scholarly journals Activities of Consulates of Socialist Countries in Kyiv (Late 1940s – 1980s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-112
Author(s):  
Iryna Matiash ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
State Government ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

The purpose of the study is to clarify the main activities of foreign consulates in Kyiv in the period after World War II to the restoration of state independence of Ukraine in 1991 and to determine the features of their interaction with public authorities and NGOs of the Ukrainian SSR. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, historicism, systematization. General scientific and special scientific methods are used, in particular archival heuristics, potestar imagology, prosopography. The scientific novelty of the research results consists in the reconstruction of activities of foreign consulates in Kyiv during the researched period, the creation of a collective portrait of foreign representatives in Kyiv, the clarification of the personalities of consuls general and features of their interaction with the state government and public organizations of the Ukrainian SSR based on the archival information found in published and unpublished sources by the author. Conclusions: The right of the Ukrainian SSR to foreign policy was restored on February 1, 1944, but the Soviet leadership did not intend to give the republic real powers. This decision was due to the desire of the USSR to get the opportunity for the largest possible representation in the emerging UN. The center of the formation of organizational and legal bases of the interaction of the Ukrainian foreign policy department was the Soviet People's Commissariat (later - the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), the Central Committee of the CPU exercised control over the implementation of the center's decisions. In the cities of destination, foreign missions were under the triple supervision of the foreign ministry, party bodies and the soviet KGB structures, which led to their balancing between official cooperation and veiled ideological confrontation. Given the subordinate status of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, there were established not diplomatic missions (embassies), but consular offices (consulates general and consulates) in its administrative center Kyiv. Foreign consuls were mostly career diplomats with work or study experience in the USSR or party workers

Relocation of people between Poland and the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic in the years 1944-1946 in the light of czechoslovack military sources

2017 ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Bohdan Halczak
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Security Services ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Communist Government ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

In the result of the shift of borders, occurring after World War II, the Republic of Poland lost its south-eastern provinces in favour of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (UkSSR). Nevertheless, a significant Ukrainian minority, estimated between 500 and 700 thousand, remained within the borders of Poland. In addition, a significant number of Poles remained on the Soviet side. On September 9th, 1944, Polish communist government and the government of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic concluded an agreement on the relocation of people.Officially,the relocation was supposed to be voluntary. In September 1945 the Polish army, against the provisions of the agreement of September 9th, 1944, started forced displacement of the Ukrainian population to UkSSR. The dislocation of the Ukrainian population to the USSR lasted till the late 1946’s. Throughout 1944-1946, 488,057people were dislocated from Poland to Ukraine. At the same time 787,674people moved from Ukraine to Poland. In order to avoid dislocation to the Soviet Ukraine, some Ukrainians moved to the Carpathian Mountains, and sought refuge in Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak army and security services caught refugees and deported them back to Poland. Keywords: Poland, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the relocation of people, Czechoslovakia

scholarly journals Adaptation of Demobilized Soldiers and the Problem of their Employment in Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the First Postwar Years

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Luiza Midakhatovna Giniatullina
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Demobilized Soldiers ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Material Conditions

In connection with the increase in military conflicts and the deterioration of the geopolitical situation in the world, the study of the history of the Eastern Front of World War II and its consequences is more relevant than ever. In the first postwar years it was a difficult task for the state to solve the problems of front-line soldiers with employment and material conditions. The adaptation of demobilized soldiers was primarily associated with the economic and political state of the country. The paper examines the issues of adaptation and employment of demo-bilized soldiers of Bashkiria during the first postwar years. The author pays attention to then-existing problems and measures taken by the Soviet bodies of the republic. The postwar life of front-line soldiers of Bashkiria during the first postwar years has both great scientific and social significance. In the course of the study, the features of the postwar situation in the country as a whole and in the republic were studied, which determined the conditions for the adaptation of front-line soldiers and its results.

scholarly journals Od internacjonalnej do własnej historii – mniejszość białoruska w Polsce

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 190-211
Author(s):  
Wojciech Śleszyński
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
World War ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania

