The impact of different fertilization systems on content, composition, energy intensity of organic matter in chernozem soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye. Skrylnik
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Preliminary Treatment ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fertilization System ◽  
New Formation

Aim. To determine the regularities of the transformation of quality and quantity composition of humus, its en- ergy intensity at long-term fertilization of soils. Methods. Long-term stationary experiments were conducted on chernozem soils of different granulometric compositions. The analytical work was done in the certifi ed laboratory in accordance with the current normative documents: preliminary treatment of samples for physi- cal and chemical analysis (DSTU ISO 11464); determination of dry substance and humidity by the mass – by the gravimetric method (DSTU ISO 11465). Mass fraction of total carbon was determined by the oxidimetric method (DSTU 4289:2004); humus group composition − by Turin’s method in the modifi cation of Ponomario- va and Plotnikova (DSTU 7828:2015); low heating value of the soil and organic material − by the calorimetric method using В-08-МА set (DSTU 7866:2015); preparations of humic substances were isolated according to DSTU 7606:2014. Results. Long-term fertilization promotes considerable changes in the quality composition of the whole system of humic substances of chernozems of different granulometric compositions. It also has a different impact on the energy accumulation both in the soil and in humic acids (HA). Conclusions. The new formation of HA in typical heavy loamy chernozem with organic and mineral fertilization systems occurs due to the second and third fractions on the background of the decrease in the fi rst and the most mobile fraction of HA. The mobility degree of the whole system of humic substances under the impact of different fertilization systems does not differ from the control considerably; the tendency towards the increase in this index was observed only for the mineral fertilization system. In the organic and mineral fertilization systems, the new formation of HA in typical weak alkali light loamy chernozem occurs due to the fi rst and second fractions. The aggravation of HA structure and the increase in the degree of condensation was registered only for the organic fertilization system. The level of mobility of the whole system of humic substances in this soil is increased compared to the control under the impact of the organic and mineral fertilization systems. A considerable dif- ference in the indices of energy, present in the soil and HA fractions, isolated from this soil, was determined. The maximal amount of energy is in labile forms of HA – in the range of 10.62−15.85 MJ/kg, the smallest amount – in the fractions, tightly connected to the mineral part of the soil (1.47−4.09 MJ/kg). The amount of energy is in direct relationship to the applied agrotechnical means, which is in good agreement with the data on the impact of different fertilization systems on the humic condition of soils.

scholarly journals Long-term mineral fertilization impact on chemical and microbiological properties of soil and Miscanthus × giganteus yield

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Stępień ◽  
Górska EB ◽  
S. Pietkiewicz ◽  
Kalaji MH
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
Microbiological Properties

This experimental work was undertaken to assess the effect of various fertilization regimes (CaNPK, NPK, CaPK, CaPN, CaKN and Ca) and different soil properties on growth and yield of Miscanthus plants and to check the impact of this plant on soil microbial characteristics. Field experiment was set up in 2003 on a long-term fertilization experiment, which had been established since 1923. Miscanthus giganteus response to high soil acidity and deficiency of N, P and K was investigated. Some physico-chemical and microbiological properties of soil samples were estimated and microbial characteristics of soil were conducted to investigate the number of the following microorganisms: heterotrophic bacteria, microscopic fungi, and some diazotrophic bacteria. Obtained results showed that, the highest yield of Miscanthus was obtained from the field fertilized with the CaNPK; while the lowest one was found for plants grown without nitrogen (CaPK). The high acidity of soil and small amount of phosphorus did not affect the yields in the NPK and CaKN combinations as compared with CaNPK one. The experiments showed that Miscanthus giganteus responded positively to mineral fertilization, especially with nitrogen. The rhizosphere of Miscanthus plants provides a suitable environment for the growth and development of microorganisms, in contrast to the non-rhizosphere zone.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Consistency Evaluation of XCO2 Retrievals from GOSAT and OCO-2 Based on TCCON and Model Data for Joint Utilization in Carbon Cycle Research

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawen Kong ◽  
Baozhang Chen ◽  
Simon Measho
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

