully modified ordinary least square and Dynamic ordinary least square techniques. Unit root at first difference proof stationery whereas cointegration has a long-run relationship between agricultural export and economic growth. Main Finding: The statistical estimation proofs the positive long-run association of agricultural exports with economic growth. Results explored a 26 percent increase in the economy of Pakistan by exporting agricultural goods. Application of this Study: This study helps to develop the economies if they face problems of low agricultural productivity. The agricultural export is sensitive to domestic indicators, and domestic policy can promote agricultural export, and create new potential markets. The originality of the Study: The study is suggested the agriculture techniques and their performance in developing economies.

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