Islam Sasak: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Di Lombok (Abad XVI-XIX)

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-88
Author(s):  
Jamaluddin Jamaluddin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Three Phases

It is predicated that Islam, which penetrated in Lombok, was brought by Muslim merchants in the 15th century. However, according to the local sources, Islam was brought to Lombok by Sunan Prapen from Java, and not in 15th, but in 16th. Islam had been developed within the center of Islamic Kingdoms, established less than two centuries. The kingdoms had become the ruling powers. During the great periods of the Islamic kingdoms, Islam spread out massively and became the official religion of the states. Employing historical approach with three phases: heuristic, analytic or interpretative and historiography, this research discusses the penetration method of Islam in Lombok in 15th century and how it had been developing since its arrival to the 19th century.

CAPRICCIOʼS GENRE IN MANDOLIN MUSIC AT THE END OF THE 19th – THE EARLY OF THE 20th CENTURIES (for example of the concert pieces by С. Munier)

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Bashmakova ◽  
K. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Concert Works ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of this article is process of analyzing in reference to concert capriccio by C. Munier for mandolin with piano («Bizzarria», op. 201, Spanish сapriccio, op. 276) from the point of view of their genre specificity. Methodology. The research is based on the historical approach, which determines the specifics of the genre of Capriccio in the music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in the work of C. Munier; the computational and analytical methods used to identify the peculiarities of the formulation and the performing interpretation of the original concert pianos for mandolins with piano that, according to the genre orientation (according to the composerʼs remarks), are defined as capriccio. Scientific novelty. The creation of Florentine composer,61mandolinist-vertuoso and pedagog C. Munier, which made about 300 compositions, is exponential for represented scientific vector. Concert works by C. Munier for mandolin and piano, created in the capriccio genre, were not yet considered in the art of the outdoors, as the creativity and composer’s style of the famous mandolinist. Conclusions. Thus, appealing to capriccio by С. Munier, which created only two works, embodied in them virtually all the evolutionary stages of the development of genre. In his opus of this genre there are a vocal, inherent in capriccio of the 17th century solo presentation, virtuosity, originality, which were embodied in the works of 17th – 18th centuries and the national color of the 19th century is clearly expressed. Thus, the Spanish capriccio is a kind of «musical encyclopedia» of national dance, which features are characteristic features of bolero, tarantella, habanera, and so forth. The originality of opus number 201 – «Bizzarria», is embodied in the parameters of shaping (expanded cadence of the soloist in the beginning) and emphasized virtuosity, which is realized in a wide register range, a variety of technical elements.

On the Origin of the Zaraysk Gospel

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Alexey B. Mazurov ◽  
Alexander V. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Ancient Manuscripts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church

The article considers theoretical development of the problem of the origin and provenance in the 15th — the first quarter of the 19th century of the famous Old Russian book monument — the Zaraysk Gospel. Although it has repeatedly attracted the attention of archaeographers, textologists, paleographers, linguists and art historians, this article is the first experience of studying these issues. Created in 1401 in Moscow, the Gospel, which is parchment manuscript, was purchased in 1825 by K.F. Kalaidovich for Count N.P. Rumyantsev from the Zaraysk merchant K.I. Averin, that determined its name by the place of discovery. The scribe book of Zaraysk in 1625 in the altar of the Pyatnitsky chapel of the St. Nikolas wooden church (“which’s on the square”) in the city’s Posad, recorded the description of the manuscript Gospel, corresponding by a number of features to the Zaraysk Gospel. The connection of the codex with the St. Nicholas church is indirectly confirmed by the drawing of the church placed on one of its pages (f. 156 ver.) with the remains of inscription mentioning St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. This allows concluding that the manuscript in the 17th century was in the book collection of the temple. In the 17th century, the ancient St. Nicholas church was re-consecrated to the Epiphany, and the sacristy was moved to the stone St. Nicholas cathedral in Zaraysk. It is most likely that in the first quarter of the 19th century, the merchant K.I. Averin purchased the Gospel from the members of the cathedral’s clergy. The article analyzes the context of the early contributions of the 15th century “to the Miraculous Icon of St. Nikolas of Zaraysk”, one of which, most likely, was the parchment Zaraysk Gospel. The authors assume that this contribution is related to the chronicle events of 1401 or 1408. The study is significant in terms of the theoretical development of methods for identifying ancient manuscripts and their origin.