The global carbon cycle research requires precise and sufficient observations of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO 2 (XCO 2 ) in addition to conventional surface mole fraction observations. In addition, assessing the consistency of multi-satellite data are crucial for joint utilization to better infer information about CO 2 sources and sinks. In this work, we evaluate the consistency of long-term XCO 2 retrievals from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) in comparison with Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the 3D model of CO 2 mole fractions data from CarbonTracker 2017 (CT2017). We create a consistent joint dataset and compare it with the long-term model data to assess their abilities to characterize the carbon cycle climate. The results show that, although slight increasing differences are found between the GOSAT and TCCON XCO 2 in the northern temperate latitudes, the GOSAT and OCO-2 XCO 2 retrievals agree well in general, with a mean bias ± standard deviation of differences of 0.21 ± 1.3 ppm. The differences are almost within ±2 ppm and are independent of time, indicating that they are well calibrated. The differences between OCO-2 and CT2017 XCO 2 are much larger than those between GOSAT and CT XCO 2 , which can be attributed to the significantly different spatial representatives of OCO-2 and the CT-transport model 5 (TM5). The time series of the combined OCO-2/GOSAT dataset and the modeled XCO 2 agree well, and both can characterize significantly increasing atmospheric CO 2 under the impact of a large El Niño during 2015 and 2016. The trend calculated from the dataset using the seasonal Kendall (S-K) method indicates that atmospheric CO 2 is increasing by 2–2.6 ppm per year.

scholarly journals 460 Remote Orthopaedic Clinics during COVID-19: Lessons for a Sustainable Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Curtis ◽  
H Parwaiz ◽  
C Winkworth ◽  
L Sweeting ◽  
L Pallant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aim The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a focus on non-face to face (NF2F) orthopaedic clinics. Our aim was to establish whether NF2F clinics were sustainable according to the ‘Triple Bottom Line’ framework by taking account of the impact on patients, the planet and financial cost. Method This retrospective cohort study was carried out at a large DGH with 261 patients identified as having undergone F2F or NF2F orthopaedic consultations (April 2020). These patients were contacted by telephone to establish their experience, mode of transport and preference for future consultations. Data was also collected relating to environmental and financial costs to the patient and trust. Results Final analysis included 180 patients (69%): 42% had a F2F consultation and 58% a NF2F consultation. There was no significant difference between each group in terms of convenience, ease of communication, subjective patient safety, or overall satisfaction rating (p>0.05). 80% of NF2F patients would be happy with virtual consultations in future. Mean journey distance was 18.6 miles leading to a reduction in total carbon emissions of 563.9kg CO2e (66%), equating to 2106 miles in a medium sized car. The hospital visit carbon cost (heating, lighting, and waste generation) was reduced by 3,967kg CO2e (58%). The financial cost (petrol and parking) was also reduced by an average of £8.96 per person. Conclusions NF2F consultations are aligned to the NHS ‘Long Term Plan’. They (i) deliver high patient satisfaction with equivalent outcomes to F2F consultations; (ii) have reduced carbon emissions from transportation and hospital running; and (iii) are cheaper.

scholarly journals Strategic tillage of a long-term, no-till soil has little impact on soil characteristics or crop growth over five years

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
John Kirkegaard ◽  
Clive Kirkby ◽  
Albert Oates ◽  
Vince van der Rijt ◽  
Graeme Poile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
No Till ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
The Impact

Strategic tillage describes the occasional use of tillage in an otherwise no-till system. The practice can provide a pragmatic solution to emerging agronomic issues in no-till systems but raises concerns about prolonged or irreversible soil damage. We investigated the impact of a single tillage event at a long-term no-till experiment under treatments with retained or annually autumn-burned crop residues. One half of each residue-treatment plot received a single pass of a rotary hoe (ST) 4 weeks before sowing in 2011, the first year of the experiment; the other half of each plot remained unchanged (NT). Soil physical, chemical and biological fertility in the surface layers (0–20 cm), as well as crop growth and yield were monitored for 5 years (2011–15). Following the ST treatment, soil bulk density and strength were initially reduced to the depth of cultivation (~15 cm) irrespective of residue treatment. Water-stable macroaggregates in the surface 0–5 cm were also reduced but recovered to pre-tillage levels within 1–2 years after ST treatment. Soil pH, total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and fine-fraction C and N were all initially stratified in the surface layer (0–5 cm) of the NT treatment but were redistributed more evenly throughout the 0–10 cm layer of the ST treatment and remained so throughout the 5-year period. With ST, there was an initial loss in total C stocks in the 0–10 cm layer of 2.2 t/ha, which recovered within 2 years; however, total C stocks remained lower in plots with stubble retained than with stubble burnt after 5 years. Soil Colwell P levels were not stratified and not influenced by tillage treatment, presumably because of the annual additions in the starter fertiliser at sowing. ST had no impact on crop establishment or grain yield in any year but increased the early biomass of wheat at Z30 compared with NT in the first 2 years. Annual stubble retention reduced the early growth of crops in all years, and yield of wheat in the first 3 years, consistent with long-term effects of retained stubble at the site, but there was no interaction between stubble retention and tillage treatments on soil conditions or crop growth. Crop yields of long-term, annually cultivated treatments were also similar to those of ST and NT treatments during the 5 years of the experiment. Overall, the minor short-term negative impacts on soil physical conditions, the persistent and arguably beneficial effects on soil chemistry and biology, and absence of impacts on crop production suggest that strategic tillage can be a valuable agronomic tool in sustainable production in this region.

