scholarly journals Study of gas pipelines cracks using transmission and Compton scattering

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Ferreira Freitas ◽  
Cesar Marques Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Minimum Thickness ◽  
Beam Geometry ◽  
Counting Geometry ◽  
Periodic Inspections

Most of the natural gas production is transported through pipelines that require periodic inspections to evaluate the structural integrity of the pipelines due to possible defects caused by degradation that can rupture causing leakage of the fluid causing major disasters. Based on this, the project presents a methodology for predicting cracks in pipe used in gas pipelines. The approximation is based on the principles of gamma densitometry to calculate the density of the pipe wall in order to investigate possible cracks. The natural gas fluid is found in such systems and interferes in the density calculations and therefore will be considered in the simulations. The detection system uses a narrow beam geometry appropriately, comprising gamma ray source (137Cs) and NaI(Tl) 3"x3" detectors for calculating transmitted and scattered photons. Different positioning angles of the detector are investigated.  In this study, the MCNP-X code is used to perform the simulations, in order to develop a counting geometry. Simulations of different thicknesses of the crack were also used to determine the minimum thickness detected by the two NaI(Tl) detectors. Having equipment that can estimate cracks present in pipes used in gas pipelines, in addition to predicting their location can reduce costs and make a major contribution to this sector. 

Designing a reliable leak bio-detection system for natural gas pipelines

2011 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.A. Batzias ◽  
C.G. Siontorou ◽  
P.-M.P. Spanidis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines

scholarly journals Current state of the gas industry of the republic of kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Z. A. Imangozhina
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

The Republic of Kazakhstan possesses large reserves of natural resources. Gas is one of the most demanded energy resources in the world today. Kazakhstan is one of the 30 leading countries in terms of gas reserves and production, while constantly increasing its production potential and expanding its sphere of influence in the gas field in the world. In percentage terms, Kazakhstan owns 1.7% of the world's proven natural gas reserves. This article analyzes the indicators of the country's gas industry development. There was prepared a forecast of natural gas production up to 2030, it was made using the Brown model of moving average (CC model). The analysis of indicators of gas transportation through pipelines, such as transit and export, is made. The location on the map plays an important role in the development of the gas industry in Kazakhstan, as gas pipelines connecting Europe and Asia pass through its territory. Transit gas pipelines are used both for gas supplies to the domestic market of the country and for gas exports. The total length of high, medium and low pressure gas pipelines in Kazakhstan is 28,628 km. In addition to positive indicators indicating the stable development of the industry, the factors hindering the development of the gas industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan are identified.

Review of Corrosion Role in Gas Pipeline and Some Methods for Preventing It

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karami
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Cathodic Potential ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Product Flow ◽  
Periodic Inspections

Nowadays, pipelines are the most important transportation artery and researches indicate that the pipelines will be a secure tool for energy transmission for over 50 years, which is more significant for petrochemical, oil, and gas industries. The large part of chemical fluids, especially natural gas, transmits with pipelines. These pipelines manufactured with large pipes that they can bear high pressures about several thousand kilogram per cubic centimeter. The gas pressure is obtained by high pressure station in long distances. The function of gas pipelines is very important and vital; therefore, they have to be safe. But unfortunately, utilization of old pipelines in operation increases probability of occurrence. The most important reasons of making these occurrences are the internal and external corrosions that are very effective in damaging gas pipelines, hence safety decreases. So, controlling of corrosion in gas pipelines needs to use cathodic protection with cathodic potential, substance becomes a cathode, and this system decreases the rate of corrosion. Periodic inspections of pipelines are essential, through a method called pigging. A pig is a device inserted into a pipeline which travels freely through it and is driven by the product flow to do specific tasks within the pipeline. In this paper, first, corrosion and its types, as one of the most important threats in gas pipelines, will be investigated. Then methods of controlling corrosion will be explained by stating that cathodic protection is the most important method. Finally, pigs will be investigated because it needs continuous inspections in the performance of pipelines for security reasons.

Integrating the Industrial Automation With Gas Pipelines Process Operations and Measurement From Different Supply Chain Segments of Gas Production Anticipation Plan - PLANGAS

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Salcedo ◽  
Alexandre Maia
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Production Forecast ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Process Operations ◽  
Gas Supply

