A STUDY OF PLASMA VALUES OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION, SUGAR, UREA AND THE PROTEIN BASEBINDING POWER, pH AND HEMATOCRIT IN PREMATURES ON THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
J. B. Pincus ◽  
I. F. Gittleman ◽  
M. Saito ◽  
A. E. Sobel
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Binding Power ◽  
Mean Concentration

Seventy-three premature infants were studied on the first day of life before fluid therapy or feedings were begun. These were divided into 3 groups according to weight. A fourth group was included in this study as a "control." The following chemical constituents of the plasma were measured: sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2 content, total protein, urea and sugar. The blood pH and the hematocrit were also determined. The protein base-binding power was calculated. The observations were made on capillary blood obtained by heel puncture. Ultramicro-methods were used for the estimation of the various chemical constituents. The mean concentration of potassium is significantly higher in the lowest weight group; the protein and correspondingly the base-binding power of the protein is also significantly lower in this group. The mean values for sodium, chloride, CO2, pH, sugar and urea did not vary significantly with the birth weights of the infants. While the lowest pH values were encountered in the lowest weight group, the mean did not significantly differ from group to group. The mean concentration of urea was higher in the lowest weight group but did not significantly vary with the birth weight of the infants. The mean concentration of glucose in the plasma was lowest in the lowest weight group. The hematocrit values were uniformly above normal in all groups, but the mean did not vary from group to group.

STUDIES OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-771
Author(s):  
HELEN S. REARDON ◽  
BRUCE D. GRAHAM ◽  
JAMES L. WILSON ◽  
MARY L. BAUMANN ◽  
MAKEPEACE U. TSAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Total Base ◽  
The Mean

A study of the acid base balance of arterial blood in 92 premature infants, aged 1 to 65 days and 1.1 kg. to 2.3 kg. in weight, has been presented. The temporal artery blood was analyzed for pH, plasma CO2 content, chloride, total protein, total base. Alveolar carbon dioxide tension (pCO2) and "R" were calculated. Acid base analyses on the femoral artery blood of 16 adolescent well boys were used as controls. The study reveals the following salient facts: There is a wide variation in the blood chemical findings between normal, well premature infants. In addition, repeat determinations upon the same infants revealed a more labile blood chemical picture than is found in older infants or adults. No premature infant had all fractions of the acid base balance within the adult normal range. The mean values for pH, CO2 content and protein were reduced in premature infants, while the mean values for total base, chloride, phosphate and "R" were elevated as compared to the values for the adult controls. The mean value for carbon dioxide tension was normal. Sixty-seven per cent of the premature infants had the chemical findings of an uncompensated metabolic acidosis; 13% had a normal pH and CO2 content; 10% had a respiratory acidosis, 7% had a respiratory alkalosis and 3% were unclassified. There was no statistical correlation of acid base values to birth weight or age or weight at the time of chemical sampling. There was no difference of acid base values in infants who had been transfused by blood or plasma and those infants who had never been given blood or plasma transfusions. By clinical examination alone, the nature of the acid base variations could not be anticipated in what we generally consider as well premature infants. There was no correlation between the variations of the acid base disturbance and the prognosis for life in these babies. The fact that most premature infants have an increased hydrogen ion concentration and an unstable acid base balance may be additional reasons why premature babies so easily develop severe acidosis when any stress occurs, whether it is improper feeding, infection, etc. The cause of the acidosis in premature infants has not been established. The theory that premature infants have a partial anaerobic metabolism with a decreased production of carbon dioxide is tenable but not established.