From international history to one’s own history – Belorusian minority in PolandAfter World War II the Belarusians who did not leave Poland could gain upward mobility only if they avoided displaying their national and cultural distinctiveness. Belarusians made a political choice which coincided with a vision of history and thus accepted a historical narrative spread by communist circles. The narrative constructed by the Belarusian minority was consistent with the officially proclaimed state ideological narrative. It contained mostly the history of the Communist Party of Western Belarus and described a difficult situation of Belarus in the Second Polish Republic and during World War II (especially the Great Patriotic War).The Belarusian community made first attempts to rebuild the current vision of the world in 1980–1981. Students tried to create an alternative historical narrative that contradicted the communist one. However, it was a gradual collapse of the communist system that became an impetus for more active development of the Belarusian minority in Poland, and consequently, the creation of its own national vision of history. The Belarusian heritage has been based on the Belarusian People's Republic and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and not, as it was in the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus or after 1994, on the Republic of Belarus and the victory in the Great Patriotic War.  Od internacjonalnej do własnej historii – mniejszość białoruska w PolscePozostała w Polsce po II wojnie światowej społeczność białoruska uzyskała możliwość awansu społecznego pod warunkiem nieeksponowania swojej narodowej i kulturowej odrębności. Białorusini, dokonując wyboru politycznego, pokrywającego się z wyborem wizji historii, akceptowali obraz dziejów prezentowany przez środowiska komunistyczne. Konstruowany przez mniejszość białoruską przekaz historyczny zgodny był z oficjalnie głoszonym państwowym przekazem ideologicznym. Dominowały treści o historii Komunistycznej Partii Zachodniej Białorusi, o trudnej sytuacji białoruskiej w II RP i w latach II wojny światowej, ale z naciskiem położonym jedynie na okres Wielkiej Wojny Ojczyźnianej.Pierwsze próby przebudowy dotychczasowej wizji świata przez społeczność białoruską zostały podjęte w latach 1980–1981. Zwłaszcza środowiska studenckie próbowały stworzyć alternatywę dla dotychczasowego skomunizowanego, białoruskiego przekazu historycznego. Jednak dopiero stopniowy upadek systemu komunistycznego stał się impulsem do coraz bardziej aktywnego rozwoju mniejszości białoruskiej w Polsce, a co za tym idzie także kreowania własnej, narodowej wizji dziejów. Fundamentem, na którym budowana była pamięć o dziedzictwie, stało się odwoływanie się do Białoruskiej Republiki Ludowej i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, a nie, jak to miało miejsce w Białoruskiej Socjalistycznej Republice Sowieckiej czy po 1994 r. w Republice Białoruś, zwycięstwa w Wielkiej Wojnie Ojczyźnianej.

scholarly journals Composition of the Council of Ministers of ASSR at a time of reform of 1985–1991: changes and main features (on the example of Mordovia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
E. N. Bikeykin ◽  
P. S. Uchvatov
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Administrative Authority ◽  
Central State ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Supreme Council ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
First Session

In the article the senior management of the regional executive and administrative authority as an example of the supreme body of State governance of an autonomous republic the Council of Ministers of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is considered. The changes in the Council of Ministers in the last years of the existence of the USSR is analyzed. The reforms initiated by the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev affected practically all sectors of society, including the functioning of public administration. Meanwhile, the system of power in Mordovia had some peculiarities, largely associated with the conservatism and external cohesion of the regional elites, which have had to respond to processes in the country at the same time. In the chronological period selected in the article, there were two compositions of the Council of Ministers, which were formed on March 15, 1985 at the first session of the MASSR Supreme Council of the 11th convocation and on April 10, 1990 at the first session of the MASSR Supreme Council of the 12th convocation. The authors provide information about age, social origin, nationality, educational level, tenure for members of the MASSR Government. In preparing the article, materials from the funds of the Central State Archives of the Republic of Mordovia, the regional press, published memoirs of participants in the events, as well as biographical information about the Soviet, Party and economic leaders from open sources were used.

Resettlement Processes in the Ukrainian SSR during the Holodomor (1932–34)

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-99
Author(s):  
Olesia Rozovyk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Power ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Federative Socialist Republic

This article, based on archival documents, reveals resettlement processes in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1932–34, which were conditioned by the repressive policy of the Soviet power. The process of resettlement into those regions of the Soviet Ukraine where the population died from hunger most, and which was approved by the authorities, is described in detail. It is noted that about 90,000 people moved from the northern oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR to the southern part of the republic. About 127,000 people arrived in Soviet Ukraine from the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) and the western oblasts of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). The material conditions of their residence and the reasons for the return of settlers to their previous places of inhabitance are described. I conclude that the resettlement policy of the authorities during 1932–34 changed the social and national composition of the eastern and southern oblasts of Ukraine.

scholarly journals National language issue in Soviet Azerbaijan (1920’s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Khagan Balayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Executive Committee ◽  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military

