scholarly journals A Retrospective Documentary Review Study of Bacterial Pathogen Resistance to Antimicrobials: A Six Months (July to December, 2016), at National Health Laboratory, Asmara, Eritrea

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yemane Seyoum
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Review Study

scholarly journals Armet, an aphid effector protein, induces pathogen resistance in plants by promoting the accumulation of salicylic acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1767) ◽  
pp. 20180314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Cui ◽  
Hong Lu ◽  
Tianzuo Wang ◽  
Wenhao Zhang ◽  
Le Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Fourfold Increase

Effector proteins present in aphid saliva are thought to modulate aphid–plant interactions. Armet, an effector protein, is found in the phloem sap of pea-aphid-infested plants and is indispensable for the survival of aphids on plants. However, its function in plants has not been investigated. Here, we explored the functions of Armet after delivery into plants. Examination of the transcriptomes of Nicotiana benthamiana and Medicago truncatula following transgenic expression of Armet or infiltration of the protein showed that Armet activated pathways associated with plant–pathogen interactions, mitogen-activated protein kinase and salicylic acid (SA). Armet induced a fourfold increase in SA accumulation by regulating the expression of SAMT and SABP2 , two genes associated with SA metabolism, in Armet-infiltrated tobacco. The increase in SA enhanced the plants' resistance to bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae but had no detectable adverse effects on aphid survival or reproduction. Similar molecular responses and a chlorosis phenotype were induced in tobacco by Armet from two aphid species but not by locust Armet, suggesting that the effector function of Armet may be specific for aphids. The results suggest that Armet causes plants to make a pathogen-resistance decision and reflect a novel tripartite insect–plant–pathogen interaction. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management’.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Phage-Based Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Products and Food Processing Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1764
Author(s):  
Iwona Kawacka ◽  
Agnieszka Olejnik-Schmidt ◽  
Marcin Schmidt ◽  
Anna Sip
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Food Matrix ◽  
Matrix Properties

Providing safe products and compliance of legal requirements is still a great challenge for food manufacturers regarding microbiological safety, especially in the context of Listeria monocytogenes food contamination. L. monocytogenes is a human pathogen, which, due to the ability of survival and proliferation in preservation conditions such as high salinity, acidity and refrigeration temperatures, is a significant threat to the food industry. Novel methods of elimination of the bacterial pathogen in food products and food processing environments are required. Among emerging technologies, one of the very promising solutions is using bacteriophages as natural control agents. This review focus on the major aspects of phage-based inhibition of L. monocytogenes in aspects of food safety. We describe an overview of foods and technological factors influencing the efficacy of phage use in biocontrol of L. monocytogenes. The most noteworthy are food matrix properties, phage concentration and stability, the time of phage application and product storage temperature. The combined methods, phage immobilization (active packing), pathogen resistance to phages and legislation aspects of antilisterial bacteriophage use in the food industry are also discussed.

scholarly journals Social Immunity in Honey Bees: Royal Jelly as a Vehicle in Transferring Bacterial Pathogen Fragments Between Nestmates

2021 ◽  
pp. jeb.231076
Author(s):  
Gyan Harwood ◽  
Heli Salmela ◽  
Dalial Freitak ◽  
Gro Amdam
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Social Immunity ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Glandular Secretion

Social immunity is a suite of behavioral and physiological traits that allow colony members to protect one another from pathogens and includes the oral transfer of immunological compounds between nestmates. In honey bees, royal jelly is a glandular secretion produced by a subset of workers that is fed to the queen and young larvae, and which contains many antimicrobial compounds. A related form of social immunity, transgenerational immune priming (TGIP), allows queens to transfer pathogen fragments into their developing eggs where they are recognized by the embryo's immune system and induce higher pathogen-resistance in the new offspring. These pathogen fragments are transported by vitellogenin (Vg), an egg-yolk precursor protein that is also used by nurses to synthesize royal jelly. Therefore, royal jelly may serve as a vehicle to transport pathogen fragments from workers to other nestmates. To investigate this, we recently showed that ingested bacteria are transported to nurses’ jelly-producing glands, and here, we show that pathogen fragments are incorporated into the royal jelly. Moreover, we show that consuming pathogen cells induces higher levels an antimicrobial peptide found in royal jelly, defensin-1.

scholarly journals Genetic basis of enhanced stress resistance in long-lived mutants highlights key role of innate immunity in determining longevity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Soo ◽  
Paige Rudich ◽  
Meeta Mistry ◽  
Jeremy Van Raamsdonk
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Lifespan Extension ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Highly Correlated

Mutations that extend lifespan are associated with enhanced resistance to stress. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship, we studied nine long-lived C. elegans mutants representative of different pathways of lifespan extension. We directly compared the magnitude of their lifespan extension and their ability to resist various external stressors (heat, oxidative stress, bacterial pathogens, osmotic stress, and anoxia). Furthermore, we analysed gene expression in each of these mutants to identify genes and pathways responsible for the enhanced resistance to stress. All of the examined long-lived mutants have increased resistance to one or more type of stress. Resistance to each of the examined types of stress had a significant, positive correlation with lifespan, with bacterial pathogen resistance showing the strongest relationship. All of the examined long-lived mutants have significant upregulation of multiple stress response pathways but differ in which stress response pathway has the greatest enrichment of genes. We used RNA sequencing data to identify which genes are most highly correlated with each type of stress resistance. There was a highly significant overlap between genes highly correlated with stress resistance, and genes highly correlated with longevity, suggesting that the same genetic pathways drive both phenotypes. This was especially true for genes correlated with bacterial pathogen resistance, which showed an 84% overlap with genes correlated with lifespan. Overall, our results demonstrate a strong correlation between stress resistance and longevity that results from the high degree of overlap in genes contributing to each phenotype.

