scholarly journals Assessing the Contemporary Issues of Countering Transnational Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Ivan Kubariev ◽  
Yevgen Barash ◽  
Valeriy Pcholkin ◽  
Olena Pluzhnik
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Definition Of

Crimes are always considered as inevitable in every given society operating under an organized system of operation. Sometimes this crime has to cross borders constituting huge threat to country sovereignty and integrity. With all this in place, States are usually confronted in establishing possible forms and methods of combating the so called transnational crimes. Specific examples of successful experience of developed countries, such as the United States, Canada and Western European countries, are analyzed. The author's definitions of the terms "transnational crime", "method of combating transnational crime" and "form of combating transnational crime" are given. It is stated that the problem of the existence and expansion of transnational crime in the form of shadow illegal activities of criminal organizations is one of the greatest threats of our time. It is stated that in connection with the commission of illegal acts by members of transnational criminal organizations of various orientations, the definition of the essence and content of this socially dangerous phenomenon is a non-trivial matter. It is emphasized that the modern scientific community reflects the desire to clearly establish and specify the current methods of combating transnational crime and to implement their appropriate classification. It is noted that both domestic and foreign scholars in the field of law classify methods of combating transnational crime according to a set of different criteria and factors. Scholars also emphasize the importance of intensifying effective international cooperation in this area.Keywords: Form; Method; Transnational Crime; International Cooperation; Criminal Organization Menilai Isu Kontemporer Melawan Kejahatan Transnasional AbstrakKejahatan selalu dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang tak terelakkan dalam setiap masyarakat yang beroperasi di bawah sistem operasi yang terorganisir. Terkadang kejahatan ini harus melintasi batas negara yang merupakan ancaman besar bagi kedaulatan dan keutuhan negara. Dengan semua ini, Negara biasanya dihadapkan pada kemungkinan bentuk dan metode untuk memerangi apa yang disebut kejahatan transnasional. Contoh-contoh spesifik dari pengalaman sukses negara-negara maju, seperti Amerika Serikat, Kanada dan negara-negara Eropa Barat, dianalisis. Definisi penulis tentang istilah "kejahatan transnasional", "metode pemberantasan kejahatan transnasional" dan "bentuk pemberantasan kejahatan transnasional" diberikan. Disebutkan bahwa masalah keberadaan dan perluasan kejahatan transnasional berupa kegiatan ilegal bayangan organisasi kriminal merupakan salah satu ancaman terbesar di zaman kita. Disebutkan bahwa sehubungan dengan dilakukannya perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh anggota organisasi kriminal lintas negara dari berbagai orientasi, maka pengertian esensi dan isi dari fenomena bahaya sosial ini bukanlah hal yang sepele. Ditekankan bahwa komunitas ilmiah modern mencerminkan keinginan untuk secara jelas menetapkan dan menentukan metode terkini untuk memerangi kejahatan transnasional dan untuk menerapkan klasifikasi yang sesuai. Perlu dicatat bahwa baik sarjana dalam dan luar negeri di bidang hukum mengklasifikasikan metode memerangi kejahatan transnasional menurut seperangkat kriteria dan faktor yang berbeda. Para ahli juga menekankan pentingnya mengintensifkan kerja sama internasional yang efektif di bidang ini.Kata kunci: Bentuk; Metode; Kejahatan Lintas Negara; Kerjasama internasional; Organisasi Kriminal Оценка Современных Проблем Противодействия Транснациональной ПреступностиАннатацияПреступления всегда считаются неизбежными в каждом обществе, действующем в рамках организованной системы действий. Иногда это преступление должно пересекать границы, представляя огромную угрозу суверенитету и целостности страны. При наличии всего этого государства обычно сталкиваются с проблемой установления возможных форм и методов борьбы с так называемыми транснациональными преступлениями. Анализируются конкретные примеры успешного опыта развитых стран, таких как США, Канада и страны Западной Европы. Даны авторские определения терминов «транснациональная преступность», «метод борьбы с транснациональной преступностью» и «форма борьбы с транснациональной преступностью». Констатируется, что проблема существования и распространения транснациональной преступности в виде теневой противоправной деятельности преступных организаций является одной из самых серьезных угроз современности. В связи с совершением противоправных действий членами транснациональных преступных организаций различной направленности определение сущности и содержания этого общественно опасного явления является нетривиальным вопросом. Подчеркивается, что современное научное сообщество отражает стремление четко установить и конкретизировать существующие методы борьбы с транснациональной преступностью и внедрить их соответствующую классификацию. Отмечается, что как отечественные, так и зарубежные ученые в области права классифицируют методы борьбы с транснациональной преступностью по набору различных критериев и факторов. Ученые также подчеркивают важность активизации эффективного международного сотрудничества в этой области.Ключевые слова: форма, метод, транснациональная преступность, международное сотрудничество, преступная организация