In order to guarantee future supplies, PETROBRAS is deploying the Gas Production Anticipation Plan – PLANGAS which will increase domestic gas supply to the South-South East regions. Mexilha˜o Field is considered strategically for the Brazilian market gas supply chain, as it is one of the five production complexes to be installed at Santos Basin and have production forecast for up to 15 million m3 of gas per day and twenty thousand barrels per day of natural gas condensate. Mexilha˜o platform - PMXL-1 will be installed at 172 meters water, will export the gas production through 34 inches pipeline with 146 kilometers of extension from the off-shore unit up to an on-shore gas treatment facility, called Unidade de Tratamento de Gas Monteiro Lobato - UTGCA at Caraguatatuba, Sa˜o Paulo. The Gas Treatment Plant will have a processing capacity of 15 million m 3 per day of gas on its first stage, and will produce, as end products specified natural gas for consuming, liquefied natural gas (LGN) and the condensates, such as C5+. After processed in the UTGCA, the natural gas will be dispatched through a 26 inches pipeline up to a future Taubate´ Compression Station at Taubate´, SP, to be connected to a main gas pipeline called GASTAU. This 26″ pipeline is about 100 kilometers long, from Caraguatatuba to Taubate´. This paper intent to present the implementation of such enterprise, where it is affecting at least three different segments within PETROBRAS. The main challenge will be to integrate different requirements and specifications from those three segments and their supply chain, in ways that the overall figure does not impact the enterprise and the time schedules, requirements and operation wise work. Those three segments E&P, Gas and Energy BU, Transport, will also interact with a fourth player, PETROBRAS Engineering department, responsible to contract the engineering design, construction and assembly of all parts, following each segment standards. The main goal of such work is to achieve a process data real time collection, visualization and operation, coming from different sources as gas pipelines, process operations and measurement, with efficiency and reliability to fulfill each segment requirements in an integrated way that no duplication or waste of money and time occurs.

scholarly journals The Conceptual Principles of Improving the Management of the Gas Production Complex of Ukraine on the Bases of the Experience of Leading Oil and Gas Companies

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (515) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
N. M. Andriishyn ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Management System ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Production Complex

The main directions of improvement of the gas production complex management and the role of individual factors affecting the efficiency of its activities are determined. Taking into account that the oil and gas complex is a system of enterprises and organizations for various functional purposes, united to meet the needs of consumers in provision of natural gas, on the example of improving the organizational structure and management system of NK «YUKOS», all stages of its transformation into a world–class oil company are considered. Recommendations on the use of positive experience in Ukraine are provided. It is shown what achievements of NK «YUKOS» have already been taken into account in the reform of the management system of JSC «Ukrgasvydobuvannya», – in particular, today it is conditionally represented by three large sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream sector includes the search for potential underground or underwater natural gas fields, drilling of exploration wells, drilling and operation of the wells extracting unprocessed natural «wet» gas; the midstream sector provides transportation (pipelines, railways, barges, oil trucks or regular trucks), storage and wholesale of gas, while networks of natural gas pipelines aggregate gas from natural gas purification stations and deliver it to consumers – local utilities; the downstream sector usually refers to the processing and purification of natural gas, crude oil, as well as the sale and distribution of products derived from natural gas and crude oil. Distribution by sector in gas production allows to classify fixed assets in accordance with the above–mentioned sectors: drilling rigs, offshore drilling platforms, well repair machines, software for geological exploration and geophysical research – upstream; well plumes, inter–industrial gas pipelines, condensate pipelines, oil pipelines, booster compressor stations, equipment for the complex gas preparation – midstream; gas processing and oil refineries, petrol stations – downstream. Much attention is paid to the development of the intellectual potential of the gas production complex, as it ensures both the successful development of production and the formation of effective management of the company.

Maturation of Real-time Active Pipeline Integrity Detection System for Natural Gas Pipelines

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY BERGMAN ◽  
HOWARD CHUNG ◽  
FRANKLIN LI ◽  
DAVID ZHANG ◽  
VISNUVARDHAN JANAPATI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines

Blockage Detection and Characterization in Natural Gas Pipelines by Transient Pressure-Wave Reflection Analysis

SPE Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 355-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeem Adeleke ◽  
Mku T. Ityokumbul ◽  
Michael Adewumi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Transient Pressure ◽  
Viscous Effects ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Compositional Model ◽  
Cubic Equation

Summary Pipeline blockage is a major problem in gas production and transportation processes. Safety and economic costs of pipeline blockages are compelling the industry to design innovative means for early detection of partial blockages along pipe systems as a preventive measure. This paper presents a simple numerical model to be used for accurate blockage characterization in natural gas pipelines. The transport phenomenon is modeled with a quasi-1D set of partial differential equations for isothermal natural gas flow in pipes. The variable area formulation maintains the simplicity of a 1D formulation and yet allows for the complex geometries associated with natural gas pipeline blockages. Viscous effects are also included in the formulation of the governing equations, and a cubic equation of state is incorporated into the model to provide the quasi-compositional effect of real gases without the complexities of a fully compositional model. The generalized Newton-Raphson technique is used to solve the piece-wise finite-volume formulation iteratively as an optimization problem with pressure and velocity as perturbed variables. Reflected pressure waves observed at the pipe inlet node were analyzed for blockage characterization. It was observed that viscous losses have no effect on blockage length and location prediction accuracy, but has significant impact on the accuracy of blockage severity predictions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document