The Stability of a Reconstituted Serum for the Assay of Fifteen Chemical Constituents

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Hanok ◽  
Jeremiah Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase ◽  
Subsequent Effect ◽  
The Stability

Abstract A study was made of serums stored at refrigerator (10°) and freezer (-15°) temperatures in relation to the subsequent effect on the following assays: sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, protein, albumin, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, bilirubin, urea nitrogen, glucose, uric acid, creatinine, and phosphorus. Data showing the period for which a reconstituted serum may be stored under these conditions are presented.

scholarly journals The Effects Of Speed And Duration Of Centrifugation On The Values of Some Commonly Measured Plasma Electrolytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Igila Allison ◽  
Aaron C. Ojule ◽  
Lukman Shittu ◽  
Emmanuel Olugbenga Bamigbowu
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Blood Specimens

Centrifugation is a routine process in a clinical chemistry laboratory where blood specimens collected into anticoagulant containers are centrifuged to separate the plasma from the blood cells. This is done at various speeds, times and temperature which most times affect the quality of samples mainly due to haemolysis. World Health Organisation guidelines advocate for a maximum duration of 15 minutes as the centrifugation duration for separation of plasma. Various laboratories in this region adopt various speeds and duration for separation of blood samples without minding any possible effect it may have on the value of certain common analytes. This study was therefore designed to study the effect of different centrifugation speeds and duration (within the scope of the WHO centrifugation time guidelines) on the value of commonly measured analytes like sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate. A cross-sectional study where blood was taken from 30 apparently healthy undergraduate volunteers after dividing the group into A and B of 15 subjects each. From the A group, blood specimens from each subject was separated based on the different centrifugation speeds and from the B group, blood specimens from each subject was separated based on different centrifugation times. The different samples from each subject were analysed for sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate and this was done for all subjects. The mean values of all the analytes were about the same for the 1000 Revolutions per Minutes (RPM), 2000 RPM, 3000 RPM and 4000 RPM and so were the mean values of all the samples labelled 3 minutes, 6 minutes, 9 minutes, 12 minutes and 15 minutes. The differences in the means of the subgroups for group A and group B were statistically not significant. From this study, it can be advocated that plasma can be separated from whole blood samples at a maximum speed of 4000 RPM for 3 minutes duration without affecting the accuracy of most analytes and the introduction of this speed and duration will improve the quality assurance of laboratories in this region.

Comparison of Emission Levels of Motor Cars, Motorcycles, and Tricycles Using Petrol Engines in Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 900 ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
Odunlami Olayemi Abosede ◽  
Akeredolu Funso Alaba
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
The Mean ◽  
European Standards

The emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon from four stroke-powered motorcars and two stroke-powered motorcycles and tricycles in Southwest Nigeria were examined using an automotive 4-gas analyer. Results show that tricycles produced more hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions than motorcycles, while motorcycles emitted more of these pollutants than the gasoline fueled motor cars. (The gasoline fueled motorcars produced lowest hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide while the tricycles produced the highest hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions). On the contrary, motor cars had the highest mean value of carbon dioxide followed by the motorcycles, while tricycles had the least. This could be attributed to the presence of the catalytic converters in some of the motor cars oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The mean values of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions from motorcars are 630ppm, 10200ppm and 59900ppm. This is much higher than the NESREA (National Environmental standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency) standards as well as Euro II and Euro III (European standards) for vehicular emission. The mean values for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions from motorcycles and tricycles are (2150ppm, 21530ppm and 31200ppm) and (2820ppm, 24880ppm and 38710ppm) respectively. These results do not comply with Nigeria and European emission standards for hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide. Tricycles and motorcycles account for higher concentrations of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants from mobile sources, while they emit carbon dioxide minimally.

Evaluation of heavy metals content in the canned/packed fruit juices from local and imported origin in Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazeefa Fatima ◽  
Munazza Khan ◽  
Muhammad Shuaib Kabeer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

This study was conducted to determine the mean concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in canned/packed fruits juices, collected from various stores in Lahore in a period of three months. These juices were categorized into four groups; local packed and canned and also imported packed and canned products. Every group consisted of ten samples. By using the di-acid digestion method, the collected samples were digested and analyzed under Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results indicated that the mean values of 7 out of 9 tested heavy metals including Pb, Mg, Ni, Fe, Cr, Se and Mn were above permissible limits (set by WHO) in all four understudy groups. Therefore, it was concluded that commercially available fruit juices are not all safe according to their heavy metals content for the human consumption despite their nutritive values.

