Interrelationships of specific gravity, stiffness, and strength of yellow pine across five decades

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 3815-3826
Author(s):  
Frederico Jose Nistal França ◽  
Rubin Shmulsky ◽  
Tedrick Ratcliff ◽  
Benjamin Farber ◽  
C. Adam Senalik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Resource Monitoring ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

The interrelationships among specific gravity (SG), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and strength (modulus of rupture, MOR) are largely the foundational basis for non-destructive evaluation and testing. Resource monitoring and commercial structural lumber production often rely upon such non-destructive evaluation to predict the bending and/or tension strength of individual members. These technologies require routine calibration. In addition, it is important to know the extent to which a given resource may change over time. To that end, this study investigated the relationship among SG, MOE, and MOR of small clear specimens from three samples taken across an approximate 50-year period; 1965 to 2018. Coefficients of determination among these variables are presented along with the prediction equations. These findings can be used to gain insight into the reliability and stability of these relationships over time.

X-Rays for Fluid Flow Inspection

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Chambellan ◽  
O. Gal ◽  
S. Legoupil ◽  
A. Vabre
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Void Fraction ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Optical Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Non Destructive

X-rays techniques are widely used in the non-destructive evaluation field for mechanical inspection. However, development of new x-ray detectors and sources over the last decade has let to an intensive use of this technique in other fields. In this paper, we describe the use of X-rays techniques in the field of fluid flow engineering (fluidics and heat transfer). This technique is very attractive since measurements can be performed even if pressure, temperature require the use of opaque walls. In addition the X-ray technique is well suited to multiphase flows where optical technique can not be used if void fraction is larger than few percents. Specific gravity, mass or void fraction are the main accessible parameters.

Identity

2018 ◽  
pp. 288-316
Author(s):  
Vivian L. Vignoles
Keyword(s):  
Social Processes ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Identity refers to how people answer the question, “Who are you?” This question may be posed and answered explicitly or implicitly, at a personal or a collective level, to others or to oneself. Perspectives on identity tend to emphasize either personal or social contents and either personal or social processes. This chapter outlines key parameters for an integrative understanding of identity, arguing that identities are inescapably both personal and social, in their content and in the processes by which they are formed, maintained, and changed over time. Drawing on perspectives from psychology and neighboring disciplines, it examines the extensive and interconnected nature of identity content and the confluence of sociocultural, relational, and individual processes by which identities are formed, maintained, and change over time. The simultaneously personal and social nature of identity gives the construct its greatest theoretical potential: to provide insight into the relationship between the individual and society.

scholarly journals Non-Destructive Evaluation of Steel Surfaces after Severe Plastic Deformation via the Barkhausen Noise Technique

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Neslušan ◽  
Libor Trško ◽  
Peter Minárik ◽  
Jiří Čapek ◽  
Jozef Bronček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shot Peening ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
Almen Intensity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Severe Shot Peening

This paper reports about the non-destructive evaluation of surfaces after severe shot peening via the Barkhausen noise technique. Residuals stresses and the corresponding Almen intensity, as well as microstructure alterations, are correlated with the Barkhausen noise signal and its extracted features. It was found that residual stresses as well as the Barkhausen noise exhibit a valuable anisotropy. For this reason, the relationship between the Barkhausen noise and stress state is more complicated. On the other hand, the near-the-surface layer exhibits a remarkable deformation induced softening, expressed in terms of the microhardness and the corresponding crystalline size. Such an effect explains the progressive increase of the Barkhausen noise emission along with the shot-peening time. Therefore, the Barkhausen noise can be considered as a promising technique capable of distinguishing between the variable regimes of severe shoot peening.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Corrosion Progression Using Laser Profilometry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Ruikun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
Laser Profilometry ◽  
Corrosion Science ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Destructive

Atmospheric corrosion progression characterisation on metal substrates is a major problem in the field of corrosion science and Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE). A laser profilometry has been used to characterise the corrosion on the mild steel plate at a low cost and high resolution. Four mild steel samples have been measured which exposed to the marine environment from 1 month to 10 months. Two features have been developed to characterise thickness variation in the corrosion layer. These features have been used to characterise corrosion progression through experimental studies. The relationship between these features and corrosion progression has been derived which is useful for corrosion progression measurement, early-stage corrosion prediction, and monitoring areas.

scholarly journals Compression Properties of Small Clear Southern Yellow Pine Specimens Tested across Five Decades

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
Rubin Shmulsky ◽  
Frederico José Nistal França ◽  
J. Tedrick Ratcliff ◽  
Benjamin Farber ◽  
C. Adam Senalik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clear Wood ◽  
Compression Properties ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Southern Yellow Pine