scholarly journals Populism and foreign aid

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110442
Author(s):  
Tobias Heinrich ◽  
Yoshiharu Kobayashi ◽  
Edward Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Donor Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Thin Elements ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Aid Policy

Pundits, development practitioners, and scholars worry that rising populism and international disengagement in developed countries have negative consequences on foreign aid. However, how populism and foreign aid go together is not well understood. This paper provides the first systematic examination of this relationship. We adopt the popular ideational definition of populism, unpack populism into its core “thin” elements, and examine them within a delegation model of aid policy—a prominent framework in the aid literature. In so doing, we identify specific domestic political processes through which the core components of populism may affect aid spending. We argue that increases in one component of populism—anti-elitism—and in nativist sentiments, an associated concept, in a donor country lead to a reduction in aid spending through a public opinion channel. We supply both micro- and macro-evidence for our arguments by fielding surveys in the United States and United Kingdom as well as by analyzing aid spending by a large number of OECD donors. Our findings show that nativism and anti-elitism, rather than populism per se, influence not only individual attitudes toward aid but also actual aid policy and generate important insights into how to address populist challenges to foreign aid. Beyond these, our study contributes to the broader International Relations literature by demonstrating one useful analytical approach to studying populism, nativism, and foreign policy.

scholarly journals Factors to influence the formation of the US foreign policy during the presidency of Bill Clinton

2017 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Bondaruk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bill Clinton ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of

The US foreign policy serves as an example for other countries, as it is one of the most developed countries in the world. For a better understanding of the features of contemporary foreign policy, the preconditions for its formation are determined. The history of the United States of America has been analyzed, which has inevitably influenced the formation of its current foreign policy and geostrategy. The political system of the country is defined as one of the direct factors influencing the formation of foreign policy. It is revealed that the very political preconditions create the legal basis for the existence and development of foreign policy, and therefore their study is very important for a deeper understanding of the vectors, principles and means of implementing the modern foreign policy of any state, namely, the United States. The internal economic situation, structure and development of the country’s economy, as well as problems and challenges on the way to the development of the national economy that are directly relevant for defining the functions, priorities and directions of foreign policy are considered. After all, it is the economy that is one of the most important factors shaping the foreign economic strategy of the state, which is an important factor in the formation of foreign economic relations and politics in general. It is proved that the geopolitical situation is the main factor for the definition of foreign policy vectors of the state. The geographic and geopolitical location of the state, in this case, the United States, defines the directions and vectors of the foreign policy of the state. The article explores all the factors and preconditions for the formation of US foreign policy during the presidency of Bill Clinton and his predecessors.

scholarly journals DIRECTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF TRAINING OF POLICE STAFF

2020 ◽  
pp. 244-251
Author(s):  
І. В. Серединський
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Police Cooperation

The scientific article examines the issues of areas of international cooperation in the field of police training. Emphasis is placed on the best practices of Western Europe, the United States and Canada. At first it was emphasized that in modern conditions there is a rapid development of international relations on the principles of integration and mutual enrichment, and not on the terms of rigid differentiation. It is determined that the interaction is especially evident in the field of international cooperation of European law enforcement agencies. The author found that international police cooperation is carried out in several main areas: 1) assistance in training for foreign law enforcement agencies; 2) joint research of problems of struggle against offenses; 3) exchange of experience in the field of police training; 4) provision of logistical and advisory assistance. Emphasis is placed on the fact that an important factor is the recognition by the international community among other areas and the need for cooperation in the field of personnel training. The author formulates the main directions of international cooperation in the field of police training, in particular: integration into international bodies and organizations in the field of police training; integration into international police educational institutions; integration into the education system of leading foreign educational institutions, study of experience, analysis of the work of structural units, study of the scale of social activity, the field of scientific research, etc .; creating conditions for the development of police education in a particular country with the help of international partners and the experience of foreign countries; provision-receipt on a mutual, and more often on a unilateral basis to foreign colleagues of means of equipment, communication, equipment for use in police training. Finally, it is noted that the most intensive and effective police cooperation is carried out by the police of highly developed countries with similar economic, political and social conditions, similar legal attitudes and principles of law enforcement.