scholarly journals Impact of Long-Term Organic and Mineral Fertilization on Rhizosphere Metabolites, Root–Microbial Interactions and Plant Health of Lettuce

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Windisch ◽  
Loreen Sommermann ◽  
Doreen Babin ◽  
Soumitra Paul Chowdhury ◽  
Rita Grosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
The Impact

Fertilization management can affect plant performance and soil microbiota, involving still poorly understood rhizosphere interactions. We hypothesized that fertilization practice exerts specific effects on rhizodeposition with consequences for recruitment of rhizosphere microbiota and plant performance. To address this hypothesis, we conducted a minirhizotron experiment using lettuce as model plant and field soils with contrasting properties from two long-term field experiments (HUB-LTE: loamy sand, DOK-LTE: silty loam) with organic and mineral fertilization history. Increased relative abundance of plant-beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungal pathotrophs were characteristic of the rhizospheres in the organically managed soils (HU-org; BIODYN2). Accordingly, defense-related genes were systemically expressed in shoot tissues of the respective plants. As a site-specific effect, high relative occurrence of the fungal lettuce pathogen Olpidium sp. (76–90%) was recorded in the rhizosphere, both under long-term organic and mineral fertilization at the DOK-LTE site, likely supporting Olpidium infection due to a lower water drainage potential compared to the sandy HUB-LTE soils. However, plant growth depressions and Olpidium infection were exclusively recorded in the BIODYN2 soil with organic fertilization history. This was associated with a drastic (87–97%) reduction in rhizosphere abundance of potentially plant-beneficial microbiota (Pseudomonadaceae, Mortierella elongata) and reduced concentrations of the antifungal root exudate benzoate, known to be increased in presence of Pseudomonas spp. In contrast, high relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) in the rhizosphere of plants grown in soils with long-term mineral fertilization (61–74%) coincided with high rhizosphere concentrations of chemotactic dicarboxylates (succinate, malate) and a high C (sugar)/N (amino acid) ratio, known to support the growth of Gammaproteobacteria. This was related with generally lower systemic expression of plant defense genes as compared with organic fertilization history. Our results suggest a complex network of belowground interactions among root exudates, site-specific factors and rhizosphere microbiota, modulating the impact of fertilization management with consequences for plant health and performance.

scholarly journals Research Concerning the Agrochemical Optimization of the Fertilization System for Wheat Crops in the Transylvanian Plain

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Andra Ramona PORUÅ¢IU ◽  
Mihai RUSU ◽  
Marilena MÄ‚RGHITAȘ ◽  
Constantin TOADER ◽  
Lavinia MOLDOVAN
Keyword(s):  
Production Data ◽  
Reference Area ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Fertilization Practice ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fertilization System ◽  
Two Alternatives

The current research is based on the production results obtained on wheat crops in long term experiments conducted on an argyle phaeozem soil at SCA Turda.The goal of this research is to scientifically, agrochemically and economically substantiate the differentiated fertilization systems involved in obtaining big productions in the reference area. In this study we tried to track the effect of the nitrogen-potassium interaction in achieving the productions obtained in 2012. The research presents the stated results as annual (partial) values and it will continue with them as being reference values for further experimental years (as stages in long term experiments) and obviously with approaches that will economically substantiate the suggested solution. The production data are obtained from these experiments, framed in the “long term experiments system” from ASAS-ICDCPT Fundulea  network which hold objectives that target both the effect and efficiency of differentiated fertilizations on productions and also the impact of fertilizers on the soil fertility evolution, on the quality of the productions obtained. The degree of novelty of this study can be expressed through the fact that for the type of soil and genotypes used in the experiments we can establish fertilization solutions and synthesized mathematical models with a high dissemination and applicability value in similar ecologic conditions.The obtained results present the production levels obtained for wheat crops (Dumbrava kind) at two alternatives for prior crops-corn and soy-statistically processed using variance and quadratic regression, as useful models for fertilization in the fertilization systems that were researched. It is obvious that at the end of these annual researches the presented models will include the same objectives as in the prior years that were studied.The already existing and further research will enrich the study’s utility in taking a rational fertilization decision based in the future also on the support of the suggested solutions through economically efficiency calculations of these solutions. The presented data hold originality, according to which the suggested solutions through fertilization models become important and present a real efficiency in the fertilization practice and technologies applied to wheat crops.    

Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Anja König ◽  
Samuel Parak ◽  
Katharina Henke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

Examining the Impact of the Disabled Youth Peer Development Initiative: What are the Long-Term Outcomes?

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Garate-Serafini ◽  
Jose Mendez ◽  
Patty Arriaga ◽  
Larry Labiak ◽  
Carol Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Impact
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