On April 28, 1920, the Peoples Republic of Azerbaijan was overthrown as a result of the intrusion of the military forces of Russia and the support of the local communists, the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan. The Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan and the Council of Peoples Commissars continued the language policy of the Peoples Republic of Azerbaijan. On February 28, 1921, the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan issued an instruction on the application of Russian and Turkish as languages for correspondences in the government offices. On June 27, 1924, the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic executed the resolution of the second session of the Central Executive Committee of Transcaucasia and issued a decree “on the application of the official language, of the language of the majority and minority of the population in the government offices of the republic”. Article 1 of the said decree declared that the official language in the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic was Turkish.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF NATION-BUILDING IN KAZAKHSTAN IN 1923-1926: EXPERIENCE OF KORENIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LANGUAGE LEGISLATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 836-844
Author(s):  
S.Sh. Kaziyev ◽  
E.N. Burdina
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The State ◽  
National Language ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Language Legislation ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to nation-building in Kazakhstan in the first years of Soviet power. It is noted that significant attention in this process was given to the languages of the titular nations as official languages. The authors made an attempt to present the formation of legal guarantees for the functioning of the Kazakh and Russian languages of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and their use in the state apparatus of the republic. The study is based on legislative acts and documents of 1917-1924 with the involvement of archival materials. The authors examined practical steps of korenization (nativization) with respect to party and Soviet administrative structures and transition to paperwork in two state languages in the KASSR. The article reflects the main problems of the implementation of language legislation and percentage korenization as a policy aimed at the formation of national management personnel and solving the problems of serving the population of Kazakhstan in their native language. The problems of introducing office work in the language of the titular nation of material, personnel, mental and other nature are investigated. The authors drew attention to the failure of the attempts of the Soviet state to quickly create an administrative apparatus in the KASSR from national personnel and introduce paperwork in the Kazakh language, as well as to the fact that the Soviet leadership understood this. The study shows the reasons for a significant revision of the korenization policy in the USSR and Soviet Kazakhstan, as well as the introduction of office work in the national language since 1926. Among the positive achievements of the Soviet regime, the creation of strong legal guarantees for the functioning of the Kazakh and Russian languages as the state languages of Kazakhstan of the studied period, as well as the partial korenization of the administrative apparatus of Kazakhstan as a result of targeted and progressive steps of the Soviet state to create national personnel, were noted.

Suriname’s Constitutional Limits

2020 ◽  
pp. 241-271
Author(s):  
Ruben Gowricharn
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Constitutional Development ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
The Republic ◽  
International Power ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Turmoil

This chapter outlines the major forces that have shaped the constitutional development of the Republic of Suriname. These forces include the transplant of population and legal institutions during the colonial era; the post-World War II shift of the international power balance in favour of decolonizing colonies as manifested in the right to self-determination; and domestic forces, including trade unions and media, that protected the constitution from being suspended or undermined in periods of political turmoil. Based on the experience of Suriname, it is argued that constitutional development in small postcolonial societies is highly constrained due to the transplant of European legal institutions and corresponding expertise.

When Stalin's Nations Sang: Writing the Soviet Ukrainian Anthem (1944–1949)

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhy Yekelchyk
Keyword(s):  
State Building ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Pride ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic

In February 1944, as the victorious Red Army was preparing to clear the Nazi German forces from the rest of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, a surprise official announcement stunned the population. The radio and the newspapers announced amendments to the Soviet constitution, which would enable the union republics to establish their own armies and maintain diplomatic relations with foreign states. While the Kremlin did not elaborate on the reasons for such a reform, Radianska Ukraina, the republic's official newspaper, proceeded to hail the announcement as “a new step in Ukrainian state building.” Waxing lyrical, the paper wrote that “every son and every daughter of Ukraine” swelled with national pride upon learning of the new rights that had been granted to their republic. In reality, the public was confused. In Ukraine's capital, Kiev, the secret police recorded details of rumors to the effect that the USA and Great Britain had forced this reform on Stalin and that Russians living in Ukraine would be forced to assimilate or to leave the republic. Even some party-appointed propagandists erred in explaining that the change was necessitated by the fact that Ukraine's “borders have widened and [it] will become an independent state.”

scholarly journals The Right to Privacy and Private Detective Activities in Lithuania

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Bilius
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Private Detective ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT Private detectives have been providing their services in Lithuania for about a decade; however, only now has the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania started to discuss whether it is expedient and necessary to regulate the activities of private detectives by means of a separate law. One of the goals of a separate legal regulation of private detective activities is the protection of human rights, particularly the right to privacy. This article examines the provisions of national and international legislative acts related to the private life of a person, and assesses the opportunities of a private detective to provide private detective services without prejudice to the provisions of applicable legislative acts. The article concludes that a private detective is not an authorized (public) authority and there is no possibility to assess in each case whether the interests of a person using the services of private detectives are more important than those of other persons, which would allow for violating their rights to private life. The limits of an individual’s right to privacy can only be narrowed by a particular person, giving consent to making public the details of his/her private life. It is the only opportunity for a private detective to gather information related to the private life of a citizen. Currently applicable legislative acts in Lithuania do not provide for opportunities for private subjects to collect personal data without that person’s consent. This right is granted only to public authorities and with the court’s permission

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