Environment and Development: The Case of the Developing Countries

1972 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Augusto de Araujo Castro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Environment And Development ◽  
The Developed Countries

Interest in the field of ecology, which is centered in the developed countries, has recently increased due to the sudden discovery of a possible imbalance between man and earth. Resulting from the population explosion and the misuse of existing and newly developed technologies, this potential imbalance could bring about an environmental crisis menacing the future of mankind. In several countries the emergence of an interest in ecological problems has not been confined to the realm of the scientific community. It has aroused public concern which has expressed itself, although sometimes vaguely, in such initiatives as Earth Week, celebrated in the United States in April 1970, and the mushrooming of a specialized literature.

scholarly journals Organized cybercrime in Ukraine: problems of formation of official statistics and its analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-201
Author(s):  
O. TARAN ◽  
V. GAVLOVSKY
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The State ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Judicial Administration ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
National Police ◽  
First Time

The article analyzes the types, forms and content of statistical reporting that reflects the state and structure of cybercrime in Ukraine. Ways to interpret statistical information and to use its capabilities in preventing and combating cybercrime are identified. The shortcomings of the structure of official statistical data, namely unsystematic character, inconsistency and incoherence of their formation, are generalized and revealed. It is noted that the national and international legislation lacks a generally accepted definition of cybercrime so far, and therefore a single approach to defining the grounds for classifying illegal acts as such crimes. The reports were developed without considering further analysis of cybercrime. And while the report of the National Police of Ukraine contains data on a number of criminal offenses that can be attributed to cybercrime, the official statistical reports prepared by the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine and the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, except for Chapter XVI of the Criminal Code, are missing the mentioned data. Therefore, official statistics, which fully and accurately reflect the state and structure of cybercrime cannot be introduced today. It is possible to analyze only the dynamics of this type of crime, the structure of crime on the basis of recorded crimes. The number of criminal offenses under the articles of chap. XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is growing unevenly, and this growth in the last 4 years is insignificant. The share of these criminal offenses is growing more dynamically. But their share of the total crime rate in Ukraine today is insignificant and is less than one percent - in 2020 0.69. In the first quarter of 2021, employees of cyber police units of the National Police of Ukraine, for the first time detected 4 criminal offenses under Art. 255 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (“Creation of a criminal organization”). During 2013 –2010, 112 persons were found to have committed criminal offenses of this category as part of a group, 16 of them as part of an organized group. Also during this period, 171 persons who committed criminal offenses in the group in previous years were identified, including 68 in the organized group. The number of convicted persons who committed criminal offenses in the group during this period is 64, 9 of them committed crimes in an organized group.

scholarly journals Russian Organised Crime in Catalonia and Its Prevalence

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Leanid Kazyrytski
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Autonomous Community ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Criminal Groups

Russian organized crime is active at the transnational level, where crimes could be committed on the territories of different countries. Spain, due to it specific features, is a rather attractive ground for illegal activities of many criminal organizations, including groups formed by citizens of the ex-USSR states. Organized crime in Spain is not distributed evenly throughout its territory, but is rather concentrated in most socially and economically developed areas, and the autonomous community of Catalonia is now holding the second place by the number of officially registered crimes. Its developed infrastructure makes it possible for organized crime, including Russian organized crime, to increase its activities in this autonomous community. The author notes that Spanish criminology faces certain difficulties, some of them methodological in nature, when studying the activities of Russian organized crime in Spain. This circumstance does not make it possible to fully implement research findings regarding its criminal nature. The author presents general characteristics of Russian criminal groups. They are shown to have a high degree of organization, and specific types of criminal activities connected with their antisocial orientation are described. It is rather often that Russian criminal organizations attract a great deal of mass media attention, which creates the impression that they are wide-spread. In Spain, any criminal organization created by citizens of the ex-USSR states is defined as «Russian mafia». However, in spite of considerable media coverage, the degree of Russian organized crime’s presence on the territory of Catalonia should not be overstated. Using the analysis of official data from the Catalan Department of the Interior, the author concludes that Russian organized crime does not hold a dominant position in the overall structure of organized crime in the region as its specific weight does not exceed 2 %.

scholarly journals A new definition of functional food by FFC: what makes a new definition unique?