scholarly journals Development of hospital treatment of persons with mental disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milutin Nenadovic
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
The Past ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Discordances of harmonic mental functioning are as old as the human kind. Psychopathological behaviour of an individual in the past was not treated as an illness. That means that psychopathology was not considered an illness. In all past civilizations discordance of mental harmony of an individual is interpreted from the physiological aspect. Psychopathologic expression was not considered an illness, so social attitudes about psychiatric patients in the past were non-medical and generally speaking inhuman. Hospitals did not follow development of medicine for admission of psychiatric patients in past civilizations, not even in the antique era. According to historic sources, the first hospital that was meant for mental patients only was established in the 15th century, 1409 in Valencia (Spain). Therefore mental patients were isolated in a special institution-hospital, and social community rejected them. Only in the new era psychopathological behavior begins to be treated as an illness. Therefore during the 19th century psychiatry is developed as a special branch of medicine, and mental disorder is more and more seen according to the principals of interpretation of physical illnesses. By the middle of the 19th century psychiatric hospitals are humanized, and patients are being less physically restricted. Deinstitutialisation in protection of mental health is the heritage of reforms from the beginning of the 19th century which regarded the prevention of mental health protection. It was necessary to develop institutions of the prevention of protection in the community which would primarily have social support and characteristics.

scholarly journals A historical approach to syphilis infection in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hoon Shin ◽  
Jong Ha Hong
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The 19Th Century

From the end of the 15th century, syphilis spread worldwide, posing a serious threat to public health. Venereal syphilis has been a major research topic, not only in clinical medicine but also in paleopathology, especially because it is a disease of questionable origin and of high prevalence until the discovery of antibiotics. Syphilis in history has been studied extensively in Europe and the Americas, though less so in Asia. In this review, based on extant historical documents and available paleopathological data, we pinpoint the introduction and trace the spread of venereal syphilis in Korea to the end of the 19th century. This review provides

scholarly journals Collections d’ethnographie et musées d’archéologie: entre désaveux muséologiques et jalons de l’histoire des sciences de l’Homme

ORGANON ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Adèle Chevalie
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century

The fact that ethnographical collections, often ancient, are preserved in archaeological museums nowadays might not be obvious. The material culture of living societies is not, indeed, the priority of archaeologists, who are mainly interested in societies of the past. However, a museological and historical approach makes it possible to study these collections and highlight their differential management according to institutions and epistemological developments in the human sciences, since the middle of the 19th century.

Who Really Wrote the Ottoman Turkish Story of Hallāj?

Der Islam ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Hickman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract:The martyrdom of the mystic Ḥusayn b. Manṣūr, better known as al-Hallāj (executed in Baghdad in 922 CE), has been a compelling story for Muslim audiences for centuries. An Ottoman Turkish narrative poem on the subject, composed sometime in the 15th century, proved to be especially popular. It was hand-copied repeatedly, into the 19th century, and lithographed at least twice. Nearly a century ago, Louis

Euro-African Trade Relations and Socioeconomic Development in West Africa, 1450–1900

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Inikori
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Commercial Enterprise ◽  
The 19Th Century

Since direct contact between Europeans and West Africans was established in the mid-15th century by the Portuguese, Euro-African trade relations have played a major role in West Africa’s long-run socioeconomic development. This critical role was connected to two totally different kinds of trade conducted by Europeans at different points in time: trade in commodities (the products of West African labor and natural resources) and trade in human captives. The first 200 years (1450–1650) of European commercial enterprise in West Africa were dominated overwhelmingly by trade in commodities; trade in human captives overwhelmingly dominated in the 200 years which followed (1650–1867). Trade in commodities returned with a bang in the last decades of the 19th century (1870–1900). The respective effects of these two trades on the development process in West Africa were as different as the trades themselves. The early trade in commodities contributed positively to the process; the transition from the trade in commodities to the trade in human captives had a disastrous effect; the 19th-century transition to commodity trade made an immense positive contribution. The positive contribution was significantly enhanced by the ending of the socioeconomic crises engendered by the trade in human captives, and by the establishment of general peace (Pax Britannica) by British colonial rule, with its free trade policy. However, the failure of the colonial administration to take advantage of the general increase in real household incomes and purchasing power and encourage domestic manufacturing in the colonies prevented the transformation of short-term growth into structural transformation and long-run development.

scholarly journals Changing Interpretations of Plotinus: The 18th-Century Introduction of the Concept of a ‘System of Philosophy’

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Catana
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Method Point