scholarly journals Metabolic evaluation of Crioulo horses participating in competitions of 750 km

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1471-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Alvariza Amaral ◽  
Millie Marchiori ◽  
Charles Ferreira Martins ◽  
Marcio Nunes Correa ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Wayne Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Metabolic Evaluation ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

The Crioulo breed of horses performs in one of the most physically demanding equestrian competitions, the Marcha de Resistência, which is a contest in which the horses run 750 km in 15 days. The study's aim was to characterize the metabolic responses during this period. We evaluated eleven Crioulo horses in the competition, specifically, two males and nine females. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before the contest and on the 4th, 9th, 11th, 14th and 15th days of competition. We evaluated CK, AST, LDH, glucose, lactate, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, total calcium, ionized calcium, total protein, hematocrit and the white blood cell count. At the end of the competition, the mean values of serum AST were 1151±358 IU/ L the mean LDH values were 7418±1695 IU/L and CK was 13,867±3998UI /L. There was a significant increase in urea, creatinine and lactate (p<0.0001). A decrease in the mean values of chloride, sodium, potassium, and total and ionized calcium was observed (p≤0.0002). An evaluation of the total leukocytes and segmented neutrophils (p≤0.0002) revealed their increased values, and decreased values were observed for hematocrit, plasma protein and total lymphocytes (p≤0.0003). The values of glucose, on average, remained constant. Based on these data, we conclude that the Marcha de Resistência competition necessitated a high muscular demand and the depletion of energy and electrolytes, suggesting an inflammatory process in the animals evaluated.

scholarly journals Background Chemical Study of Relocated Hazaribagh Tannery Complex Environment, Savar

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
YN Jolly ◽  
TR Choudhury ◽  
A Islam ◽  
NI Suravi ◽  
MS Sultana
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
River Sediment ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

A background study of the chemical constituents of some environmental samples - tannery   complex sand, river water, river sediment and river fishes collected from the Relocated Hazaribagh   Tannery Complex (RHTC) area, was carried out. In sand samples the mean values for pH, EC and   soluble salts were found to be 8.49, 0.02 mS/cm and 11.72 mg/kg and the mean concentrations of   elements K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Pb, Rb and Sr were 94.8, 68.5, 16.6, 2.68, 129, 1.19,   0.23, 0.70, 0.32, 0.62 and 1.03 mg/kg, respectively. In river water samples the average   concentrations of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, SO 4 -2, PO4 -3, Cl-1 and NO3 -1 were 13.09, 178,   0.41, 1.82, 0.073, 0.031, 0.010, 0.48, 0.057, 0.019, 15.6, 5.68 mg/l and the average values for pH,   EC, DO, BOD, SS and DS were 8.02 and 0.35 mS/cm, 6.29, 4.21, 0.06, 0.36 mg/l, respectively.   The elements K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr and Pb were measured in river sediment   samples at the limit of 205, 155, 67, 6.02, 17.2, 798, 1.10, 1.24, 1.99, 0.31, 2.34, 2.63 and 0.35   mg/kg, respectively. In some locally available fishes like tengra, puti, baim, taki, shrimp, chanda   and baila, only the elements K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Rb and Sr could be measured in all species of fishes in   the range of 0.39 - 1.01, 0.68 - 2.29, 60.6 - 125, 46.3 - 174, 2.84 - 61.8 and 12.3 - 38.0% in mg/kg,   respectively. In the light of the overall study, the chemical constituent levels of the environmental   samples of the RHTC area at present are low and the environment is not yet contaminated. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v36i1.10919Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 1, 45-51, 2012

PERIPHERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PROGESTERONE, CORTISOL, ALDOSTERONE, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE PLASMA OF THE TADMIT EWE DURING PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOUISA BOULFEKHAR ◽  
ROGER BRUDIEUX
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Renin Substrate ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The peripheral blood concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone and electrolytes were measured simultaneously in 16 multiparous ewes of the Tadmit Algerian breed during pregnancy and parturition. Plasma progesterone concentrations were similar to those of the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle during the first third of gestation. Between 60 and 135 days after mating, the levels of plasma progesterone increased steadily to values eight times those found in early pregnancy. However, no change was observed from days 43 to 28 before parturition. Mean progesterone concentrations declined during the 17 days preceding lambing, decreasing more quickly during the last 3 days. Pregnancy did not increase the levels of plasma cortisol and the mean values during pregnancy did not exceed 0·5 μg/100 ml until 90 days after mating. It then tended to decrease between days 57 and 17 before parturition, before rising slightly on both day 7 and on the day of lambing. Concentrations of plasma aldosterone were low during early pregnancy (about 2 ng/100 ml). Thereafter, as with progesterone, they rose from days 58 to 43, did not change from days 43 to 28 and increased again until maximum levels were reached 17 days prepartum and then levels decreased sharply until 7 days before lambing. At this stage, progesterone levels continued to decrease during the last 7 days while aldosterone concentrations once more increased. Sodium and potassium concentrations changed little during pregnancy, although the sodium: potassium ratio tended to increase during the last 17 days of pregnancy. It is suggested that changes in the levels of plasma aldosterone during gestation in the ewe are the result of the competitive inhibition of aldosterone by progesterone at a renal level and that the rise of aldosterone during the last few days of pregnancy is largely due to the stimulation of renin substrate production by oestrogens whose values are high at this period.

PROTEIN BINDING OF CORTISOL IN HEALTH AND IN PREGNANCY

1961 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOLLIE BOOTH ◽  
P. F. DIXON ◽  
C. H. GRAY ◽  
J. M. GREENAWAY ◽  
N. J. HOLNESS
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARY The binding of plasma cortisol to transcortin at 37° c was studied in normal men and in non-pregnant and pregnant women. The mean concentrations of transcortin were 8, 11·5 and 14 × 10−7 moles/l. and the percentages of the binding sites occupied by cortisol were 45, 24 and 40%, respectively. The mean values of the equilibrium constants were 2·9, 1·8 and 4·6 × 107 l./mole, suggesting that there might be a qualitative difference in transcortin from the three groups. The mean concentration of diffusible cortisol was 1·12 μg./100 ml. in men and 0·65 μg./100 ml. in non-pregnant and pregnant women. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Effect of Epidural Fentanyl on Neonatal Respiration 

1998 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Porter ◽  
Edric Bonello ◽  
Felicity Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Epidural Fentanyl ◽  
Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽  
Fentanyl Concentration ◽  
Epidural Bupivacaine ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Fentanyl Group

Background The addition of opioids to epidural infusions for laboring mothers may reintroduce the problem of neonatal depression seen with systemic opioids. The authors studied neonatal respiration and neurobehavior in newborns of mothers randomized to receive epidural analgesia with or without fentanyl. Methods One hundred thirty-eight women in labor received loading doses of plain bupivacaine. When pain-free, they received an infusion of either 0.125% bupivacaine alone or 0.0625% bupivacaine with 2.5 microg/ml fentanyl. After delivery, transcutaneous oxygen tension and carbon dioxide tension were recorded in the newborns every 10 s until 90 min after delivery using a transcutaneous oxygen-carbon dioxide monitor. Umbilical venous and arterial acid-base status, Apgar scores, and Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Scores 2 h and 24 h after delivery were measured. The umbilical venous plasma fentanyl concentration was correlated with indices of neonatal respiration and welfare in the fentanyl group. Results One hundred fourteen newborns delivered vaginally were studied. In the fentanyl group, the mean (range) maternal dose of fentanyl was 184 microg (range, 53-400), and the umbilical venous fentanyl concentration was 0.077 ng/ml (range, &lt;0.021 to 0.244). There were no significant differences between the groups for any indices of neonatal respiration or neonatal welfare, and the plasma fentanyl concentration did not correlate with any of these indices. Conclusions The results suggest that fentanyl added to epidural bupivacaine infusions during labor does not depress neonatal respiration or adversely affect neurobehavioral scores and other indices of neonatal welfare.

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