Abstract Southern yellow pine (SYP) is one of the most used softwood species in the world. Most of this raw material come from fast-grown plantation trees. It is of interest to determine if SYP clear wood properties may have changed over the long term, in particular whether such properties may have declined. Herein, specific gravity (SG), ultimate compression strength parallel to grain (UCS‖), and UCS perpendicular to grain (UCS⊥) from three samples were compared: Sample 1 tested in 2014; Sample 2 from molding and millwork producers tested in 2017–2019; and Sample 3 from a study conducted in the mid-1960s. With respect to specific gravity (SG), the wood in Sample 1 was significantly lower than that from Samples 2 and 3. With respect to UCS‖, all three samples were statistically different. Adjusting to 12 percent moisture content had no influence on the mean separation of UCS‖. With respect to UCS⊥, no statistically significant differences were detected among the test data from any of the three samples. However, for the UCS data generated from the SG and moisture content–related model, Sample 2 was higher than Sample 3, and Sample 3 was higher than Sample 1, and these differences were statistically significant. Overall, these findings do not suggest that broad or consistent changes or declines of these wood strength properties have occurred during the past five decades.

scholarly journals Co-researchers in motion: a journey of evolving relationships. A critical reflection on the co-operation between two older adults and a nurse researcher

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jan S. Jukema ◽  
◽  
Jacqueline van Alphen ◽  
Jopie Jorritsma ◽  
Miranda Snoeren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Dynamic Search ◽  
Critical Understanding ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Background: There is a growing amount of research in which older adults contribute as co-researchers. The quality of this research depends, among other factors, on the nature of relationships between professional researchers and co-researchers. Reflections on these relationships can offer structured insight into this form of research. Aim: Our reflection on the co-operation between two older adults and a nurse researcher aims to share the lessons learned based on a critical understanding of our journey. Our main questions are: 1. How has the relationship developed over time, including in terms of mutuality and equality? 2. Which moments have been decisive in this development? Conclusion: We regard our co-operative relationship as a ‘dynamic search’. The meaning of mutuality and equality may change over time and so enrich the relationships. There is a need for further understanding into how these values can be nurtured in different configurations of researchers and co-researchers. Implications for practice: Evolving relations can be nurtured through deliberative sharing of the perceptions, expectations and experiences of the researchers and co-researchers Combining a formal working atmosphere with informal moments helps the research team respond to the individual needs of its members To enhance equality and mutuality, it is important to appreciate and value everyone’s contribution rather than concentrating on ‘what ’or ‘how ’individuals contribute

Novel insight into swept frequency eddy-current non-destructive evaluation of material defects

Measurement ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Janousek ◽  
Andrea Stubendekova ◽  
Milan Smetana
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Current ◽  
Material Defects ◽  
Non Destructive Evaluation ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Yellow Pine Small Clear Flexural Properties across Five Decades

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-239
Author(s):  
Frederico José Nistal França ◽  
Rubin Shmulsky ◽  
J. Tedrick Ratcliff ◽  
Benjamin Farber ◽  
C. Adam Senalik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Flexural Properties ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Controllable Factors ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Over Time

Abstract When discussing structural southern yellow pine lumber, questions frequently are asked regarding changes over time. This is a significant area of discussion given that structural lumber properties (i.e., design values) were changed around 2012. Climate change, forest management, genetics, processing, and others are listed among the many possible contributing factors. Of interest are these questions: (1) Are changes in bending properties permanent at some fundamental level, or are they somewhat dynamic and responsive to controllable factors? (2) To what degree have the basic southern pine wood mechanical properties changed over time? Related thereto, this research examines the bending properties of small clear pine specimens from three samples. Sample 1 was pulled from a production-weighted sample of in-grade parent lumber. Sample 2 was pulled from commercially available molding and millwork. Sample 3 was pulled from data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forestry Products Laboratory from the early to mid-1960s. The flexural properties of small clear specimens among the three samples showed some statistically significant differences. However, there was no clear trend regarding these differences. These results appear to support the notion that while the variability of pine's flexural properties is significant and that while many changes in forest management and production have occurred over the past five decades, the basic density and bending strength of clear southern pine appear generally stable over time.

scholarly journals Ageing across Space and Time: Exploring Concepts of Ageing and Identity in the Female Ensemble Dramas Tenko and Call the Midwife

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ros Jennings
Keyword(s):  
British Politics ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Gendered Identities ◽  
Women's Identity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

This article focuses on two female ensemble dramas Tenko (BBC/Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1981–5) and Call the Midwife (BBC, 2012–) and uses an ageing studies lens to explore the way that the ensemble format provides a particularly rich insight into the relationship between women, ageing and understandings of women's identity over time. The two dramas provide complex and evocative links between the spaces and times of British politics, culture and society in different historical periods enabling a highly nuanced engagement with the ideological constructions of concepts of age and women's gendered identities.

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