Abstract This article critically explores the history and nature of a hermeneutic assumption which frequently guided interpretations of Plotinus from the 18th century onwards, namely that Plotinus advanced a system of philosophy. It is argued that this assumption was introduced relatively late, in the 18th and 19th centuries, and that it was primarily made possible by Brucker’s methodology for the history of philosophy, dating from the 1740s, to which the concept of a ‘system of philosophy’ was essential. It is observed that the concept is absent from Ficino’s commentary from the 15th century, and that it remained absent in interpretations produced between the 15th and 18th centuries. It is also argued that the assumption of a ‘system of philosophy’ in Plotinus is historically incorrect—we do not find this concept in Plotinus’ writings, and his own statements about method point in other directions. Eduard Zeller (active in the second half of the 19th century) is typically regarded as the first to give a satisfying account of Plotinus’ philosophy as a whole. In this article, on the other hand, Zeller is seen as having finalised a tradition initiated in the 18th century. Very few Plotinus scholars have examined the interpretative development prior to Zeller. Schiavone (1952) and Bonetti (1971), for instance, have given little attention to Brucker’s introduction of the concept of a ‘system of philosophy’. The present analysis, then, has value for an understanding of Plotinus’ Enneads. It also explains why “pre-Bruckerian” interpretations of Plotinus appear alien to the modern reader; the analysis may even serve to make some sense of the hermeneutics employed by Renaissance Platonists and commentators, who are often eclipsed from the tradition of Platonism.

scholarly journals Organ building in Lithuania in the 19th century

Menotyra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimantas Gučas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Organ Building ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The 19Th Century

For Lithuania, the 19th century was marked by the symbol of the Russian Empire – Lithuania became a province of a foreign empire. Farming suffered a severe general downturn. As the Church’s powers began to be restricted, there was almost no opportunity for new significant instruments to emerge. The monasteries, which until then had been the initiators of the best organ building, were closed. Eastern Catholic (Unitarian) churches, which also had organs in Lithuania, became part of the Russian Orthodox Church, and the organs were ordered to be liquidated. The Catholic Church itself, unlike evangelicals, also had little regard for music and especially for organ matters. From the beginning of the 15th century, the development of Lithuanian organ culture was closely associated with Königsberg. Once the import customs were imposed, significant contacts which had taken place almost disappeared. The industrial revolution in Lithuania was delayed, and for half a century small artisan workshops still prevailed. Almost exclusively small, single-manual organs without pedals or positives were built. A large three-manual organ at Vilnius University St John’s Church was rather an exception. It was built by the Tiedemanns. This family, which originated in East Prussia, worked in the Baltic States throughout the first half of the 19th century. Only in the middle of the century did the new European organ building trend, the so-called organ romanticism, reach Lithuania. A particularly important role in this period was played by the experience of organ building of the neighbouring Curonia. Very few impressive examples were created, and in this respect Lithuania is hardly able to compete with the major countries of Central Europe. Lithuania is characterized by the fact that in the 19th century local masters and companies ( J. Rudavičius, M. Masalskis, F. Ostromensky), as well as masters from neighbouring Curonia (Herrmann, Weissenborn) and Poland (Blomberg) worked there. In western Lithuania, then part of Prussia, Terletzki was active. Meanwhile, large factories (Walcker, Rieger) reached Lithuania only in the first half of the twentieth century and only in a few instances. At that time, more work started to be focusing on the construction of two-manual with pedal instruments. At the end of the century, J. Rudavicius built some three-manual organs. His 63-stop organ built in 1896 for a long time was the largest in Lithuania. Although the 19th century Lithuanian organs are relatively modest compared to other countries, they have the value that is only growing in the context of present-day Europe, since the “progressive ideology” of more economically powerful European countries affected the art of organ building and few small romantic instruments are left.

scholarly journals Tradisi Keislaman Masyarakat Sunda pada Abad ke-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-169
Author(s):  
Agung Purnama
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper analyzes the religiosity of the Sundanese people in a historical approach, to be precise around the 19th century. The method used is the Historical Method which consists of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography stages. The results of the study show that the Sundanese people are known as religious people. Islam as a religion adopted by most of the Sundanese Tatar population has been acculturated with the local culture and with the noble values inherited by the Karuhun. In Sundanese society, Islamic teachings are often expressed with the taste of local traditions. Instead, local traditions are often given the breath of Islam, which further strengthens the religiosity of its adherents. In addition to carrying out the basic religious shari'ah, the religious expression of the Sundanese people is present in the form of religious holidays which are commemorated lively. Likewise, the stages of a person's life, such as birth, childhood, marriage, until death, have religious and cultural instruments attached to them.

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