scholarly journals Nucleolar fibrillarin is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of bacterial pathogen resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Varnesh Tiku ◽  
Chun Kew ◽  
Parul Mehrotra ◽  
Raja Ganesan ◽  
Nirmal Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

scholarly journals Genetic diversity predicts pathogen resistance and cell-mediated immunocompetence in house finches

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana M Hawley ◽  
Keila V Sydenstricker ◽  
George V Kollias ◽  
André A Dhondt
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Carpodacus Mexicanus ◽  
House Finches ◽  
Pathogen Challenge ◽  
Outbred Populations ◽  
The Relationship

Evidence is accumulating that genetic variation within individual hosts can influence their susceptibility to pathogens. However, there have been few opportunities to experimentally test this relationship, particularly within outbred populations of non-domestic vertebrates. We performed a standardized pathogen challenge in house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus ) to test whether multilocus heterozygosity across 12 microsatellite loci predicts resistance to a recently emerged strain of the bacterial pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). We simultaneously tested whether the relationship between heterozygosity and pathogen susceptibility is mediated by differences in cell-mediated or humoral immunocompetence. We inoculated 40 house finches with MG under identical conditions and assayed both humoral and cell-mediated components of the immune response. Heterozygous house finches developed less severe disease when infected with MG, and they mounted stronger cell-mediated immune responses to phytohaemagglutinin. Differences in cell-mediated immunocompetence may, therefore, partly explain why more heterozygous house finches show greater resistance to MG. Overall, our results underscore the importance of multilocus heterozygosity for individual pathogen resistance and immunity.

scholarly journals Pathogen-Induced Expression of OsDHODH1 Suggests Positive Regulation of Basal Defense Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Nkulu Kabange Rolly ◽  
Qari Muhammad Imran ◽  
Hyun-Ho Kim ◽  
Nay Chi Aye ◽  
Adil Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Orthologous Gene ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Inducible Genes

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), a vascular disease caused by Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), induces a significant reduction in rice yield in severe epidemics. This study investigated the transcriptional regulation of the OsDHODH1 gene in rice cultivars exposed to the Xoo K3 isolate. The symptoms were monitored on a daily basis, and the lesion length of inoculated rice plants was scored 21 days post inoculation (dpi). The most resistant and the highly susceptible cultivars were used for gene expression analysis. The dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) domain is shared by many proteins in different plant species, and in Arabidopsis, this protein is encoded by the AtPYD1 gene. To investigate the functional role of the OsDHODH1 gene under bacterial infection, we inoculated the Arabidopsispyd1-2 knockout (atpyd1-2) plants, lacking the AtPYD1 gene (orthologous gene of the rice OsDHODH1), with Pseudomonassyringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 vir, and the phenotypic response was scored 9 dpi. Results show that OsDHODH1 was upregulated in Tunnae, the most resistant rice cultivar but downregulated in IRAT112, the highly susceptible rice cultivar. In addition, Tunnae, Sipi and NERICA-L14 exhibited a durable resistance phenotype towards Xoo K3 isolate 21 dpi. Moreover, the expression of OsPR1a and OsPR10b (the rice pathogenesis inducible genes) was significantly upregulated in Tunnae, while being suppressed in IRAT112. Furthermore, the atpyd1-2 plants exhibited a high susceptibility towards Pst DC3000 vir. AtPR1 and AtPR2 (the Arabidopsis pathogenesis inducible genes) transcripts decreased in the atpyd1-2 plants compared to Col-0 (wild type) plants. Due to the above, OsDHODH1 and AtPYD1 are suggested to be involved in the basal adaptive response mechanisms towards bacterial pathogen resistance in plants.

Antibiotics for Life-Threatening Illness

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 336-350
Author(s):  
Jill Hara ◽  
Susan Stone
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Therapeutic Monitoring ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Life Threatening Illness ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Infection is a common reason for seeking treatment in the emergency department. Appropriate and timely therapy for these patients is critical. The therapy of most infectious presentations in the emergency department is empiric, with little information published about the infectious etiology and/or pathogen(s). Optimal antibiotic therapy in these patients involves the selection of the appropriate agent(s), the proper dosing regimen, timely administration, and close therapeutic monitoring. To make these decisions, health care providers must be aware of the appropriate diagnostic criteria, likely pathogens for the suspected site of infection, the latest antimicrobial products, and current antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends. Health care providers are also charged with the task of avoiding unnecessary or inappropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or slow further bacterial pathogen resistance. Bacterial meningitis, urinary tract infection, and community-acquired pneumonia are the most commonly seen emergency department infectious presentations.

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