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danik M Martirosyan ◽  
Jaishree Singh
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Chronic Health Problems ◽  
The Eu

Background: Functional food science has gained momentum recently in response to the changing health status of developed countries. As healthcare costs and average life expectancy rise, the public has sought ways to become healthier and develop higher qualities of life. The concept of “functional food” developed as a convenient and inexpensive solution to chronic health problems, and is becoming influential in numerous branches of science and policy. Since its conception in 1984, “functional food” changed its meaning per country and culture. The term migrated from Japan to the EU and the United States where it generated profit but bred confusion among experts and non-experts. In this chapter, we review how “functional food” has been defined and redefined over the past 30 years, as well as the benefits of our current definition. The goal of this new definition is to strengthen communication between nutrition scientists, the public, and other groups as well as legitimize functional food science around the world.Keywords: Functional foods definition; bioactive compounds; biomarkers

Music after the Fall

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rutherford-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.

The Washington Consensus, liberal ideas and terms of the military-technological policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2103-2123
Author(s):  
V.L. Gladyshevskii ◽  
E.V. Gorgola ◽  
D.V. Khudyakov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Industrial Complexes ◽  
The Military

Subject. In the twentieth century, the most developed countries formed a permanent military economy represented by military-industrial complexes, which began to perform almost a system-forming role in national economies, acting as the basis for ensuring national security, and being an independent military and political force. The United States is pursuing a pronounced militaristic policy, has almost begun to unleash a new "cold war" against Russia and to unwind the arms race, on the one hand, trying to exhaust the enemy's economy, on the other hand, to reindustrialize its own economy, relying on the military-industrial complex. Objectives. We examine the evolution, main features and operational distinctions of the military-industrial complex of the United States and that of the Russian Federation, revealing sources of their military-technological and military-economic advancement in comparison with other countries. Methods. The study uses military-economic analysis, scientific and methodological apparatus of modern institutionalism. Results. Regulating the national economy and constant monitoring of budget financing contribute to the rise of military production, especially in the context of austerity and crisis phenomena, which, in particular, justifies the irrelevance of institutionalists' conclusions about increasing transaction costs and intensifying centralization in the industrial production management with respect to to the military-industrial complex. Conclusions. Proving to be much more efficient, the domestic military-industrial complex, without having such access to finance as the U.S. military monopolies, should certainly evolve and progress, strengthening the coordination, manageability, planning, maximum cost reduction, increasing labor productivity, and implementing an internal quality system with the active involvement of the State and its resources.

OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF LOBISTRY ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE: REALITIES TODAY AND EVOLUTIONARY FORECAST

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 329-339
Author(s):  
Tikhon Sergeyevich Yarovoy
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Industrial Groups

The article is devoted to the research of goals and functions of lobbying activity. The author has processed the ideas of domestic and foreign scientists, proposed his own approaches to the definition of goals and functions of lobbying activities through the prism of public administration. As a result, a generalized vision of the goals and functions of lobbying activities as interrelated elements of the lobbying system was proposed, and a forecast for further evolution of the goals and functions of domestic lobbying was provided. The analysis of lobbying functions allowed us to notice the tendencies in shifting the goals of this activity. If the objectives were fully covered by functions such as mediation between citizens and the state, the information function and the function of organizing plurality of public interests, then the role of strengthening the self-organization of civil society and the function of compromise become increasingly important in the process of formation in the developed countries of civil society and the development of telecommunication technologies. Ukrainian lobbyism will not be left to the side of this process. Already, politicians of the highest level, leaders of financial and industrial groups have to act, adjust their goals (even if they are — declared), taking into account the reaction of the public. In the future, this trend will only increase. The analysis of current research and political events provides all grounds for believing that, while proper regulatory legislation is being formed in Ukraine, the goals and functions of domestic lobbying will essentially shift towards a compromise with the public. It is noted that in spite of the existence of a basic direction of action, lobbying may have several ramified goals. Guided by the goals set, lobbyism can manifest itself in various spheres of the political system of society, combining the closely intertwined interests of various actors in the lobbying process, or even — contrasting them.

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